Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.
This document is a resume for Connor Runge that outlines his education and experience. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in Global Disease Biology at UC Davis. As an undergraduate, he has held several research and teaching positions at Santa Rosa Junior College related to biology, chemistry, and health workshops. His research has focused on topics such as the effects of heavy metals on plant growth and the relationship between animal defenses and pollution.
1) The study analyzed the microbial risks from exposure to pathogens in the Yamuna River for villagers in village DD. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate annual infection risks from Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. for different exposure scenarios.
2) Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the risks, which showed mean annual infection risks exceeding international guidelines. Drinking river water posed the highest risks. Children and pregnant women were most vulnerable.
3) Risk management recommendations included establishing water treatment, sanitation improvements, and public awareness campaigns about water boiling and filtration to reduce microbial concentrations and infection risks.
Ghana Compact- Sanitation and water for all (swa) launch presentationEnoch Ofosu
Sanitation and Water for ALL: a Global Framework for Action- SWA - Ghana Compact.
To encourage sustained financing for developing countries most off-track to meeting MDGs on sanitation and water
This document discusses global water quality issues and their implications for human and environmental health. It notes that water quality is degrading due to chemical and biological contaminants from sources such as recreation, irrigation, seafood and drinking water. Population growth, urbanization, travel and agriculture are contributing to this problem. Assessment of hazards, exposures and risks is needed to understand threats to ecosystem and human health. Improved technology and knowledge can help restore water systems and protect public health on a global scale.
Session 1 - Global Forum Water-Energy-Food Nexus, November 2014, SadoffOECD Environment
This document discusses the objectives and findings of the Global Dialogue on Water Security and Sustainable Growth task force. The task force aims to understand how water security impacts economic growth. Key findings include:
1) Water insecurity significantly limits economic growth globally and across all economies. Hydrological variability, like drought and floods, is a major causal factor.
2) The largest economic risks are related to inadequate water supply and sanitation, floods, and droughts/water scarcity. Many of the largest risks are in South Asia, Africa, and parts of Latin America and Asia.
3) Countries' pathways to water security depend on context and sequencing of investments in infrastructure and institutions over time. Case studies provide lessons
1. Access to safe, adequate water supplies is essential for human health and development. Without enough clean water, diseases can easily spread through factors like contaminated food, water, hands, or surfaces.
2. A lack of sufficient water makes it difficult to maintain basic hygiene practices that prevent many diseases. Diseases spread through fecal-oral transmission, like diarrhea, are particularly impacted by hygiene levels.
3. Improving water access, sanitation facilities, and hygiene education can significantly boost community health and development by reducing disease transmission and freeing up time previously spent collecting water.
Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.
This document is a resume for Connor Runge that outlines his education and experience. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in Global Disease Biology at UC Davis. As an undergraduate, he has held several research and teaching positions at Santa Rosa Junior College related to biology, chemistry, and health workshops. His research has focused on topics such as the effects of heavy metals on plant growth and the relationship between animal defenses and pollution.
1) The study analyzed the microbial risks from exposure to pathogens in the Yamuna River for villagers in village DD. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate annual infection risks from Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. for different exposure scenarios.
2) Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the risks, which showed mean annual infection risks exceeding international guidelines. Drinking river water posed the highest risks. Children and pregnant women were most vulnerable.
3) Risk management recommendations included establishing water treatment, sanitation improvements, and public awareness campaigns about water boiling and filtration to reduce microbial concentrations and infection risks.
Ghana Compact- Sanitation and water for all (swa) launch presentationEnoch Ofosu
Sanitation and Water for ALL: a Global Framework for Action- SWA - Ghana Compact.
To encourage sustained financing for developing countries most off-track to meeting MDGs on sanitation and water
This document discusses global water quality issues and their implications for human and environmental health. It notes that water quality is degrading due to chemical and biological contaminants from sources such as recreation, irrigation, seafood and drinking water. Population growth, urbanization, travel and agriculture are contributing to this problem. Assessment of hazards, exposures and risks is needed to understand threats to ecosystem and human health. Improved technology and knowledge can help restore water systems and protect public health on a global scale.
