:Germany is concerned about climate change. Germany has always taken a proactive stance on international climate change agreements: Bonn 1995 Commitments of the government Hosting the UNFCCC Secretariat National and EU policies Current commitment: EU: 20 % emissions reductions by 2020; 20 % renewables, 20 % energy efficiency. In case of new climate agreement: 30 % reduction.
Smart Hidro Power de Alemania presento el panorama de Alemania en el ámbito de las energías renovables no convencionales, mostrando la participación del estado y de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro como DENA
Opportunities in the Hungarian Wind Energy MarketEnerjimiz Güneş
Opportunities in the Hungarian Wind Energy Market
Levente Csók, HWEA Board Member
Dr. Andrea Biróné Kircsi, HWEA President
Dr. Péter Tóth, HWEA Honorary President
:Germany is concerned about climate change. Germany has always taken a proactive stance on international climate change agreements: Bonn 1995 Commitments of the government Hosting the UNFCCC Secretariat National and EU policies Current commitment: EU: 20 % emissions reductions by 2020; 20 % renewables, 20 % energy efficiency. In case of new climate agreement: 30 % reduction.
Smart Hidro Power de Alemania presento el panorama de Alemania en el ámbito de las energías renovables no convencionales, mostrando la participación del estado y de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro como DENA
Opportunities in the Hungarian Wind Energy MarketEnerjimiz Güneş
Opportunities in the Hungarian Wind Energy Market
Levente Csók, HWEA Board Member
Dr. Andrea Biróné Kircsi, HWEA President
Dr. Péter Tóth, HWEA Honorary President
Carsten Rolle, Executive Director WEC Germany WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
Ulf Eriksen, Head of Nordic & UK Trading & Origination in Statkraft, on the European renewables expansion. Presentation held on the conference Fornybarkonferansen in Bergen, Norway June 2014.
El pacto verde europeo, clave contra el COVID-19. Recomendaciones de la comisión de expertos del gobierno alemán "Energía del Futuro".
Webinar organizado por Funseam y la Cátedra de Sostenibilidad Energética-UB.
06/07/2020
It is the European Commission’s job to propose a seven year ‘Multiannual Financial Framework’ budget to the Council and Parliament. The current proposal stands at €1,025 billion. This represents 1% of the EU’s gross domestic product – while national budgets are around 30-40% of national GDP.
The EU’s budget needs to reflect the high priority given to energy and climate commitments in EU policy in its 2020 climate and renewable energy targets. What is more, EU countries have been undergoing strict austerity measures. The next EU budget needs to be a “growth” budget. (September 2012).
Apresentação energias renováveis e polissilício - Dr. Johannes Muller - revis...depgeorgesoares
A experiência alemã sobre as fontes de energia renováveis, como referência para o Brasil e o Nordeste se beneficiarem de seu enorme potencial renovável /
THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS REFERENCE TO BRAZIL AND NORTHEAST BENEFIT FROM THEIR ENORMOUS RENEWABLE POTENTIAL
Albania toward large and sustainable energy developments by lorenc gordaniLorenc Gordani
This presentation, based to my daily empirical experience, concentrates an assessment about the huge interest for the foreigner investors on the business opportunities offered in ongoing by the traditional hydropower source and the emerging energy sectors of photovoltaic, wind, biomasses, natural gas, efficiency and managing, energy trading and supply, etc.
Further, it will follow with a brief analysis of the catalogue of legal procedures framework to obtain the permission rights and develop a project in energy infrastructure production. The all will be present as much as possible in a simple manner to explain the “philosophy” to which them based, for helping in the overcoming the complexity and the identifying the right approach needed to address it by interested developers.
In this regard, “a file rouge” will bring an analysis of the different incentives and benefit traditionally brought and the new opportunities offered by the liberalization and the regional integration of the market. A fluid situation, which is making more and more possible the complete projects and the open new procedure and follows with the planning on the developments of new large-scale and sustainable projects.
