This study analyzed variability in vertebral length among ecologically diverse populations of threespine stickleback fish. The researchers measured vertebral length and body length from x-rays of over 20 stickleback populations. They found that vertebral length declines along the vertebral column from front to back. Populations with longer bodies tended to have longer vertebrae. Limnetic populations in deep lakes had longer vertebrae than benthic/stream populations. Vertebral length also decreased with increasing vertebral number. Overall, the study uncovered patterns of vertebral length variation between stickleback populations adapted to different environments.
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Length-weight relationship, condition factor and proportionality index of two...Innspub Net
The length-weight relationship, condition factor and proportionality index of Callinectes amnicola and Cardisoma armatum from Ebrié Lagoon, Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire, were studied. The carapace width and length were measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) while weight was measured to the nearest grams (g). The length-weight relationship of all samples collected were determined for the various sexes and mixed populations. The values of the exponent ‘b’ for all the sexes and mixed populations ranged from 2.01-2.69. The growth generally exhibited negative allometry in all the sexes and mixed populations. The proportionality index showed that Cardisoma armatum was longer and Callinectes amnicola was wider.
Codo 1. elbow us anatomy, variants, and scanning techniquedaniel perez
This document describes elbow ultrasound scanning technique and anatomy. It begins by outlining the importance of understanding elbow anatomy and being aware of technical pitfalls when performing elbow ultrasound. It then provides a step-by-step description of scanning the anterior, lateral, posterior, and medial aspects of the elbow. Key structures that can be evaluated with ultrasound at each location are identified. Dynamic maneuvers that can help assess ligaments, tendons, and nerves are also discussed. The document aims to provide radiologists and sonographers guidance on applying ultrasound to comprehensively image the elbow.
This document discusses a study on the length-weight relationship of Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) fish collected from Pulicat Lake in southeast India. A total of 120 fish ranging from 3.5 to 10.5 cm in length and 2.0 to 34.0 g in weight were measured. Regression analysis found the length-weight relationship to follow an allometric growth pattern. The slope value (b) was estimated to be 1.0368, indicating the weight does not increase cubically with length. Separate regression equations were calculated for males and females. The study provides baseline information that can be used for future research and population comparisons.
This document studies the length-weight relationship of Mugil cephalus, a species of grey mullet, collected from the Kovalam coast of Chennai, India. The slope value (b) estimated for both male and female M. cephalus was 1.0368, indicating allometric growth. The regression equation for females was Log W = -0.7292 + 1.0368 Log L. The growth was found to be significantly different between sexes. Comparing the slope value to other brackishwater fish species, it was concluded that the slope value of 1.0368 for M. cephalus is less than the typical value of 3, indicating their growth pattern differs from the
This study characterized the muscle buffering capacity of three mysticete whale species - gray whales, humpback whales, and minke whales - across different developmental stages. The results showed:
1) Humpback and minke whale calves had lower buffering capacity than adults, suggesting it increases with maturity.
2) Juvenile humpback and gray whales exhibited higher buffering capacity than adults, which may allow them to utilize anaerobic respiration and extend dive durations.
3) Gray whale adults had lower buffering capacity than juveniles, indicating they rely on alternative respiration pathways.
4) Water content analysis validated the buffering capacity results, with no significant differences between species or age classes
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Length-weight relationship, condition factor and proportionality index of two...Innspub Net
The length-weight relationship, condition factor and proportionality index of Callinectes amnicola and Cardisoma armatum from Ebrié Lagoon, Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire, were studied. The carapace width and length were measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) while weight was measured to the nearest grams (g). The length-weight relationship of all samples collected were determined for the various sexes and mixed populations. The values of the exponent ‘b’ for all the sexes and mixed populations ranged from 2.01-2.69. The growth generally exhibited negative allometry in all the sexes and mixed populations. The proportionality index showed that Cardisoma armatum was longer and Callinectes amnicola was wider.