Session 1 - Global Forum Water-Energy-Food Nexus, November 2014, SadoffOECD Environment
This document discusses the objectives and findings of the Global Dialogue on Water Security and Sustainable Growth task force. The task force aims to understand how water security impacts economic growth. Key findings include:
1) Water insecurity significantly limits economic growth globally and across all economies. Hydrological variability, like drought and floods, is a major causal factor.
2) The largest economic risks are related to inadequate water supply and sanitation, floods, and droughts/water scarcity. Many of the largest risks are in South Asia, Africa, and parts of Latin America and Asia.
3) Countries' pathways to water security depend on context and sequencing of investments in infrastructure and institutions over time. Case studies provide lessons
1. Access to safe, adequate water supplies is essential for human health and development. Without enough clean water, diseases can easily spread through factors like contaminated food, water, hands, or surfaces.
2. A lack of sufficient water makes it difficult to maintain basic hygiene practices that prevent many diseases. Diseases spread through fecal-oral transmission, like diarrhea, are particularly impacted by hygiene levels.
3. Improving water access, sanitation facilities, and hygiene education can significantly boost community health and development by reducing disease transmission and freeing up time previously spent collecting water.
Why businesses should care about sustainability?Cap40
1. The document discusses the need for businesses to become more sustainable due to scarce resources and planetary limits being exceeded.
2. It notes that raw material prices are volatile and increasing due to scarcity, while the expanding global population and their consumption patterns are stressing food and water supplies.
3. The speaker argues that businesses must reduce their environmental impact to zero by understanding how their operations and products impact resources, and through responsible supply chains, product design, and reducing waste.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
WATER SANITATION IN THE PHILIPPINES.COMKpidojaycee398
The document discusses water sanitation issues in the Philippines and goals for improving access to clean water. It notes that millions of people globally lack access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation, resulting in waterborne illnesses. Specific statistics provided indicate that in the municipality of Santo Domingo, over 99% of households have access to basic sanitation facilities but only 90.62% use safely managed drinking water services. The goals of the local water sanitation program are to enhance access to safe water and reduce waterborne diseases and increase productivity, prioritizing those in need.
Water, sanitation and health are closely interlinked. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation leads to water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. These diseases cause severe health impacts like death, school absences, and economic losses. To reduce health risks, a multi-barrier approach along the sanitation system should be used to limit exposure and transmission of pathogens at different points from excreta to human contact. Critical questions about who is exposed, frequency and dose of exposure can identify where health risks occur and need mitigation through appropriate technologies and hygiene practices.
RADKE 2013 Water Sanitation and Health_Health Risk Management_130827.pptssusere214cd
Water, sanitation, and health are closely intertwined. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation leads to water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, which kill thousands annually. These diseases disproportionately impact children and the poor. A multi-barrier approach to health risk management that addresses transmission routes from excreta to exposure is needed to reduce disease burden and break the cycle of poverty. Proper management of excreta, safe water sources, hygiene promotion, and wastewater treatment provide barriers to interrupt transmission and improve community health.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
Roughly 663 million people lack access to safe drinking water and 1.8 billion drink unsafe water daily. An estimated 2.4 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Water and sanitation projects provide strong economic returns, with every $1 invested returning $4-34. Children are most affected by the global water crisis - 17% of child deaths are from diarrheal diseases, with 760,000 children under 5 dying each year and reductions in water collection time found to increase school attendance rates.
The document discusses the critical links between HIV/AIDS and access to water and sanitation. It argues that the HIV/AIDS pandemic has made access to water and sanitation an even more urgent public health issue. It outlines several ways that HIV/AIDS impacts access to water, including overburdened public health systems, impoverished households unable to pay for water services, and shifts to home-based care requiring water access. The document also discusses the links between water access and HIV/AIDS through perspectives of consumer needs, health, human rights, gender, community development, and poverty alleviation.
