The document discusses unorganized drugs, which are mixtures of chemical substances derived from plant or animal sources, and classifies them based on their physical properties and solubility. It specifically details various types of gums, their formation processes, uses in pharmaceuticals, and their applications as excipients in drug formulations. Additionally, it includes information on specific gums like gum acacia, gum tragacanth, and karaya gum, including their properties, preparation methods, and potential adverse effects.

1. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫بسم‬

2. Unorganized drugs
Dr. Hoda Fathy

3. Unorganized drugs
• They are a mixture of chemical substances with
no cellular structures. They are obtained by
different methods such as extraction, incision
and expression from animal or plant origin.
• They are formed in plants by different methods,
as decomposition products or produced
normally or pathologically due to stress
conditions.
• They are described based on their physical
characters (color, odor, taste) in addition to
their chemical properties.

4. Classification of unorganized
drugs
According to (physical characters, solubility,
major chemical tests)
1. Latex.
2. Dried juice.
3. Extracts.
4. Gums.
5. Resins and resin combinations.
6. Sacccharin derivatives.
7. Lipids.

5. Gums
• Heterogenous polysaccharides which
on hydrolysis give mixture of
sugars(other than glucose)+ uronic
acids.
• They are produced by plants as a
protective after injury or unfavorable
conditions.
• They are formed from the cell wall by
the action of enzymes.

6. Gums
• Classification according to the source:
– Exudate gum Acacia and tragacanth
– Seed gum Guar
– Artificial gum
• Classification according to solubility in
water:
– Soluble yielding viscous solution
Acacia
– Swell into jelly-like mass Tragacanth

7. the use of natural polymers for
pharmaceutical applications
• they are economical, readily available, low
cost, non-toxic and capable of chemical
modifications, potentially biodegradable,
biocompatible.

8. Their role in pharmaceutical
dosage forms
• film coating agents, buccal films,
microspheres, nanoparticles, viscous liquid
formulations like ophthalmic solutions,
suspensions, implants
• viscosity enhancers, stabilisers, disintegrants,
solubilisers, emulsifiers, suspending agents,
gelling agents, bioadhesives & binders

9. Gum Acacia (BP 2007)
(gum arabic)
• Dried gummy exudate flowing naturally
from or obtained by incision of the trunk
and branches of Acacia senegal family
leguminoseae (fabaceae).

10. Gum Acacia
Collection and preparation
• During drought, bark is fissured
and gum exudates naturally.
• Incisions are made using axe or
“sonki”which is moved from inside
to outside to remove bark exposing
cambium.
• Cambium forms new phloem
protected by gum tears formation as
a result of fermentation .
• Quality of gum varies according to
gum exudation (drought, tapping,…)

11. Gum Acacia
Uses
• Suspending agent.
• Cough and cold preparations, externally in wound
healing preparations.
• Limiting periodental diseases.
• May be useful in patients with renal failure.
• for treatment of increased uric acid.
• Some studies demonstrate that it can be used as a
nontoxic phytochemical construct in the production
of readily administrable biocompatible gold
nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging

12. Disadvantage
• It enhances the destruction of many
pharmaceutical products (phenols,
vitamins…) Example cod liver oil

13. Gum tragacanth (BP 2007)
Astragalus, bony milk
• Dried gummy exudate flowing
naturally or obtained by incision
from trunk and branches of
Astragalus gummifer f.
Leguminoseae (fabaceae).
• GRAS food additive by FDA.

14. Gum tragacanth
• Wide incision are made in the
trunk base and woody pieces are
introduced into the injury to
accelerate gum exudation
• White sticky secretion exudates
due to conversion of medullary
rays and pith into gum
(gummosis).
• Absorb water exerting pressure
and hence expelled.
• Contain starch.

15. Gum accacia Gum tragacanth
Arabin (salts of arabic acid)
glucuronic, galactose,
rhamnose and arabinose
Tragacanthin (water sol.)
Bassorin (water insol.)
Oxidase, peroxidase and
pectinase.
-

16. Gum tragacanth
Uses
• Suspending agent, binder
in tablet, in cosmetics.
• Tragacanth solutions are highly viscous
with a very long shelf life without loss of
viscosity.
• A component of denture adhesives.
• Preferred in highly acidic conditions as it
is highly resistant to acids.

