The document discusses the shifting role of cartography with the rise of ubiquitous mapping. Key points include: (1) anyone can now create maps for any purpose using new technologies; (2) ubiquitous cartography studies how maps can be created anywhere and anytime; (3) location is the foundation for context-aware maps but challenges remain for indoor positioning; (3) guidelines are needed for mobile cartography as it is driven by rapid technological changes.

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Motivation
- Role of cartography is shifting
o “Anyone” can create a map for any purpose
o Cartographic knowledge/training non-existent
o User need; context specific spatial and aspatial information
Ubiquitous mapping
- Ubiquitous mapping: “Use and creation of maps by users anywhere and at anytime”
- Ubiquitous cartography: “Study of how maps can be created anywhere and at anytime”
- Ubiquitous cartography emerging technology/field
o No general accepted ontology / taxonomy
§ I.e. not generally defined
§ No definition on what it is and what it is not.
§ (fits well with GISc in general?)
- Context awareness a driving force
o Location Based Services, TeleCartography, mobile cartography +++
- Technology supports this (ie. it is already feasible)
o Stimulation and facilitation of dynamic and personalized mapping
o Wireless broadband, data storage, +++
Supporting context
- Reduce cognitive burden
o “translation” between map and perceived reality
o Embed users in the map
§ Moving avatars etc
o Embed map in reality
§ Augmented reality
- Carto-centric to user-centered
- Issue; What to present and how to best present it
- More than automatic map making
o Adaptive maps
o Context-sensitive maps

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Location Location Location
- Foundation for context
- Position in space is the foundation of (ubiquitous) map making
- Two orthogonal perspectives
o Determined position (eg. by GPS)
o Process to help determine the position (eg. as input)
- Technologies
o Positioning with coordinates
§ Indoor problem
§ WiFi, RFID, GPS, Galileo, Dead reckoning, Digital compass etc.
o Positioning through the user [figure: ellipsis including user]
§ User interaction helps system find position
§ sketch maps, image analysis, augmented reality, (Machine vision)
• Images along a path, Virtual signposts
Communicating meaning
- Cartography is shifting
o Not limited to static views à dynamic maps
§ Zoom, Level of detail, panning, show/hide concepts
o Data availability increasing
§ Everything is available
- Guidelines for TeleCartography
o Need for guidelines? Old guidelines still valid?
o Screen size emphasized
o Cartographic communication process need to be met
§ Attention towards adaptability
• Adapts to context (automatic, semi-automatic)
• Argue; Only a selection of qualities – relative to guidelines
o However! No guidelines exist for mobile cartography
§ A wicked problem?’
§ Technology centric/driven
- Technologies for visualization
o AR, ePaper, high-resolution LCD/TFT screens, digital Etch-a-Sketch +++
o Should not drive research

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Finding the way
- Translation of computed data-structures to cognitive available presentation
- Context defined by;
o User situation
o Users knowledge/interpretation
o Quality of instructions
§ Semantic, geometric, temporal correctness or usability
o Ability for communication (ie. human understanding?)
o Technical restrictions
- Research topics;
o Alternative presentation forms
§ Maps, text-visual, acoustic, photographs, animations etc.
§ Context important (night/day)
o Translation of route information to guiding instructions
§ Translation algorithms must be defined
§ What about formal languages?
o Active landmarks
§ Landmarks important for navigation / orientation process
§ Large church, monument etc.
o Augmented reality
§ All necessary information displayed to the user
§ Reduce cognitive load
§ Not in the near future.
Keeping it safe
- Privacy; “ability to self-determine; when, how and to what extent location information is
shared”
- Collective sense of privacy may be shifting
o Accepting intrusion into privacy for better technologies
- Manual/automatic information mining (transitive approach) needs to be considered
o Could be unintended privacy issue
Conclusion
- Context-driven, machine “reasoning”, adaptability, individualism
- Definition and scope of ubiquitous cartography is hard to find
o SOA all over again
- Indicating wide applicability and impact domain
o To wide?

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Discussion
- Context
o Field of cartography is shifting
§ Users and makers are “everyone”
§ Applicability is wider
o Context-sensitive maps => Selection of qualities (MAPQUAL!!)
§ Verbal output, generalization, symbolization (night vs. day maps) +++
• Language vs. maps
- Location
o Important, many technologies exist
o Needs better way of exploiting this
- Communication
- Argue for new guidelines!
o Issues not only limited to symbolization (graphics)
o Map is an holistic representation
§ Road is not useful without a position
§ Blue polygon no meaning without context
- Adaptability (automatic/semi-automatic);
o Argue; Only a selection of qualities
- No existing guidelines
o Shift focus from technology driven to technology independent
- Navigation
o Translation the main task
§ What about the language/model perspective?
o Augmented reality
§ Google Android + Street View + camera?
- Privacy
- Concern, but more ethically/social than cartography