Codo 1. elbow us anatomy, variants, and scanning techniquedaniel perez
This document describes elbow ultrasound scanning technique and anatomy. It begins by outlining the importance of understanding elbow anatomy and being aware of technical pitfalls when performing elbow ultrasound. It then provides a step-by-step description of scanning the anterior, lateral, posterior, and medial aspects of the elbow. Key structures that can be evaluated with ultrasound at each location are identified. Dynamic maneuvers that can help assess ligaments, tendons, and nerves are also discussed. The document aims to provide radiologists and sonographers guidance on applying ultrasound to comprehensively image the elbow.
This document discusses a study on the length-weight relationship of Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) fish collected from Pulicat Lake in southeast India. A total of 120 fish ranging from 3.5 to 10.5 cm in length and 2.0 to 34.0 g in weight were measured. Regression analysis found the length-weight relationship to follow an allometric growth pattern. The slope value (b) was estimated to be 1.0368, indicating the weight does not increase cubically with length. Separate regression equations were calculated for males and females. The study provides baseline information that can be used for future research and population comparisons.
This document studies the length-weight relationship of Mugil cephalus, a species of grey mullet, collected from the Kovalam coast of Chennai, India. The slope value (b) estimated for both male and female M. cephalus was 1.0368, indicating allometric growth. The regression equation for females was Log W = -0.7292 + 1.0368 Log L. The growth was found to be significantly different between sexes. Comparing the slope value to other brackishwater fish species, it was concluded that the slope value of 1.0368 for M. cephalus is less than the typical value of 3, indicating their growth pattern differs from the
This study characterized the muscle buffering capacity of three mysticete whale species - gray whales, humpback whales, and minke whales - across different developmental stages. The results showed:
1) Humpback and minke whale calves had lower buffering capacity than adults, suggesting it increases with maturity.
2) Juvenile humpback and gray whales exhibited higher buffering capacity than adults, which may allow them to utilize anaerobic respiration and extend dive durations.
3) Gray whale adults had lower buffering capacity than juveniles, indicating they rely on alternative respiration pathways.
4) Water content analysis validated the buffering capacity results, with no significant differences between species or age classes
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
This document outlines a practical lab on fish population dynamics. It includes definitions of key terms like fish population dynamics, stock, and gonosomatic index. It also describes several common methods to estimate fish population parameters and stock abundance, like mark-recapture methods, depletion methods, and sampling surveys. Specific questions ask students to calculate growth parameters, length-weight relationships, population estimates, and compare models like the von Bertalanffy and Ford-Walford plots used for growth estimation. The document provides data to help students complete calculations and analysis for the lab.
This study compared the clinically usable bone regions of the ilium and fibula for mandible reconstruction. Measurements were taken of 241 ilia, 91 mandibles, and 60 fibulas. The ilium offered a similar total usable bone length to the fibula but maintained a more constant bone thickness throughout, whereas the fibula's dimensions varied significantly. In some fibulas, only a small portion of the total bone length could actually be used. The study suggests the ilium may be a better donor site than the fibula, especially for women requiring occlusal rehabilitation after mandible reconstruction.
This document analyzes the weight-length relationship of the rosy barb fish (Puntius conchonius) collected from water bodies in Nagaland, India. 50 fish ranging from 5.2-7.6cm and 1.6-7.1g were measured. Log-transformed regressions found significant correlations between length and weight for mixed, male, and female populations, though growth was negatively allometric. The relationships suggest predictive equations can estimate weight from length and vice versa. The study provides information on the growth and management of the species' fisheries in Nagaland.
Accretion Profile of the Rosy Barb, Puntius Conchonius (Hamilton- Buchanan, 1...IOSR Journals
Present study was made on 50 freshwater wild Puntius conchonius (Hamilton - Buchanan) of
various sizes ranging from a total length of 5.2 cm to 7.6 cm and weighing 1.6 gm to 7.1 gm. They were
sampled from different lentic and lotic water bodies of Nagaland, to investigate the weight-length relationship.
Each fish was measured and weight was taken. Log transformed regressions were used to test the growth trend. It was observed that growth in weight is not proportional to the cube of its length. Coefficient of correlation values for both male and female as well as for mixed population were found to be highly significant.