Carsten Rolle, Executive Director WEC Germany WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
Ulf Eriksen, Head of Nordic & UK Trading & Origination in Statkraft, on the European renewables expansion. Presentation held on the conference Fornybarkonferansen in Bergen, Norway June 2014.
El pacto verde europeo, clave contra el COVID-19. Recomendaciones de la comisión de expertos del gobierno alemán "Energía del Futuro".
Webinar organizado por Funseam y la Cátedra de Sostenibilidad Energética-UB.
06/07/2020
It is the European Commission’s job to propose a seven year ‘Multiannual Financial Framework’ budget to the Council and Parliament. The current proposal stands at €1,025 billion. This represents 1% of the EU’s gross domestic product – while national budgets are around 30-40% of national GDP.
The EU’s budget needs to reflect the high priority given to energy and climate commitments in EU policy in its 2020 climate and renewable energy targets. What is more, EU countries have been undergoing strict austerity measures. The next EU budget needs to be a “growth” budget. (September 2012).
Apresentação energias renováveis e polissilício - Dr. Johannes Muller - revis...depgeorgesoares
A experiência alemã sobre as fontes de energia renováveis, como referência para o Brasil e o Nordeste se beneficiarem de seu enorme potencial renovável /
THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS REFERENCE TO BRAZIL AND NORTHEAST BENEFIT FROM THEIR ENORMOUS RENEWABLE POTENTIAL
Albania toward large and sustainable energy developments by lorenc gordaniLorenc Gordani
This presentation, based to my daily empirical experience, concentrates an assessment about the huge interest for the foreigner investors on the business opportunities offered in ongoing by the traditional hydropower source and the emerging energy sectors of photovoltaic, wind, biomasses, natural gas, efficiency and managing, energy trading and supply, etc.
Further, it will follow with a brief analysis of the catalogue of legal procedures framework to obtain the permission rights and develop a project in energy infrastructure production. The all will be present as much as possible in a simple manner to explain the “philosophy” to which them based, for helping in the overcoming the complexity and the identifying the right approach needed to address it by interested developers.
In this regard, “a file rouge” will bring an analysis of the different incentives and benefit traditionally brought and the new opportunities offered by the liberalization and the regional integration of the market. A fluid situation, which is making more and more possible the complete projects and the open new procedure and follows with the planning on the developments of new large-scale and sustainable projects.
Presentation from Business Link's 'Boost your marketing strategy' event at Center Parcs Longleat Forest on 2nd March 2011. Dr. Jeff Kenna's (Camco) presentation looks at green energy futures and how businesses can make the most of current and up and coming opportunities.
Georg Erdmann, Prof. for Energy System at the Berlin University of Technology WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
Energiewende är den process som just nu pågår i Tyskland där landet fasar ut kärnkraft och går över till vind- och solkraft. 280 000 nya jobb! Kan världens fjärde största industrination så borde ju vi kunna som har nästan hälften av vårt energibehov täckt av vattenkraft.
Published in February 2013 by the European Wind Energy Association, this is the most up-to-date information on wind energy. It includes facts and figures on statistics and targets, jobs and finance, technology, costs, subsidies and prices, R&D, environment and public opinion - all in an easy to digest format. For more wind energy facts, visit www.ewea.org
V SIMPOSIO EMPRESARIAL INTERNACIONAL FUNSEAM: LOS RETOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
MESA 1. RETOS PARA EL SECTOR DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
Inversión en proyectos intensivos en capital y señales de mercado: Dña. Ana Quelhas, Directora de Planificación Energética del Grupo EDP
Preside la mesa: D. Ferran Tarradellas, Director Representación en Barcelona de la Comisión Europea
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? This webinar presentation reviews the most important energy statistics for Germany, focussed on a few highlights of its energy policy and concludes with a series of open discussion points.
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? In this discussion webinar, we will review the most important energy statistics for Germany, present a few highlights on its energy policy and conclude with a series of open discussion points.
Johannes KINDLER, former vice-chairman of the “BundesNetzAgentur” (the German Federal Network Agency) and currently working for an international law firm: Bird&Bird, spoke about the development of German power grid: its issues and the need for European policies for networks.