The document discusses a proposal to install child-resistant locks on public water tanks in Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan. The camp has limited water and children are currently able to freely access and waste water. The proposal aims to conserve water and reduce disease transmission by making the tanks child-proof. A trial would take place in two districts that rely heavily on public water and have many young children. Educational programs would teach children and adults about water conservation. If successful, the program could be expanded to save water and improve health across the camp.
The document discusses diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in emergencies. It outlines key health indicators used to measure the impact of WASH interventions like crude mortality rate and under-5 mortality rate. It describes how lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation and hygiene facilitates the transmission of diarrheal diseases and other illnesses. Common water- and sanitation-related diseases that cause outbreaks in emergencies settings are discussed like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio. The document emphasizes the importance of WASH programs in reducing disease transmission through approaches like providing safe drinking water, proper excreta disposal, handwashing promotion, and hygiene education.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes symptoms like fever, chills, nausea and can sometimes lead to severe disease or death. The virus that causes yellow fever is estimated to result in 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide each year, with most occurring in Africa. Diagnosis involves considering a patient's travel history and symptoms, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and maintaining organ function.
In Nigeria, every year an estimated 124,000 children under the age of 5 die because of diarrhea, mainly due to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Lack of adequate water and sanitation are also major causes of other diseases, including respiratory infection and under-nutrition
TEMPLATE PLAN (1).pptxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKayeTrisha
This document contains hazard and vulnerability assessments for the municipality of Dasol related to WASH in emergencies. Typhoon was identified as the highest risk hazard based on severity, frequency, extent, duration and manageability. The municipality's shoreline and low-lying river areas are most vulnerable to storm surge, flooding and typhoon impacts. Vulnerabilities include inadequate sanitation facilities, poor hygiene practices, and lack of trained WASH responders. The document outlines strategies for preparedness, response, and recovery including evacuation planning, training of volunteers, post-disaster needs assessment, and reconstruction of damaged WASH facilities.
Water, sanitation, & hygiene (WASH) and NTDsJordan Teague
An overview of the synergies between water, sanitation, and hygiene, and neglected tropical diseases for the END7 Student Advocacy Day in April 2015. This presentation reviews the linkages between WASH and NTDs and highlights current collaborations between the sectors.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by bacterium vibrio cholera. An estimated 3–5 million cholera cases resulting to about 120 000 deaths yearly. Nigeria accounts for 38% of cases from Africa with 44,456 cases, with highest case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.1% in Sub-Sahara Africa (WHO, 2010). In Nigeria, 18 States in 2010 reported the outbreak of cholera with about 41,787 cases and1,716 deaths (case-fatality rate [CFR]: 4.1%). In 2010, men had a higher prevalence (5.1%) than in women (4.9%)
One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at the...Global Livestock CRSP
The One Health Approach: Identifying Solutions to Complex Problems at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. Presented by Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement Principal Investigators Jon Erickson (University of Vermont) and Rudovick Kazwala (Sokoine University of Agriculture) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference, June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
The document discusses issues related to water and health, including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity, water contaminants, and regulations. It notes that over 97% of the world's water is salty and located in oceans, while the remaining 3% of freshwater is mostly locked in ice caps. Freshwater supplies are limited and many regions currently face or will face water stress due to population growth and climate change effects. Contaminants from human and agricultural activities threaten water quality and safety. Regulations like the Safe Drinking Water Act aim to protect public health by regulating contaminants in drinking water.
The document outlines the building blocks necessary for successfully scaling up household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) interventions. It discusses 9 key building blocks: 1) proven benefits, 2) private sector involvement, 3) academic partnerships, 4) defining ownership, 5) government leadership, 6) supportive policies, 7) national targets, 8) integration with other programs, and 9) sustainable funding. It also describes three essential environments for scaling up - enabling, developing, and sustaining. Finally, it provides an example case study of how Ghana developed national HWTS strategies and scaled up implementation over time based on evaluations and strategic planning.
Evaluating Household Water Treatment and Safe StorageEnoch Ofosu
This webinar discussed issues related to evaluating and scaling up household water treatment and storage (HWTS) interventions. It summarized evidence from meta-analyses showing a 35-47% reduction in diarrhea from HWTS. However, methodological critiques argued some studies had biases. Ensuring effective and appropriate options, consistent long-term use among vulnerable populations in a sustainable manner were identified as key challenges to scaling HWTS. Specific options like ceramic filtration and boiling were evaluated, and case studies provided on assessing program usage and impact over time.