This document analyzes the weight-length relationship of the rosy barb fish (Puntius conchonius) collected from water bodies in Nagaland, India. 50 fish ranging from 5.2-7.6cm and 1.6-7.1g were measured. Log-transformed regressions found high correlation between length and weight. Growth was found to be negatively allometric (not proportional to the cube of length) for mixed, male, and female populations. Predictive equations were derived relating length and weight. The relationships were significant and can help studies on the species' biology, fisheries, and management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
1) The study examined 145 gobies (Parachaeturichthys ocellatus) from Malad creek in Mumbai from July 2010 to August 2011. It analyzed 19 morphometric and 10 meristic characters.
2) The morphometric analysis found strong correlations between total length and standard length. Standard length showed the highest growth rate while eye diameter grew slowest. Meristic characters showed limited variation.
3) Length-weight relationships indicated negative allometry for both sexes. Males showed a stronger correlation between length and weight than females.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
This study aims to compare the size of the red blood cells of different freshwater fishes to gain knowledge of their activity. In this study, 11 different freshwater fishes of four different order like Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, Perciformes, and Osteoglossiformes were selected. For analyses of cytomorphometry of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein, and blood smear was prepared at the site of collection. In order to obtain size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India, attached to Hund Wetzlar Microscope GmbH, Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany) and computer. This study confirms the cytomorphometry of red blood cells differ significantly at p< 0.001 concerning sex and species. The study will help in diagnosis which in turn will accelerate production of fishes.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
1) The document evaluates the usefulness of the canal-diaphysis ratio (CDR) measured on plain radiographs as a risk factor for osteoporotic hip fractures.
2) It presents the results of a retrospective case-control study measuring CDR in 84 patients with femoral neck fractures and 84 with intertrochanteric fractures.
3) The study found that patients with a CDR over 60.67% were more likely to have a femoral neck fracture, while those over 64.41% were more likely to have an intertrochanteric fracture, suggesting CDR may help identify fracture type.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
This document discusses limb length discrepancy (LLD), including its definition, causes, effects, evaluation, and management. LLD is when one lower limb is noticeably longer than the other. It is classified as structural or functional. LLD of 2.5 cm or more can cause back/hip/knee pain and gait abnormalities. Evaluation involves history, exam including block testing, and imaging like scansograms. LLD can be managed non-surgically with shoe lifts for small discrepancies or surgically with epiphysiodesis or bone lengthening depending on the severity.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in hip bones. The study measured the maximum width, maximum depth, posterior segment width, and two indices in the greater sciatic notches of 46 hip bones (24 male, 22 female). Most parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism between male and female hip bones, with male notches generally wider and deeper. The study concludes that measurements of the greater sciatic notch can reliably be used to determine the sex of skeletal remains.
This is the slideshow of the presentation held at 3d International Meeting on Sono-Elastography in Pavia on Oct. 1st 2013 concerning both elastography of the testis and general considerations on elastography.
Queste sono le slides presentate al Terzo Meeting Internazionale di Sonoelastografia tenutosi a Pavia il 01/10/2013.
Vengono trattati sia l'elastografia del testicolo che gli aspetti più generali dell'elastografia con le sue prospettive di sviluppo.
Limb length discrepancy can be structural or functional. For structural discrepancies between 2-5 cm in growing children, epiphysiodesis is commonly used to modulate growth. Epiphysiodesis involves arresting growth in the long limb's growth plate to allow the short limb time to catch up. It is a relatively simple procedure but risks include under or overcorrection and asymmetric growth arrest. For discrepancies over 5 cm or in skeletally mature individuals, shortening the long limb is preferred over lengthening the short limb.
fish population dynamics, Population structureDegonto Islam
Estimation of fish population dynamics are often based on age structures. Understanding past
population structure is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it can reveal when migration
regimes changed in natural populations, thereby pointing to potential environmental factors such as
climate changes as driving evolutionary forces. Characterizing the structure of extent populations is also
key to conservation genetics as translocation or reintroduction decisions must preserve evolutionary
stable units. Finally, population structure has important biomedical consequences either when a number
of subpopulation groups is locally adapted to particular environmental conditions (and maladapted
when exposed to new environments) or represents a confounding factor in the study of the statistical
association between genetic variants and phenotyp
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in 46 hip bones. The study found:
1) Maximum width and depth differed significantly between males and females on the left side.