The CLEW “Reporter’s Guide to the Energiewende” gives journalists a starting point for their work, highlighting the main storylines of the energy transition, providing lists of experts and links to key readings. The guide complements the website, which has plenty more in-depth information, links and contacts.
The CLEW “Reporter’s Guide to the Energiewende” gives journalists a starting point for their work, highlighting the main storylines of the energy transition, providing lists of experts and links to key readings. The guide complements the website, which has plenty more in-depth information, links and contacts.
A NEW ENERGY ERA - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Portugal by Manu...Manuel Pinho
A NEW ENERGY ERA - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Portugal by Manuel Pinho.
Energy Efficiency, Renewable and clean generation and the technologies will enable a more flexible and decentralized energy model with higher capillarity.
Crown eco capital management/Renewable Energy: The Vision And A Dose Of Reali...Emilio Deiryme
In recent years, there has been more and more talk of a transition to renewable energy on the grounds of climate change, and an increasing range of public policies designed to move in this direction. Not only do advocates envisage, and suggest to custodians of the public purse, a future of 100% renewable energy, but they suggest that this can be achieved very rapidly, in perhaps a decade or two, if sufficient political will can be summoned. See for instance this 2009 Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables:
Similar to Presentation on german renewable energy on 23 (20)
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
3. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Location:
Central Europe
Area:
357,104 km² (about 1/9 of India) 3,287,263 km²
Neighboring countries:
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Luxemburg, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland
Climate:
Average annual temperature: 9 °C
Rivers are navigable:
Rhine 865 km, Elbe 700 km, Danube 647 km
JS Arora
4. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Population
2008: 82.2 million (India 1150 million)
Population density: 230 per km² ( India 336 per km² )
Political System
State system: Democratic-parliamentary federal state
Capital city: Berlin
Head of state: Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler
JS Arora
5. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Currency: 1 euro = 100 cents (~ Rs. 80)
Gross domestic product (GDP) 2008: EUR
2,489.40 billion (India 762.5 billion euro)
GDP growth 2008: +1.3 %
GDP per person (2008):EUR 30,310
Shares in the GDP: Services 50.9 %, industry
and construction 30.4 %, trade 17.9 %,
agriculture 0.9 %
JS Arora
13. Germany Electricity Policy
The 1935 Energy Industry Act
amended in 1996, provided
for an immediate and full
market opening without
transitional arrangements.
JS Arora
14. Germany Electricity Policy
The 1991 Act on Feeding Electricity from
Renewable Energies into the Public Grid which
sought to promote the production of electricity
from renewable energy sources had to be
adapted to the liberalized electricity market.
Adequate measures had not been taken to
achieve the government's climate protection
goals: namely, a 25% reduction of CO2 in the
period 1990 to 2005.
JS Arora
15. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Ending the use of nuclear energy
– On June 11, 2001, the federal government and the
operators of nuclear power plants signed the
agreement that serves as a basis for the orderly
termination of the use of nuclear power in Germany.
JS Arora
16. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Renewable energies
– EU directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable
energies in the internal market for electricity. For Germany,
a doubling to 12.5% by the year 2010 is aimed, and for the
EU as a whole to 22%.
– The law on renewable sources on energy (Erneuerbare
Energien Gesetz, EEG) requires grid operators to purchase
electricity from renewable sources at fixed prices. Covering,
wind, geothermal, photovoltaics, small hydro (below 5 MW),
biomass and certain forms of waste
– Purchase from Co-generation plants at pre-determined
prices.
JS Arora
17. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Climate protection
– In October 2000 the German government adopted a
climate protection program to achieve the national target
of a 25% lowering of CO2 emissions by 2005 from 1990
levels.
– On November 9, 2000 German industry and the federal
government concluded a voluntary commitment
agreement for climate protection. By 2005, CO2 emissions
are to be lowered by 28% and by 2012 the greenhouse
gases named in the Kyoto Protocol are to be lowered by
35% (each relative to 1990 levels).
