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Presentation on Blood and its components . ppt
1.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 10.1 – 10.31 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 10 Blood Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
2.
Blood Slide 10.1a Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue Living cells = formed elements Non-living matrix = plasma
3.
Blood Slide 10.1b Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1
4.
Physical Characteristics of
Blood Slide 10.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Color range Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red Oxygen-poor blood is dull red pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature
5.
Blood Plasma Slide 10.3 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of approximately 90 percent water Includes many dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (metal ions) Respiratory gases Hormones Proteins Waste products
6.
Plasma Proteins Slide 10.4 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens
7.
Formed Elements Slide 10.5a Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes = red blood cells Leukocytes = white blood cells Platelets = cell fragments
8.
Slide 10.5b Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Slide 10.5c Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood
Cells) Slide 10.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
11.
Hemoglobin Slide 10.7 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
12.
Leukocytes (White Blood
Cells) Slide 10.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can move by ameboid motion Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
13.
Leukocyte Levels in
the Blood Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter Abnormal leukocyte levels Leukocytosis Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs
14.
Types of Leukocytes Slide
10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granulocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Figure 10.4
15.
Types of Leukocytes Slide
10.10b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Include lymphocytes and monocytes Figure 10.4
16.
Granulocytes Slide 10.11a Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutrophils Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection Eosinophils Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms
17.
Granulocytes Slide 10.11b Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basophils Have histamine-containing granules Initiate inflammation
18.
Agranulocytes Slide 10.12 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphocytes Nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response Monocytes Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection
19.
Platelets Slide 10.13 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Needed for the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
20.
Hematopoiesis Slide 10.14 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) Hemocytoblast differentiation Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
21.
Fate of Erythrocytes Slide
10.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
22.
Control of Erythrocyte
Production Slide 10.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
23.
Control of Erythrocyte
Production Slide 10.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.5
24.
Hemostasis Slide 10.18 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stoppage of blood flow Result of a break in a blood vessel Hemostasis involves three phases Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation
25.
Platelet Plug Formation Slide
10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
26.
Vascular Spasms Slide 10.20 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anchored platelets release serotonin Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
27.
Coagulation Slide 10.21a Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Injured tissues release thromboplastin PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
28.
Coagulation Slide 10.21b Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
29.
Blood Clotting Slide 10.22 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes The clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair
30.
Undesirable Clotting Slide 10.23 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thrombus A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
31.
Bleeding Disorders Slide 10.24 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thrombocytopenia Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting Hemophilia Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing
32.
Blood Groups and
Transfusions Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
33.
Human Blood Groups Slide
10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood contains genetically determined proteins A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)
34.
Human Blood Groups Slide
10.26b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens
35.
ABO Blood Groups Slide
10.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type A Type B The lack of these antigens is called type O
36.
ABO Blood Groups Slide
10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The presence of both A and B is called type AB The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively
37.
Rh Blood Groups Slide
10.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh+ Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood
38.
Rh Dangers During
Pregnancy Slide 10.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
39.
Rh Dangers During
Pregnancy Slide 10.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
40.
Blood Typing Slide 10.30 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
41.
Developmental Aspects of
Blood Slide 10.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sites of blood cell formation The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
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