2) The posterior segment width differed significantly on the right side.
3) Two indices measuring width and depth ratios were also significantly different between sexes.
4) The findings support using greater sciatic notch measurements to determine sex.
This document describes the gross morphology and topography of the intestinal tract of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The intestinal tract follows a complex path involving multiple loops and coils. Five main regions were identified: 1) the hepatic loop, 2) the proximal major coil, 3) the gastric loop, 4) the distal major coil, and 5) the terminal segment. The proximal and distal major coils form a spiral, cone-shaped mass nested inside each other. Though the topography allowed identification of regions, the external features were similar, making excised segments difficult to identify by region. The nested spiral pattern of the tilapia intestine is novel compared to other fish.
The document discusses leg length discrepancies, which can be true differences in bone length or functional differences caused by other factors like joint issues. It describes how to evaluate for pelvic obliquity and measure leg lengths to determine if a true or functional discrepancy is present, including measuring from bony landmarks to compare lengths directly or using other anatomical reference points. The causes and types of true and functional discrepancies are also outlined.
This document provides information on limb length measurement and discrepancies. It defines true and apparent limb length measurement and describes various methods to measure limb lengths, including using a tape measure between bony landmarks or blocks under the shorter limb. Causes of limb length discrepancies include fractures, infections, bone diseases, tumors and more. Supra-trochanteric and infra-trochanteric shortening are distinguished and different measurement techniques are outlined for each.
This document outlines a practical lab on fish population dynamics. It includes definitions of key terms like fish population dynamics, stock, and gonosomatic index. It also describes several common methods to estimate fish population parameters and stock abundance, like mark-recapture methods, depletion methods, and sampling surveys. Specific questions ask students to calculate growth parameters, length-weight relationships, population estimates, and compare models like the von Bertalanffy and Ford-Walford plots used for growth estimation. The document provides data to help students complete calculations and analysis for the lab.
This study compared the clinically usable bone regions of the ilium and fibula for mandible reconstruction. Measurements were taken of 241 ilia, 91 mandibles, and 60 fibulas. The ilium offered a similar total usable bone length to the fibula but maintained a more constant bone thickness throughout, whereas the fibula's dimensions varied significantly. In some fibulas, only a small portion of the total bone length could actually be used. The study suggests the ilium may be a better donor site than the fibula, especially for women requiring occlusal rehabilitation after mandible reconstruction.
This document analyzes the weight-length relationship of the rosy barb fish (Puntius conchonius) collected from water bodies in Nagaland, India. 50 fish ranging from 5.2-7.6cm and 1.6-7.1g were measured. Log-transformed regressions found significant correlations between length and weight for mixed, male, and female populations, though growth was negatively allometric. The relationships suggest predictive equations can estimate weight from length and vice versa. The study provides information on the growth and management of the species' fisheries in Nagaland.
Accretion Profile of the Rosy Barb, Puntius Conchonius (Hamilton- Buchanan, 1...IOSR Journals
Present study was made on 50 freshwater wild Puntius conchonius (Hamilton - Buchanan) of
various sizes ranging from a total length of 5.2 cm to 7.6 cm and weighing 1.6 gm to 7.1 gm. They were
sampled from different lentic and lotic water bodies of Nagaland, to investigate the weight-length relationship.
Each fish was measured and weight was taken. Log transformed regressions were used to test the growth trend. It was observed that growth in weight is not proportional to the cube of its length. Coefficient of correlation values for both male and female as well as for mixed population were found to be highly significant.
This document analyzes the weight-length relationship of the rosy barb fish (Puntius conchonius) collected from water bodies in Nagaland, India. 50 fish ranging from 5.2-7.6cm and 1.6-7.1g were measured. Log-transformed regressions found high correlation between length and weight. Growth was found to be negatively allometric (not proportional to the cube of length) for mixed, male, and female populations. Predictive equations were derived relating length and weight. The relationships were significant and can help studies on the species' biology, fisheries, and management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
1) The study examined 145 gobies (Parachaeturichthys ocellatus) from Malad creek in Mumbai from July 2010 to August 2011. It analyzed 19 morphometric and 10 meristic characters.