JS Arora
18. Germany Electricity Policy
Summary
Pre-liberalisation (over 1000 mixed private and state-owned
companies, 9 large vertically integrated firms, regional/local
monopolies)
1996 Directive 96/92/EC (market opening, accounting unbundling,
different options for network access)
1998 Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz, EEG(100% market opening),
2003 Directive 2003/54/EC (legal unbundling, regulator required)
2005 Bundesnetzagentur (regulator for electricity and gas)
JS Arora
20. Renewable Energy Sources Act
1991: Energy Feed-In Law (StrEG)
2000: Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)
2004: Optimised new EEG (Amended)
2009: Optimised new EEG (Amended)
JS Arora
21. What is a Feed-In Tariff?
Feed-in Tariff s (FITs) aim to support the market development of renewable
energy technologies, specifically for electricity generation. Fits put a legal
obligation on utilities and energy companies to purchase electricity from
renewable energy producers at a favourable price per unit, and this price is
usually guaranteed over a certain time period.
Tariff rates are usually determined for each renewable technology in order to
take account of their differing generation costs, and to ensure profitability.
Therefore, the FIT rate set by a particular government for solar, wind or
geothermal generated electricity may vary depending on the costs associated
with each of these
technologies.
The guaranteed access to the grid, favorable rate per unit and the tariff term.
JS Arora
22. The Feed-in- Tariff :
German Success story
The German FIT has been a huge success – and is
generally regarded as the best example of an effective
FIT law.
The first real Feed-In Law in Germany was the
Stromeinspeisungsgesetz (StrEG) introduced in 1991,
otherwise known as the Electricity Feed-In-Law.
This took the form of a simple one-page bill for assisting
producers of electricity from small hydro stations and wind
energy installations.
JS Arora
23. Renewable Energy Sources Act, main
features
Term of the contracts: maximum 20 years
Planning and investment reliability by guaranteed fixed
prices for RE-power
Returns of 7% taken as the basis for the calculations
Annual decrease of the tariffs
RE-priority for grid access, transmission and distribution
Equalization of additional costs for electricity from RES
between all grid operators and electricity suppliers; Costs paid by
all consumers
All different types of RES are considered
JS Arora
24. The German Success story
The StrEG was modified in several ways in April
1998 with the adoption of the Energy Supply
Industry Act, and in 2000, the Erneuerbare-
Energien-Gesetz (EEG), otherwise known as the
2000 Renewable Energy Sources Act, was
introduced in response to deregulation of the German
electricity market in 1998, and a number of other
problems with the StrEG. The EEG represented an
update, refinement and replacement of German
renewable energy policy.
JS Arora
25. The German Success story
The EEG Amendment in 2004 committed Germany to
increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s
total electricity supply to 12.5% by 2010, and to at least
20% by 2020. The tariff rates in the 2004 Amendment
ranged from €0.0539 per kWh for electricity generated
from wind, to €0.5953 for solar electricity from small
facade systems.
The rates at which the guaranteed tariff would reduce
each year (annual digression rates) were also set fairly
high in the amendment, ranging from 1%-6.5% annually
depending on the technology.
JS Arora
26. Success of the German Renewable
Energy Sources Act
Creation of a large internal market
Creation of more than 250,000 new jobs in Germany
Series of innovative developments in RE technologies
Costs for market introduction of RE considerably lower
than in other countries
Renewable Energy Sources Act is a cost effective
stimulus package
JS Arora
27. The German Success story
As of 2009, feed-in tariff policies have been
enacted in 63 countries around the world,
including in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada,
China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy,
the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and in some states in the
United States.
JS Arora
35. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
For wind energy an ‘initial tariff’ is fixed for at least
5 and up to 20 years.
It is reduced to a ‘basic tariff’ depending on how
local wind conditions compare to a so called
‘reference yield’.
Wind installations on very good sites (reference
yield of 150 %) receive the initial tariff for example
for five years, while for turbines on lesser sites this
period can be extended.
The tariffs are altogether paid for 20 years.
