Download as PDF, PPTX
More Related Content
Similar to Unorganized 3 academy.pdfffffffffffffffff
Unorganized 3 academy.pdfffffffffffffffff
- 1. Unorganized Drugs By Dr. RashaMohamed Abu El-Khair, PhD
- 2.
- 3. Definition • Gums arehydrocolloids either anionic or nonionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides, produced by plants as a protective product after injury or unfavorable growth conditions (abnormal products). • They are formed by conversion of the cell walls into gums by the action of enzymes. This process is called Gummosis.
- 4. Solubility • Gums areinsoluble in most organic solvents. • In water they form a viscous colloidal solution or jelly like masses.
- 5. Chemically Gums arecondensation product of • Sugars either pentoses as xylose or hexoses as galactose together with Ca, Mg and K salts of Uronic acids. • What is the difference between Gums and Mucilage? • Mucilage is sulfuric acid ester of polysaccharides. • Gums are stress products while mucilage is a normal product formed by plant cells.
- 6.
- 7. Definition • It isthe air dried gummy exudates from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal family: Fabaceae and other Acacia species of African origin. • Geographical Source: • Senegal and Sudan
- 8. Collection and preparation: •The gum is collected during the dry season of the year from 6 years old trees. • An area of 0.5 - 1 meter length × 5-7.5 cm wide from the bark is removed exposing the cambium below. • The cambium produces (within 20-30 days) a new phloem in addition to the formation of gum tears as a result of the bacterial action on the exposed cambium. • After drying in air, the tears are collected one a week then packed.
- 10. Physical Properties • Color:pale yellow • Odor: odorless • Taste: mucilaginous
- 11. Constituents: • Arabin whichis calcium salt of Arabic acid. • Arabic acid which yields upon hydrolysis: L- arabinose, D-galactose, D- glucuronic acid and L- rhamnose. • Oxidase enzyme.
- 12. Uses • It isused as stabilizer in the preparation of emulsions. • It is also used for the treatment of catarrh and diarrhea. • Acacia is often a constituent of cough drops. • It is also used in veterinary medicine for mild diarrhea in small animals, foals and calves.
- 13.
- 14. Definition • It isthe air dried gummy exudates obtained by incision from the stem and branches of Astragalus gummifer Family: Fabaceae. • Geographical Source: • Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria
- 15. Formation • In Tragacanththe gum exudes IMMEDIATELY after injury, therefore being PRE-FORMED in the plant. • Gum tragacanth is formed by gradual transformation of the cell walls of the pith and medullary rays into gum (gummosis); which easily absorbs water and swelling, exerts considerable pressure on the surrounding tissues. When therefore the stem is wounded, the gum is forcibly passed out.
- 16. Collection • The stemsof 2 years old plants are incised with a sharp knife. • A wedge-shaped piece of wood is forced through the incision to open it, and left there for 12-24 hours, so that the gum will exude more freely. • The gum is collected 2 days after incision.
- 17. Physical Characters • Theshape of the gum differs according to the shape of the incision. If it is a vertical slit, the gum appears as flattened ribbons. • It is white or very pale yellowish white translucent and horny. • It swells into gelatinous mass when placed in water, but only small portion dissolves.
- 18. Constituents: • Water solublefraction: Tragacanthin (contain no methoxyl groups). • Water insoluble fraction: Bassorin (contain about 5% methoxyl groups).
- 19. Uses • As suspendingagent for insoluble powders. • As binding agent in pills and tablets. • As emulsifying agent for oils and resins. • Used in highly acidic conditions due to resistance to acid hydrolysis. • In cosmetics as emollient and demulcent.
- 20. Tests Gum acacia Gumtragacanth TLC after hydrolysis galactose , arabinose , and rhamnose . galactose, arabinose and xylose. almost completely but very slowly soluble, in water, weakly acid to blue litmus paper. N/50 I2 is a test for adulteration with Starch, dextrin and agar (no blue or reddish color) olive green Lead acetate White ppt Borax test Stiff mass Test for oxidase enzyme
- 21.
- 22. Definition • Resins areoxidation products of the terpenes present in volatile oils. • They are complex in nature but free from nitrogen. • They are solids or semisolid substances, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. • On heating, they soften, melt and burn with smoky flame.
- 23. They are classifiedinto: • Resin: e.g. Colophony. • Oleo-resin: volatile oil + resin: e.g. Mastic. • Oleo-gum-resin: volatile oil + gum + resin: e.g. Myrrh and Olibanum. • Balsams: e.g. Benzoin
- 24.
- 25. Definition • It isthe oleogumresin obtained from Bosiwella carterii family: Burseraceae.
- 26. CONSTITUENTS • Volatile oil •Gum • Resin : Boswellic acid (ursolic acid derivative)
- 27. Uses • In treatmentof cough (cough suppressant). • As bitter stomachic and appetizer. • Insect repellent. • Possesses anti-inflammatory activity
- 28.
- 29. • Balsams areproducts that are not produced normally in plants, they are stress products. • They are produced under stress conditions either pathological or mechanical stress. • They are characterized by their high content of balsamic acids (Benzoic and Cinnamic acids).
- 30.
- 31. Definition • It isthe resinous secretion of Myroxylon balsamum Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae )
- 32. Physical Properties • Tolubalsam is a yellow-brown semi- fluid or near solid material with an aromatic vanilla-like odor and taste. • On drying it becomes hard and brittle. • It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, sodium hydroxide solution, and chloroform.
- 33. Constituents • The balsamcontains up to 80% resin. • Approximately 15% free cinnamic acid and benzoic acid. • About 40% of the benzyl and related esters of cinnamic and benzoic acids. • A volatile oil is present in small amounts (from 1.5% to 7%). • About 0.05% vanillin in addition to others.
- 34. Uses • Tolu balsamis still used in certain cough syrup formulas. • Its main use in the modern era is in perfumery. • It is also used as a natural remedy for skin rashes. • Tolu balsam is best known for its fragrance and flavoring in pharmaceutical products, although it also has mild antiseptic and expectorant properties.
- 35. Chemical Test • Itis acidic to litmus paper. • It gives negative result with KMnO4 due to the presence of traces of cinnamic acid.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38. • Bee venomtherapy is a part of Apitherapy that utilizes bee venom in treatment of health conditions. • It is most effective when it comes directly from a live bee followed by injectable venom solution. It also can be used as cream or ointment.
- 39. • Constituents: • Enzymes,peptides and amines. • Uses: • Treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, back pain and alternative therapy for multiple sclerosis.
- 40.
- 41. • A resinoussubstances collected by bee from leaf buds and bark of trees. Bees use it as a natural sealing agent and a natural antibiotic. • Constituents: • Resins, beeswax, essential oils, pollen and various organic and mineral matters. • Amino acids. • Vitamins specially vitamin B complex. • Minerals e.g. copper.
- 42. Uses • It helpsin viral infections e.g. influenza, mouth and ear infections. • Treatment of digestive disorders, anemia, burns and tooth problems.