2) The morphometric analysis found strong correlations between total length and standard length. Standard length showed the highest growth rate while eye diameter grew slowest. Meristic characters showed limited variation.
3) Length-weight relationships indicated negative allometry for both sexes. Males showed a stronger correlation between length and weight than females.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
This study aims to compare the size of the red blood cells of different freshwater fishes to gain knowledge of their activity. In this study, 11 different freshwater fishes of four different order like Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, Perciformes, and Osteoglossiformes were selected. For analyses of cytomorphometry of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein, and blood smear was prepared at the site of collection. In order to obtain size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India, attached to Hund Wetzlar Microscope GmbH, Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany) and computer. This study confirms the cytomorphometry of red blood cells differ significantly at p< 0.001 concerning sex and species. The study will help in diagnosis which in turn will accelerate production of fishes.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
1) The document evaluates the usefulness of the canal-diaphysis ratio (CDR) measured on plain radiographs as a risk factor for osteoporotic hip fractures.
2) It presents the results of a retrospective case-control study measuring CDR in 84 patients with femoral neck fractures and 84 with intertrochanteric fractures.
3) The study found that patients with a CDR over 60.67% were more likely to have a femoral neck fracture, while those over 64.41% were more likely to have an intertrochanteric fracture, suggesting CDR may help identify fracture type.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
This document discusses limb length discrepancy (LLD), including its definition, causes, effects, evaluation, and management. LLD is when one lower limb is noticeably longer than the other. It is classified as structural or functional. LLD of 2.5 cm or more can cause back/hip/knee pain and gait abnormalities. Evaluation involves history, exam including block testing, and imaging like scansograms. LLD can be managed non-surgically with shoe lifts for small discrepancies or surgically with epiphysiodesis or bone lengthening depending on the severity.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in hip bones. The study measured the maximum width, maximum depth, posterior segment width, and two indices in the greater sciatic notches of 46 hip bones (24 male, 22 female). Most parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism between male and female hip bones, with male notches generally wider and deeper. The study concludes that measurements of the greater sciatic notch can reliably be used to determine the sex of skeletal remains.
This is the slideshow of the presentation held at 3d International Meeting on Sono-Elastography in Pavia on Oct. 1st 2013 concerning both elastography of the testis and general considerations on elastography.
Queste sono le slides presentate al Terzo Meeting Internazionale di Sonoelastografia tenutosi a Pavia il 01/10/2013.
Vengono trattati sia l'elastografia del testicolo che gli aspetti più generali dell'elastografia con le sue prospettive di sviluppo.
Limb length discrepancy can be structural or functional. For structural discrepancies between 2-5 cm in growing children, epiphysiodesis is commonly used to modulate growth. Epiphysiodesis involves arresting growth in the long limb's growth plate to allow the short limb time to catch up. It is a relatively simple procedure but risks include under or overcorrection and asymmetric growth arrest. For discrepancies over 5 cm or in skeletally mature individuals, shortening the long limb is preferred over lengthening the short limb.
fish population dynamics, Population structureDegonto Islam
Estimation of fish population dynamics are often based on age structures. Understanding past
population structure is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it can reveal when migration
regimes changed in natural populations, thereby pointing to potential environmental factors such as
climate changes as driving evolutionary forces. Characterizing the structure of extent populations is also
key to conservation genetics as translocation or reintroduction decisions must preserve evolutionary
stable units. Finally, population structure has important biomedical consequences either when a number
of subpopulation groups is locally adapted to particular environmental conditions (and maladapted
when exposed to new environments) or represents a confounding factor in the study of the statistical
association between genetic variants and phenotyp
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in 46 hip bones. The study found:
1) Maximum width and depth differed significantly between males and females on the left side.
2) The posterior segment width differed significantly on the right side.
3) Two indices measuring width and depth ratios were also significantly different between sexes.
4) The findings support using greater sciatic notch measurements to determine sex.
This document describes the gross morphology and topography of the intestinal tract of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The intestinal tract follows a complex path involving multiple loops and coils. Five main regions were identified: 1) the hepatic loop, 2) the proximal major coil, 3) the gastric loop, 4) the distal major coil, and 5) the terminal segment. The proximal and distal major coils form a spiral, cone-shaped mass nested inside each other. Though the topography allowed identification of regions, the external features were similar, making excised segments difficult to identify by region. The nested spiral pattern of the tilapia intestine is novel compared to other fish.