JS Arora
36. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
As of 1 January 2009 the initial tariff for onshore wind
energy was increased to 9.2 cent/kWh.
The basic tariff is set at 5.02 cent/kWh. There will be
an annual degression of 1 % for new installations
every year.
The tariff for offshore wind energy got increased to 13
cent/kWh plus an additional ‘sprinter bonus’ of 2
cents/kWh for projects which will come into operation
before the end of 2015.
The initial 15 cents/kWh will be paid for a period of 12
years. After that, the tariff will decrease to 3.5
cents/kWh.
Offshore tariffs will annually decrease at 5 % for new
installations starting from 2015. JS Arora
37. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
Grid operators are obliged to feed in electricity
produced from renewable energy and buy it at a
minimum price within their supply area.
Furthermore, the new EEG requires of grid
operators not only that they extend the grid, but
also that they optimise and enhance the existing
grid.
Failure to comply with this can lead to claims for
damages by anyone willing (but unable) to feed in.
JS Arora
42. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Wind Energy in Germany by 2020
The domestic market has been very stable in recent years and will even
rise again once the administrative hurdles such as general distance
regulations and height limits have been overcome and construction can
continue. This is mainly a political issue. National and Federal State
targets for renewable electricity require a growing contribution of wind
energy in Germany.
According to calculations from BWE the overall German onshore
capacity could be at 45,000 MW, with an additional 10,000 MW offshore
wind. With a generation of approximately 150 TWh/year wind energy
could deliver 25 % of the German electricity consumption by this time.
Future challenges include a speedy grid expansion with also using
underground cable in critical areas.
JS Arora
44. Wind industry gears up for high level participation in Copenhagen
climate talks
“Wind power will play a key role in combating climate
change, but we need a clear framework and a price on
carbon for the sector to reach its full potential,”
“All analyses show that the largest contribution to solving
the climate issue must come from the private sector, and we
stand ready to contribute, but we need a clear, robust and
legally binding international framework to do so.”
Industry scenarios demonstrate that wind energy can save
as much as 10 bn tons of CO2 by 2020.
Steve Sawyer, GWEC Secretary General.
JS Arora
46. Source: Aleo
Why do we need Photovoltaics?
Source: Solarwatt
PV is the most fascinating way
to produce electricity
Advantages
PV can be used everywhere worldwide
PV can be used grid connected and off-
grid
PV can be used in every size Source: Phönix
PV needs only one initial investment
PV does not harm the environment
PV has the biggest potential among all
RES
Source: SMA
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
JS Arora 46
47. Why do we need Photovoltaics?
Challenge: Today, PV is often the most expensive way
to produce electricity using RES
However: PV has the highest cost reduction potential
PV has to be developed today in order to have
(1) enough solar capacity available in one decade
(2) at a competitive price
JS Arora
48. Solar Photo Voltaic
Solar photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a
material that converts solar radiation into direct current
electricity. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include
amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline
silicon, cadmium telluride,
Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years,
increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002,
making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology. Solar
PV power stations today have capacities ranging from 10-60
MW although proposed solar PV power stations will have a
capacity of 150 MW or more
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49. Solar PV
Advantages
The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful -
almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts of average electrical
power consumed by humans. This natural resource can be utilised
by by using Solar PV
Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and
emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-
use recycling technologies are under development.
PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or
intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of
building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low
compared to existing power technologies.
Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid
connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-
standing examples include satellites, island communities, remote
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locations and ocean vessels.
50. Solar PV
Advantages
When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all
of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in
most climatic regions). This can reduce grid loading, and can
eliminate the need for local battery power to provide for use in times
of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering. Time-of-
use net metering can be highly favorable, but requires newer
electronic metering, which may still be impractical for some users.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing
transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were
approximately 7.2% in 1995).
Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research
money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there
is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental
high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% and
efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are
rapidly falling.
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51. Solar PV
Disadvantages
Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often
warranted for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a
home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and
the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller.
Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in
cloudy weather conditions from conventional silicon based-
technologies. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system
is required.
Apart from their own efficiency figures, PV systems work within the
limited power density of their location's insolation.
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid
tie inverter) when used in current existing distribution grids. This
incurs an energy loss of 4-12%
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52. Solar power in Germany
Germany is the world's top photovoltaics (PV) installer,
accounting for almost half of the global solar power
market in 2007.
Out of the 20 biggest photovoltaic plants, 15 are in
Germany,
Germans installed about 1,300 megawatts of new PV
capacity in 2007, up from 850 megawatts in 2006, for a
cumulative total exceeding 3,830 megawatts.
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53. Solar power in Germany
Germany added a further 2 GW in 2008 and 2.5 GW in
2009 taking the total to 8.3 GW by end of 2009.
As capacity has risen, installed PV system costs have
been cut in half between 1997 and 2007.
Solar power now meets about 1 percent of Germany's
electricity demand, a share that some market analysts
expect could reach 25 percent by 2050.
The country has a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity,
which requires utilities to pay customers a guaranteed
rate for any solar power they feed into the grid.
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54. Germany's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
DC Peak Location Description MW Hr per
Power year
40 MW Muldentalkreis 550,000 thin-film 40,000
modules
12 MW Arnstein 1408 SOLON mover 14,000
10 MW Pocking 57,912 Solar madules 11,500
6.3 MW Muenhausen 57,600 solar modules 6,750
5 MW Buerstadt 30,000 BP Solar 4,200
modules
5 MW Espenhain 33,500 Shell Solar 5,000
Modules JS Arora
55. Germany's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
DC Peak Location Description MW Hr per year
Power
4 MW Merseburg 25,000 BP Solar modules 3,400
4 MW Gottleborn 50,000 solar modules 8,200
4 MW Hemaau 32,740 solar modules 3,900
3.3 MW Dingolfing Solara Sharp solar modules 3,050
1.9 MW Guenching Sharp solar modules -
1.9 MW Minihof Sharp solar modules -
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56. Why Germany is adding large Solar
Power capacities
The reason is not a breakthrough in the economics or technology
of solar power but a law adopted in 2000. It requires the country's
huge old-line utility companies to subsidize the solar upstarts by
buying their electricity at marked-up rates that make it easy for
the newcomers to turn a profit. Their cleanly created power
enters the utilities' grids for sale to consumers.
The law was part of a broader measure adopted by the German
government to boost production of renewable energy sources,
including wind power and biofuels. As the world's sixth-biggest
producer of carbon-dioxide emissions, Germany is trying to slash
its output of greenhouse gases and wants renewable sources to
supply a quarter of its energy needs by 2020.
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57. Solar Energy : Installed capacity
In the Year 2000 Install Capacity was 44 MW
In 2003 Some 20,000 solar electricity
systems yielding an output of about 145
Megawatts (MW) were installed. Germany
saw slow growth in 2006, but still remains by
far the largest PV market in the world. 968
MW of PV were installed in Germany in
2006. In 2008 total Capacity is 5351 MW.
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58. German Solar Energy
Germans installed about 1,300 megawatts of new PV capacity in
2007, up from 968 megawatts in 2006, for a cumulative total
exceeding 3,830 megawatts.
Germany added a further 1.5 GW in 2008 and 2.5 GW in 2009
taking the total to 8.0 GW by end of 2009.
As capacity has risen, installed PV system costs have been cut in
half between 1997 and 2007.
Solar power now meets about 1 percent of Germany's electricity
demand, a share that some market analysts expect could reach 25
percent by 2050.
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60. World Largest Thin-Film PV
Waldpolenz Solar Park, which is the world’s largest thin-film
photovoltaic (PV) power system, was built by German
developer and operator at a former military air base to the east
of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40 MW solar power
system using state-of-the-art thin film technology, and was fully
operational by the end of 2008. 550,000 First Solar thin-film
modules are being used, which supply about 40,000 MWh of
electricity per year.