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Similar to Presentation at the international household water tretment workshop in africa ghana
Why businesses should care about sustainability?Cap40
1. The document discusses the need for businesses to become more sustainable due to scarce resources and planetary limits being exceeded.
2. It notes that raw material prices are volatile and increasing due to scarcity, while the expanding global population and their consumption patterns are stressing food and water supplies.
3. The speaker argues that businesses must reduce their environmental impact to zero by understanding how their operations and products impact resources, and through responsible supply chains, product design, and reducing waste.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
WATER SANITATION IN THE PHILIPPINES.COMKpidojaycee398
The document discusses water sanitation issues in the Philippines and goals for improving access to clean water. It notes that millions of people globally lack access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation, resulting in waterborne illnesses. Specific statistics provided indicate that in the municipality of Santo Domingo, over 99% of households have access to basic sanitation facilities but only 90.62% use safely managed drinking water services. The goals of the local water sanitation program are to enhance access to safe water and reduce waterborne diseases and increase productivity, prioritizing those in need.
Water, sanitation and health are closely interlinked. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation leads to water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. These diseases cause severe health impacts like death, school absences, and economic losses. To reduce health risks, a multi-barrier approach along the sanitation system should be used to limit exposure and transmission of pathogens at different points from excreta to human contact. Critical questions about who is exposed, frequency and dose of exposure can identify where health risks occur and need mitigation through appropriate technologies and hygiene practices.
RADKE 2013 Water Sanitation and Health_Health Risk Management_130827.pptssusere214cd
Water, sanitation, and health are closely intertwined. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation leads to water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, which kill thousands annually. These diseases disproportionately impact children and the poor. A multi-barrier approach to health risk management that addresses transmission routes from excreta to exposure is needed to reduce disease burden and break the cycle of poverty. Proper management of excreta, safe water sources, hygiene promotion, and wastewater treatment provide barriers to interrupt transmission and improve community health.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
Roughly 663 million people lack access to safe drinking water and 1.8 billion drink unsafe water daily. An estimated 2.4 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Water and sanitation projects provide strong economic returns, with every $1 invested returning $4-34. Children are most affected by the global water crisis - 17% of child deaths are from diarrheal diseases, with 760,000 children under 5 dying each year and reductions in water collection time found to increase school attendance rates.
The document discusses the critical links between HIV/AIDS and access to water and sanitation. It argues that the HIV/AIDS pandemic has made access to water and sanitation an even more urgent public health issue. It outlines several ways that HIV/AIDS impacts access to water, including overburdened public health systems, impoverished households unable to pay for water services, and shifts to home-based care requiring water access. The document also discusses the links between water access and HIV/AIDS through perspectives of consumer needs, health, human rights, gender, community development, and poverty alleviation.
The document discusses a proposal to install child-resistant locks on public water tanks in Za'atari refugee camp in Jordan. The camp has limited water and children are currently able to freely access and waste water. The proposal aims to conserve water and reduce disease transmission by making the tanks child-proof. A trial would take place in two districts that rely heavily on public water and have many young children. Educational programs would teach children and adults about water conservation. If successful, the program could be expanded to save water and improve health across the camp.
The document discusses diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in emergencies. It outlines key health indicators used to measure the impact of WASH interventions like crude mortality rate and under-5 mortality rate. It describes how lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation and hygiene facilitates the transmission of diarrheal diseases and other illnesses. Common water- and sanitation-related diseases that cause outbreaks in emergencies settings are discussed like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio. The document emphasizes the importance of WASH programs in reducing disease transmission through approaches like providing safe drinking water, proper excreta disposal, handwashing promotion, and hygiene education.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Arsenic problem in Bangladesh can be seen as an example of how quick fix contribue to a policy failure and result in disaster. Sustainable policy intervention and mainstreaming the mitigation strategies can be the only effective sollution to this problem. The presentation is the answer of the question set at the outset of the slides.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes symptoms like fever, chills, nausea and can sometimes lead to severe disease or death. The virus that causes yellow fever is estimated to result in 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide each year, with most occurring in Africa. Diagnosis involves considering a patient's travel history and symptoms, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and maintaining organ function.