The document discusses leg length discrepancies, which can be true differences in bone length or functional differences caused by other factors like joint issues. It describes how to evaluate for pelvic obliquity and measure leg lengths to determine if a true or functional discrepancy is present, including measuring from bony landmarks to compare lengths directly or using other anatomical reference points. The causes and types of true and functional discrepancies are also outlined.
This document provides information on limb length measurement and discrepancies. It defines true and apparent limb length measurement and describes various methods to measure limb lengths, including using a tape measure between bony landmarks or blocks under the shorter limb. Causes of limb length discrepancies include fractures, infections, bone diseases, tumors and more. Supra-trochanteric and infra-trochanteric shortening are distinguished and different measurement techniques are outlined for each.
1. § The threespine stickleback has long been a staple organism in the study of
evolution because of its ecological and morphological diversity
§ Past research has highlighted the difference of vertebral number between forms
and found that it increases with body elongation (with some exceptions).
§ This study aims to analyze variability in vertebral length in ecologically diverse
populations of threespine stickleback
§ Vertebral length may be an important factor in a fish’s mobility. With shorter
vertebrae, the threespine stickleback should able to laterally bend to a greater
degree and increase its burst swimming performance.
Introduction:
Objectives:
1. Describe
the
relationships
between
vertebral
length
and
the
length
of
the
body
in
threespine
stickleback
2. Examine
whether
vertebral
length
changes
along
the
vertebral
column
3. Examine
the
relationship
between
vertebral
length
and
vertebral
number
4. Investigate
how
vertebral
length
varies
between
populations
with
different
body
forms
Results: Results:
Variation
in
Body
Forms:
Limnetic:
Benthic
and
Stream
populations
are
characterized
by
their
deeper
body
forms
and
are
found
in
shallow
lakes
and
streams.
Anadromous
populations
are
the
ocean
form
of
the
threespine
stickleback,
known
for
their
large
size
and
armored
plates.
Benthic/Stream:
Anadromous:
Limnetic
populations
are
generally
found
in
deep
lakes
and
are
characterized
by
their
elongate
body
form.
Tinkering
with
the
Axial
Skeleton
II:
Uncovering
Vertebral
Length
Variation
in
the
Threespine
Stickleback
Twenty
populations
of
the
threespine
stickleback
were
collected
from
nineteen
bodies
of
water
in
Alaska
and
were
brought
to
the
Field
Museum
of
Natural
history
for
photography
and
x-‐ray.
The
photographs
and
x-‐rays
were
then
scaled
and
measured
for
standard
(body)
length,
body
depth,
and
vertebral
length
using
the
computer
program
TPSDig2.
Standardizing
vertebral
length
by
body
length:
• Vertebral
length
was
standardized
by
body
length
to
account
for
variation
attributable
to
differences
in
body
size
among
specimens.
This
was
done
by
regression
analysis
and
the
calculation
of
residuals.
Residuals
are
the
difference
between
the
measured
value
and the
predicted
value.
The
predicted
value
for
each
fish
was
added
to
the
calculated
residual
to
standardize
by
size.
A
grand
mean
was
also
necessary
for
these
calculations.
However,
the
anadromous
populations
tend
to
be
much
larger
than
the
benthic/stream
and
limnetic
populations.
To
ensure
accuracy,
two
separate
grand
means
for
standard
length
were
calculated:
one
for
benthic/stream
and
limnetic
populations
(45.64
mm),
and
one
for
the
anadromous
populations
(69.50
mm).
Data
on
the
anadromous
populations
is
not
shown
here.
Procedures
and
Statistical
Methods:
Figure
1
shows
the
size-‐adjusted
vertebral
length
values
for
vertebrae
AV1-‐CV3
as
a
function
of
total
vertebral
number
separated
by
benthic/stream
(B)
and
limnetic
(L)
populations.