The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the
state of Saxony in eastern Germany, built on half of the
location’s 220 hectares in the townships of Brandis and
Bennewitz. The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park
amount to some Euro 130 million.
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66. PV Solar in Some EU
Country Consumption 2005 2006 2007 2008
W/capita PV(MW) PV(MW) PV(MW) PV(MW)
(2008)
Germany 65 1910 3063 3846 5351
Spain 75 58 118 733 3405
Luxexbour 50 24 24 24 24
g
Belgium 6.7 2 4 22 71
France 1.4 26 33 47 91
UK 0.4 11 14 19 22
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67. Solar PV
Photovoltaics has a great potential worldwide
– but it is necessary to build up market and industry today
The German PV market is growing continously
Driver of the market is the feed-in tariff system (EEG)
There are already more than 40.000 jobs created
in the PV sector in Germany
Prices for PV modules were reduced significantly in the last 6
months, therefore investments in PV systems are much more
attractive today
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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68. Solar Thermal
Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide
space or water heating.
Worldwide the use was 88 GW thermal (2005). Growth
potential is enormous.
At present the EU is second after China in the
installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as
enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU’s installed
capacity would already be 91 GWth
In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more
than 686,000 tons of oil.
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69. Solar Thermal
Solar thermal applications cover 0.6 % of the
total heating demand in Germany in 2010
and 2.6 % in 2020.
In 2008, the solar thermal share was 0.4 %.
The forecast predicts an increase in the
installed collector area per year to more than
6 million m2 by 2020 - three times the
amount of 2008.
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70. Functions of Solar Thermal
In the simplest solar thermal application, a discrete solar collector gathers
solar radiation to heat air or water for domestic, commercial or industrial
use. The solar panel is usually a flat plate collector that consists of a metal
box with a glass or plastic cover and a black absorber plate at the bottom.
Absorber plates are usually painted with selective coatings that absorb
and retain heat better than ordinary black paint. They are normally made
of metal, typically copper or aluminium, because it is a good conductor of
heat. Copper is more expensive, but it is a better conductor and is less
prone to corrosion than aluminium. The sides and bottom of the collector
are usually insulated to minimize heat loss.
In locations with average available solar energy, flat plate collectors are
sized at approximately 0.5 to 1 square foot per gallon of daily hot water
use. Evacuated tube collectors have absorber plates that are metal strips
running down the center of each tube.
Convective heat losses are reduced by virtue of the vacuum in the tube.
For swimming pool heating, plastic or rubber are used to make low-
temperature absorber plates.
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71. When will solar power become competitive?
From 2018, solar power will be cheaper than conventional power
The German renewable energy sources act envisages a reduction of 5-6.5% per annum in
refunds for solar power fed into the grid. The average price of one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of
solar
power will decrease nominally at 5% per annum from 49 cents today to 23 cents in 2020.
Conventional power on the other hand will become dearer. At a minor increase of 2.5% per
annum, the price of power will rise for the private consumer from 19.6 cents/kWh today to
28
cents/kWh in 2020. This way, solar power for the private customer will be cheaper from
2018
than obtaining conventional power.
Solar power systems today are more than 60% cheaper than 1990
The theory of the learning curve shows that every doubling of photovoltaic output leads to a
20% fall in price. This has also been confirmed in Germany: since 1990 the price of
photovoltaic systems has fallen over 60% from EUR 13,500 to about EUR 5,000 today.
Between 1999 and 2003, the fall in price was 25% in the 100,000-roofs scheme.
By way of international comparison, prices of solar power modules show a continual
downward
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72. Solid Biomass
Solid biomass as energy source:
– long tradition in Germany
– German companies are the
world leaders
a) Heating systems
b) Combined Heat & Power plants Market facts Germany:
(CHP): Heat and Electricity – 160 electricity plants (960 MW)
Solid biomass: – 1.000 biomass heating plants
– 70.000 pallet boilers and ovens in
– agricultural and forestry produce
homes
– in Germany: wood pellet
– Potential in EAGA: residues
from agriculture / forestry !