In Nigeria, every year an estimated 124,000 children under the age of 5 die because of diarrhea, mainly due to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Lack of adequate water and sanitation are also major causes of other diseases, including respiratory infection and under-nutrition
TEMPLATE PLAN (1).pptxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKayeTrisha
This document contains hazard and vulnerability assessments for the municipality of Dasol related to WASH in emergencies. Typhoon was identified as the highest risk hazard based on severity, frequency, extent, duration and manageability. The municipality's shoreline and low-lying river areas are most vulnerable to storm surge, flooding and typhoon impacts. Vulnerabilities include inadequate sanitation facilities, poor hygiene practices, and lack of trained WASH responders. The document outlines strategies for preparedness, response, and recovery including evacuation planning, training of volunteers, post-disaster needs assessment, and reconstruction of damaged WASH facilities.
Water, sanitation, & hygiene (WASH) and NTDsJordan Teague
An overview of the synergies between water, sanitation, and hygiene, and neglected tropical diseases for the END7 Student Advocacy Day in April 2015. This presentation reviews the linkages between WASH and NTDs and highlights current collaborations between the sectors.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by bacterium vibrio cholera. An estimated 3–5 million cholera cases resulting to about 120 000 deaths yearly. Nigeria accounts for 38% of cases from Africa with 44,456 cases, with highest case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.1% in Sub-Sahara Africa (WHO, 2010). In Nigeria, 18 States in 2010 reported the outbreak of cholera with about 41,787 cases and1,716 deaths (case-fatality rate [CFR]: 4.1%). In 2010, men had a higher prevalence (5.1%) than in women (4.9%)
One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at the...Global Livestock CRSP
The One Health Approach: Identifying Solutions to Complex Problems at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. Presented by Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement Principal Investigators Jon Erickson (University of Vermont) and Rudovick Kazwala (Sokoine University of Agriculture) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference, June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
The document discusses issues related to water and health, including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity, water contaminants, and regulations. It notes that over 97% of the world's water is salty and located in oceans, while the remaining 3% of freshwater is mostly locked in ice caps. Freshwater supplies are limited and many regions currently face or will face water stress due to population growth and climate change effects. Contaminants from human and agricultural activities threaten water quality and safety. Regulations like the Safe Drinking Water Act aim to protect public health by regulating contaminants in drinking water.
The document outlines the building blocks necessary for successfully scaling up household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) interventions. It discusses 9 key building blocks: 1) proven benefits, 2) private sector involvement, 3) academic partnerships, 4) defining ownership, 5) government leadership, 6) supportive policies, 7) national targets, 8) integration with other programs, and 9) sustainable funding. It also describes three essential environments for scaling up - enabling, developing, and sustaining. Finally, it provides an example case study of how Ghana developed national HWTS strategies and scaled up implementation over time based on evaluations and strategic planning.
Evaluating Household Water Treatment and Safe StorageEnoch Ofosu
This webinar discussed issues related to evaluating and scaling up household water treatment and storage (HWTS) interventions. It summarized evidence from meta-analyses showing a 35-47% reduction in diarrhea from HWTS. However, methodological critiques argued some studies had biases. Ensuring effective and appropriate options, consistent long-term use among vulnerable populations in a sustainable manner were identified as key challenges to scaling HWTS. Specific options like ceramic filtration and boiling were evaluated, and case studies provided on assessing program usage and impact over time.
Status of Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in GhanaEnoch Ofosu
Ghana has a population of 24.97 million people and 10 administrative regions. The highest health priorities are maternal health and infant morbidity/mortality, which are caused by low immunization rates, and poor water supply and sanitation contributing to 10,000 annual diarrhea deaths in children under 5. While strategies like immunization programs have reduced under-5 mortality, most Ghanaians do not treat their drinking water. Household water treatment and safe storage is a national strategy to reduce water-borne diseases by treating water in homes, but faces challenges of weak coordination, poor attitudes, and inadequate private sector participation and resources for promotion.