17. The mode of formation of gum
acacia and tragacanth
• In acacia, gum is slowly produced after
injury (20-30 days) and its formation is
partially due to fermentation.
• In tragacanth, gum exudes immediately
after injury (1/2 hour), process of
gummosis occur. It is ridged due to
successive stoppage of flow.

18. Tests
Gum acacia Gum tragacanth
TLC after
hydrolysis
galactose , arabinose , and
rhamnose .
galactose, arabinose
and xylose.
almost completely but very
slowly soluble, in water,
weakly acid to blue litmus
paper.
N/50 I2 is a test for adulteration with
Starch, dextrin and agar (no
blue or reddish color)
olive green
Lead acetate White ppt
Borax test Stiff mass
Test for oxidase enzyme

19. Karaya gum (BP 2007)
Indian tragacanth
sterculia gum
• Dried gummy exudate from the tree Sterculia
urens f. Sterculiaceae.
• Fine powder with acetic acid odor.
• A branched ca or magnesium salt partially
acetylated polysaccharide on hydrolysis yield
galacturonic, glucuronic, galactose,
rhamnose and acetic acid.

20. Karaya gum
• Absorbs up to 100 times its weight water rapidly
and swells to form viscous colloidal solutions even
at low concentrations (1%), swells in 60% alcohol.
• Deacetylation through alkali treatment results in a
water soluble gum.
• strong adhesive properties.
• Because the gum is partially acetylated, it may
release acetic acid during storage.

21. Karaya gum
Uses
• Used to Provide bulk in cosmetics.
• Denture fixative.
• A base for salicylic acid patches for warts.
• Protects skin from irritating fluids
(stomal discharge)
In medicine, a stoma is an opening either natural or surgically
created (artificial), which connects a portion of the body cavity
to the outside environment

22. Seed gum

23. Guar gum
(BP 2007)
• Obtained by grinding endosperm of
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Leguminoseae seed.
• Water sol. Galactomannan polysaccharide on
hydrolysis yield galactose + mannose.
• Protein, saponin.
• Whitish powder forms gel with water even in
very low conc.

24. Guar gum (cont.)
FDA approved as food supplement
• Tablet binder, suspending agent.
• Managing blood glucose.
• laxative
• Promotes weight loss. causing a sense of fullness
• Guar galactomannan BP 2007
is the partially hydrolyzed gum
• Adverse reactions:
– Flatulence.
– Affect absorption of concomitantly administered
drugs.
– Esophageal obstruction.

25. Locust bean
(Carob gum)
• is extracted from the seed (kernels) of the carob
tree (Ceratonia siliqua).
• Galactomannan.
• less soluble and lower viscosity than guar gum
but is soluble in hot water.
• Being non-ionic, locust bean gum is not
affected by ionic strength or pH but will
degrade at pH extremes at higher
temperatures.

26. Locust bean
(Carob gum)
GRAS as food additive by the FDA
• Formulas with this gum decrease the
number of regurgitation and vomiting due
to gastroesophageal reflux in children.
• As an adjunct dietary treatment of diabetes
mellitus but additional research is needed
to confirm these findings.

27. Precautions
• Use cautiously in patients with a anaemia
or chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, or zinc
disorder or deficiency as it may reduce
their absorption Avoid in patients with
acute diarrhea or in underweight infants.

28. Tarra gum
• Seed gum consists mainly of galactomannan
polymer.
• used as a thickening agent and stabilizer in a
number of food applications. A solution of tara gum
is less viscous than that of a guar gum, but more
viscous than a solution of locust bean gum.

29. Artificial gum
• Dextrin:
– Roasting starch with dil. HCl
– Adulteration of gum Accacia.
– Detected by I2 red colour.
• Xanthan:
– Microbial fermentation of glucose, used as
pharmaceutical aid in food and cosmetic
industries.
• Dextran:
– Microbial fermentation of sucrose used as
replacement of blood plasma.