Objective
2:
• Looking
vertically
down
each
column,
it
can
be
seen
that
there
is
a
decline
in
size-‐
adjusted
vertebral
length
moving
posteriorly
along
the
body
axis
from
AV1
to
CV3.
AV1
is
the
longest
vertebra,
followed
by
AV2.
AV3,
CV1,
and
CV2
tend
to
have
similar
size-‐adjusted
values,
while
CV3
consistently
shows
a
much
lower
value.
Objective
3:
• As
vertebral
number
goes
up,
vertebral
length
declines
in
both
the
benthic
and
limnetic
populations.
However,
the
CV3
length
in
the
limnetic
populations
with
34
vertebrae
increases
slightly.
Objective
4:
• This
graph
is
also
useful
for
examining
differences
in
vertebral
length
between
limnetic
and
benthic
populations.
Overall
the
graph
shows
benthic
and
stream
populations
having
a
lower
size-‐adjusted
vertebral
length
than
the
limnetic
populations.
Kirby
Karpan
and
Windsor
Aguirre
Department
of
Biological
Sciences,
DePaul
University,
Chicago,
Illinois
Vertebral
Length
Along
the
Body
Axis:
Figure
1:
Rather
than
doing
statistical
analysis
on
all
vertebrae,
twelve
vertebrae
spanning
the
entire
vertebral
column
were
measured. The
first
two
abdominal
vertebrae
were
averaged
and
called
AV1.
The
middle
two
abdominal
vertebrae
were
averaged
and
called
AV2,
and
the
last
two
abdominal
vertebrae
were
averaged
and
called
AV3.CV1,
CV2,
and
CV3
were
calculated
in
the
same
way
for
the
caudal
vertebrae.
Figure
3:
Objective
1:
Figure
3 shows
vertebral
length
of
AV1-‐CV3
plotted
as
a
function
of
standard
(body)
length.
Specimens
are
color
coded
by
ecomorph.
It
can
be
seen
that
vertebral
length
is
more
strongly
correlated
for
vertebrae
AV1-‐CV2,
and
that
the
posterior
end,
CV3,
exhibits
greater
variation.
However,
vertebral
length
is
generally
strongly
correlated
with
standard
length.
In
terms
of
the
four
objectives,
it
has
been
seen
that:
1)
Larger
fish
have
longer
vertebrae,
with
R2 values
ranging
between
0.70
and
0.94.
For
most
vertebrae,
the
R2 values
were
0.87
or
greater,
indicating
a
strong
relationship
between
vertebral
length
and
body
length.
For
CV3,
the
relationship
was
weaker,
indicating
greater
variability
in
this
region.
2)
Vertebral
length
declines
posteriorly
along
the
vertebral
column.
However,
the
pattern
of
decline
is
not
uniform.
AV3,
CV1,
and
CV2
tend
to
be
similar
in
length.
The
largest
decline
is
consistently
between
CV2
and
CV3,
indicating
substantial
decline
in
vertebral
length
at
the
very
end
of
the
vertebral
column.
3)
Vertebral
length
generally
declines
as
vertebral
number
increases
in
both
benthic
and
limnetic
populations.
Surprisingly,
vertebral
length
increased
between
fish
with
30
and
31
vertebrae.
4)
Deeper
bodied
benthic/stream
populations
have
shorter
vertebrae
than
the
more
elongate
limnetic
populations
for
all
vertebral
counts.
The
difference
in
vertebral
length
was
particularly
pronounced
for
fish
with
33
vertebrae.
Thanks
to
The
Field
Museum
of
Natural
History
and
all
involved
in
this
project.
Conclusions:
Results:
Figure
2: In
Figure
2,
vertebral
length
was
averaged
across
all
vertebrae.
This
figure
is
useful
for
comparing
the
benthic/stream
and
limnetic
stickleback
populations.
Objective
3:
• Vertebral
length
generally
declines
with
increasing
vertebral
number,
with
the
exception
of
fish
with
31
vertebrae.
Objective
4:
• For
all
vertebral
counts,
limnetics
have
longer
vertebrae
than
benthics.
The
benthic/stream
populations
follow
the
limnetic
populations
fairly
closely
save
for
the
large
drop
in
the
benthic/stream
populations
at
33
vertebrae.