Water and Sanitation Annual Sector Report -2010 EditionEnoch Ofosu
This document is the 2010 Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report for Ghana. It provides an overview of developments in the sector in 2010, including progress towards targets, challenges, and recommendations. Key points include:
- Access to improved water sources increased in both urban and rural areas but remained below targets. Sanitation access also increased but was still low overall.
- Several policies, plans and strategies were developed to guide the sector, including the National Environmental Sanitation Policy and Strategic Environmental Sanitation Investment Plan.
- Coordination between agencies improved through mechanisms like the Sector Working Group but challenges remain around harmonization of M&E.
- Water resources management made progress with monitoring, planning and regulation
Ghana has since the mid 1990'S, been implementing a string of reforms in the water set aimed at enhancing the efficiency of the production and utilisation of water. These reformshave culminated in the institutional re-alignment of key institutions in the sector. Despite the implementation of these reforms, a major concern has been the lack of an effective interface among key stakeholder institutions with a view to integrating and harmonizing their various activities. Given this phenomenon, the Ministry of Water Resources, Worksand Housing: concert with other stakeholder institutions and interest groups, in 2004,commenced process for the formulation of a consolidated national water policy. This document is output of the interactive process initiated.
Environmental sanitation policy of GhanaEnoch Ofosu
The Environmental Sanitation Policy (Revised, 2009) is the outcome of reviews to address limitations of the old policy published in 1999. A result of nation-wide consultation among sector stakeholders, this new policy redirects our efforts five years to the to the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs) target year of 2015.
Shifting trends in rural livelihood a case study of asutifi districtEnoch Ofosu
This research has been done in the context of an interdisciplinary student programme organized and financed by Tropenbos International Ghana (TBI-Ghana), using the educational model developed by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and supervised by lecturers of the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and TBI-Ghana staff. The Ghanaian members of the research group are mainly fresh graduates from different universities in Ghana. The Dutch students are Master students form different universities in the Netherlands
Urban and small town water supply management models in ghanaEnoch Ofosu
1) There are various models for managing urban and small town water supply in Ghana, including utility management, community management, and private management. [2) Key models in Ghana include direct management by district water boards, management by water boards with delegated private operators, and bulk water supply arrangements. [3) Definitions of small towns vary, but typically refer to populations between 2,000-50,000 people, and management models need to be tailored to local conditions including appropriate water supply technologies.
Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report of Ghana, 2010 EditionEnoch Ofosu
This is the second edition of the Annual WASH Sector Performance Report. Like the first edition, the fundamental issue with non-harmonized M&E systems and indicators is still the main challenge (though anticipated) encountered in producing this report. This means that the Editorial Team once again had to resort to the annual reports from the sub-sector agencies - CWSA, GWCL and WRC - for most of the information. As the annual reports from these agencies are usually published between June and August, the team had to wait all that while before compiling and analyzing the information to produce this report, explaining the late publication.
Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report of Ghana, 2009 EditionEnoch Ofosu
This WASH sector report aims to assemble all sector information in one document and make it available to government, development partners, the media, the public, and all key decision-makers in the sector. The intention is to publish the status of the sector annually to help track achievements against set targets and support effective decision-making and policy formulation.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Presentation at the international household water tretment workshop in africa ghana
1. Emergency Response and CholeraEmergency Response and Cholera
in Ghanain Ghana
West Africa Regional Workshop on HWTSWest Africa Regional Workshop on HWTS
La Palm Beach Hotel, Accra-GhanaLa Palm Beach Hotel, Accra-Ghana 6-8 May, 20136-8 May, 2013
Presentation by:Presentation by:
Enoch OfosuEnoch Ofosu
WASH in Emergencies Coordinator,WASH in Emergencies Coordinator,
GhanaGhana
blessedenoch@gmail.comblessedenoch@gmail.com
2. Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries -- Causes ofCauses of
DeathDeath
CommunicableCommunicable
DiseaseDisease
Major Cause ofMajor Cause of
Death inDeath in
DisasterDisaster
Directly RelatedDirectly Related
to Poor Waterto Poor Water
and Sanitationand Sanitation
Source: WHO 2010
CauseCause DeathsDeaths
HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS 2,678,0002,678,000
Respiratory InfectionsRespiratory Infections 2,643,0002,643,000
Heart DiseaseHeart Disease 2,484,0002,484,000
Diarrhoeal DiseaseDiarrhoeal Disease 1,793,0001,793,000
Cerebrovascular DiseaseCerebrovascular Disease 1,381,0001,381,000
Childhood DiseasesChildhood Diseases 1,217,0001,217,000
MalariaMalaria 1,103,0001,103,000
TuberculosisTuberculosis 1,021,0001,021,000
Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease 748,000748,000
MeaslesMeasles 674,000674,000
3. WHO Cholera 2012 Report
Sno Country Cases Deaths CFR
1 Somalia 77636 742 3.17
2 Cameroon 22433 783 3.49
3 Democratic Republic of Congo 21700 584 2.69
4 Chad 17267 458 2.65
5 Ghana 10628 105 0.99
6 Niger 2324 60 0.58
7 Mali 2220 95 4.28
8 Angola 1810 110 6.08
9 Mozambique 1279 5 0.39
10 Cote d'vore 1261 24 1.9
11 Zimbabwe 1220 2 0.16
12 Liberia 1146 0 0
13 Burundi 1072 1 0.09
14 Other Countries 26682 1214
Total 188678 4183 2.22
This is 2011 data
9. Preparedness
Pre-positioning of oral dehydration
salts and other medical supplies;
Pre-positioning of water treatment supplies;
Training of personnel;
Preparation of national and sub – national
plans of action.
FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT OF OUTBREAKS (Contd.)
11. Intervention EffectIntervention Effect
↑↑ Water QualityWater Quality
↑↑ Water QuantityWater Quantity
Hand WashingHand Washing
Latrines – SafeLatrines – Safe
Excreta DisposalExcreta Disposal
All MeasuresAll Measures
EXCRETA
WATER FLIES HANDS
MOUTH
FOOD
BARRIER
BARRIERBARRIER
BASIS OF WASH OVERALL WASHBASIS OF WASH OVERALL WASH
INTERVENTIONSINTERVENTIONS
12. Surface water
Water source Risk of faecal
contamination
Rivers High to very high
Lake High to very high
Rainfall Low to high
Transmission potential through potableTransmission potential through potable
waterwater
13. Groundwater
Water source Risk of faecal
contamination
Protected spring Nil or very low
Closed dug well Low
Open dug Well Medium to high
Borehole Nil or very low
14. Improved access to
safe water sources;
Knowledge in how to make
water safe for consumption;
Health education that encourages
improved food safety and
personal hygiene.
FOCUS OF WATER SAFETY INTERVENTIONS
15. Baseline data collection;
Frank reporting;
Analysis of data to guide interventions
accordingly to lead to timely prevention
and preparedness activities.
APPROACH
16. THE ROLE OF HWTS
16
EXCRETA
WATER FLIES HANDS
MOUTH
FOOD
BARRIER
BARRIERBARRIER
17. HWTS MEASURES USED
• Household water purification tablets (e.g.
Aquatabs)
• Household level filtration (e.g. Ceramic
Filters)
• Disinfection of Household Wells
• Behaviour Change Communication /
promotional activities on HWTS
• Boiling – mainly as result of promotional
activities
17
18. OUTCOMES AND LESSONS
LEARNT
• Effective redress of cholera situation the situation in ER
and BAR (unsafe water)
• Anecdotal evidence to reduction in other diarrhea
related disease
• Increased awareness and knowledge in water hygiene
(general hygiene)
• Effective entry point for HWTS programme
interventions ( as well as CLTS and HWWS)
• Enhanced capacity of implementers in promotion of
HWTS and use of methods/ technologies
18