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73. Biogas
Biogas industry in Germany
– Power generation from
gaseous biomass is Facts:
greatly expanding in 650 new systems
Germany
– clear trend towards larger,
installed Electrical
high-capacity systems capacity: 1.100 MW
– German companies offer a agricultural residues
wide range of building, and energy plants
operating and maintaining
services/products applicable
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74. Geothermic Power
“Geothermal sources could
supply
Germany's electricity needs
600
times over” – 2007: 130.000 heat
Construction boom of GP pumps and 4 geothermal
plants due to a new energy electricity plants installed
law in Germany – investments of 4 BN Euro
– geothermic electricity in 150 geothermal power
is supported by the projects
government
– heat and electricity
generation
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75. Emissions for Electricity Generation in
Germany (Grams per MWh)
Generation type SO2 NOx Particulates CO2
Nuclear 32 70 7 19,700
Coal 326 560 182 815,000
Gas 3 277 18 362,000
Oil 1,611 985 67 935,000
Wind 15 20 4.6 6,460
PV (Home
Application) 104 99 6.1 53,300
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76. No. of Players in the Market
Contribution to Total Electricity Generation (%)
10% 10%
80%
850 Municipal Utilities 6 Supra regional companies
80 Regional companies
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77. No. of Players in the Market (cont)
6 Largest co. % of 80% of market
E.on (VIAG &VEBA)
4%3% REW AG (RWE &
9% VEW)
37% EnBW/EdF
13%
VEAG
HEW
34%
BEWAG
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78. Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on
the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
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79. Vertical Axis Turbines
Disadvantages
Advantages Rotors generally near ground
Omnidirectional where wind poorer
– Accepts wind from any Centrifugal force stresses
angle blades
Components can be Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level Requires support at top of
– Ease of service turbine rotor
– Lighter weight towers Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings
Can theoretically use less Overall poor performance and
materials to capture the reliability
same amount of wind
Have never been commercially
successful
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80. Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines
Rotors are usually
Up-wind of tower
Some machines
have down-wind
rotors, but only
commercially
available ones are
small turbines
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82. Active vs. Passive Yaw
Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced today,
& some small turbines from
Europe)
– Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point
rotor into the wind
– Yaw drive turns gears to point
rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
– Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes
Downwind turbines
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83. Number of Blades – One
Rotor must move more rapidly to
capture same amount of wind
– Gearbox ratio reduced
– Added weight of counterbalance
negates some benefits of lighter
design
– Higher speed means more noise,
visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because
entire rotor can be assembled on
ground
Captures 10% less energy than
two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
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84. Number of Blades - Two
Advantages &
disadvantages similar to
one blade
Need teetering hub and
or shock absorbers
because of gyroscopic
imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade
designs
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85. Number of Blades - Three
Balance of gyroscopic
forces
Slower rotation
– increases gearbox &
transmission costs
– More aesthetic, less
noise, fewer bird strikes
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87. Blade Composition
Metal
Steel
– Heavy & expensive
Aluminum
– Lighter-weight and easy to
work with
– Expensive
– Subject to metal fatigue
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88. Blade Construction
Fiberglass
Lightweight, strong,
inexpensive, good fatigue
characteristics
Variety of manufacturing
processes
– Cloth over frame
– Pultrusion
– Filament winding to produce
spars
Most modern large turbines
use fiberglass
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89. Hubs
The hub holds the rotor
together and transmits
motion to nacelle
Three important aspects
How blades are attached
– Nearly all have cantilevered
hubs (supported only at
hub)
– Struts & Stays haven’t
proved worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch?
Flexible or Rigid Attachment
– Most are rigid
– Some two bladed designs
use teetering hubs
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90. Towers
Monopole (Nearly all
large turbines)
– Tubular Steel or Concrete
Lattice (many Medium
turbines)
– 20 ft. sections
Guyed
– Lattice or monopole
3 guys minimum
– Tilt-up
4 guys
Tilt-up monopole
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91. THANK YOU
Ex Director HRD
Damodar Valley Coporation
(DVC)
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