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A STUDY ON GRAVEL SOIL WITH
ADDITIVES(CEMENT AND STABIL) USING FDR
PROCESS
P.PREETHAM SAI(N171144)
U.LAKSHMI KALA (N170136)
V.TEJA SRI(N170779)
CH HARI DEEPIKA(N171088)
K.AVULA RAJU(N170484)
B RAKESH (N170431)
Under the guidance of
Mr. G. CHANDRA SEKHAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,CIVIL ENGINEERING
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ABSTRACT
• OBJECTIVE
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
• RESULTS
• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
• Full-depth reclamation of asphalt pavement, also referred to as FDR ,is a rehabilitation method that
involves recycling an existing Flexible pavement and its underlying layer(s) into a new base Layer.
• FDR process begins with using a road reclaimer to pulverize an existing asphalt pavement and a
portion of the underlying base, sub-base, and subgrade. Usually, the pulverized material is
uniformly blended with an additional stabilizing materials. Finally, the stabilized material is
compacted in place with rollers. The result is a stiff, stabilized base that is ready for a new rigid or
flexible surface course.
• In our Project we are using stabilizing materials such as Portland cement and stabil additive with
different proportions to provide an upgraded, homogeneous base.

ABSTRACT
• In the World, When we take a closer look at the most common road problems such as potholes, cracking
and rutting its generally not the asphalt itself that is to blame, it's the BASE.
• However, most common repair methods are filling the asphalt in the holes and seal the cracks or cover it
up with additional layer of asphalt, over the time passes this accumulation eventually fails and repeat the
same problem by getting cracks and its make room for another additional layer where the failing or
insufficient base is never addressed so it's just matter of time and the holes, cracks, rutting are reappear
like never-ending cycle.
• So the road may need to be rehabilitated i.e., underlying material to be removed and the new material to
be added. So, both the process are very costly and time consuming
• So, Our Project Full Depth Reclamation(FDR) is the process of strengthening the sub base layer soil using
the stabilized materials such as cement and stable additive.
• The cement was added by volume of 2%,4%,6%,8%,10% for testing of OMC and CBR where the stable
additive is added along with the cement by a volume of 0.3% .So, we can expect the Stable base which will
more durable and long term base layer for smoother asphalt roads for a small fraction of cost of
rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE
 Generally, CBR value for Gravel soil is in between 5-15%,for liquid limit greater
than 50%.
 By adding various proportions of Cement and Stable additive along with gravel
soil will increase the CBR Value i.e increases the Strength of the Gravel soil
 Which is used in subbase layer to produce a homogeneous stabilized base
course in order to prevent the Rutting , potholes and cracking of the Asphalt
pavement and also increases the design life of the pavement.
Pot Holes Rutting

LITERATURE REVIEW
FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION USING FLY ASH:
Jeffryes Chapman, Wei Tu, Behrad Zand, Tarunjit Butalia & William Wolfe
in 2007 (World of Coal Ash) at Covington, Kentucky, USA.
Studied on Full Depth Reclamation of Asphalt Pavements using Fly-Ash as additive.
In this research Two test roads were developed to determine how fly ash mixed
with lime that can be used in full depth reclamation. This Pavement consisted of an
asphalt layer, a stabilized base, and a sub base layer. So, the overall objective of this
article is to tell the effective use of fly ash in combination with lime in the full depth
reclamation of asphalt. So that they mix the fly ash and lime in a certain proportion
like 6% of fly ash with 5% of lime, 5% of fly ash with 5% of lime, and 3% of fly ash
with 3% of lime. Result shows that fly ash can be used successfully in combination
with lime to obtain stabilized base course.

FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION USING CEMENT:
Paulo Cesar Arrieiro De Oliveira in 2019
Studied on Full depth Reclamation with cement of gravel base with lateritic
fines,International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. This
research evaluated the efficiency of cement as an inhibitor of water absorption by the
fine soil and simultaneously as a stabilizing agent of the mixture of recycle materials
to a new base of pavement. The present research focused on providing a mixture of
lateritic gravel with milled asphalt of sufficient strength to not collapse when the fine
fraction of the base soil is excessively humid. The results indicated that- this is
possible using low cement contents. Therefore, the use of cement recycling may be a
viable solution for recovering paved roads.

FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION USING ASPHALT EMULSION:
Scott Schuler, Colorado department of transportation,2015. He studied on
Asphalt emulsion full depth reclamation, is a process that pulverizes an
existing
asphalt pavement, mineral aggregate base course and sometimes the
subgrade
and mixes this resulting ground up granular material with a small quantity of
asphalt emulsion. The emulsified asphalt acts as a binding medium together
with small quantity of water needed in the pulverization. The resulting blend
is
a granular composition with more strength and reduced moisture sensitivity.
The compacted AEFDR has a void content similar to an aggregate layer not
as
asphalt concrete.

FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION USING CALCIUM CHLORIDE:
James M. Shepard, James Pickett, and Michael Kienzle,1990
Studied on Full Depth Reclamation with Calcium Chloride. Low volume secondary
roads requiring rehabilitation can be restored using the FDR process with calcium
chloride to achieve increased bearing capacity, minimize first heavy damage, and
reduce highway maintenance expense. Full depth reclamation uses a pulverize to grind
the asphalt surface, blending it with gravel base to a depth. The road is then reshaped
and approximately three quarters of the required calcium chloride is added. Additional
pulverization is performed to ensure a uniform mixture of road material and calcium
chloride.

COLLECTION OF
SOIL
Physical Properties
Color of the Soil – Red Soil
Texture of the Soil – Silty soil

PRELIMINARY TESTS
CONE PENETRATION TEST
(To Calculate Liquid Limit)
(IS: 2720 (Part 5) 1985):
Since, Casagrande
apparatus
Is not given the results, we
used cone penetration test
apparatus.
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
(IS. 2720 (Part 1)- 1983):
As 0.425mm sieve
passing soil not forming
soil thread, we used
0.075mm sieve passing
soil to find the plastic
limit.
HEAVY COMPACTION TEST
(To calculate MDD and OMC )
(IS: 2720 Part VII - 1974):

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
i) Sieve Analysis
ii) Hydrometer Analysis

Sieve Analysis
Hydrometer Analysis

ATTERBERG LIMITS
1. LIQUID LIMIT BY CONE PENETRATION TEST
CONE PENETRATION TEST(To Calculate Liquid Limit) (IS: 2720 (Part 5) 1985):
Since, Casagrande apparatus
Is not given the results, we used cone penetration test apparatus.

2 .PLASTIC LIMIT (Wp) =20%
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
(IS. 2720 (Part 1)- 1983):
As 0.425mm sieve passing soil not
soil thread, we used 0.075mm sieve
passing soil to find the plastic limit.

(Modified Proctor Test)
(To calculate MDD and OMC )
(IS: 2720 Part VII - 1974):
By adding cement and stabil additives with different proportion
of cement as 2%,4%,6%,8%,10% and stabil additive as 0.3%
the MDD & OMC values observed as shown above

MDD &OMC GRAPHS OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF
CEMENT AND STABIL ADDITIVES

ADVANTAGES OF FDR:
 FDR using cement saves 30 to 60% in costs
 Pavement condition improvement-Long life pavement capable
of carrying higher traffic loads.
 Environmental benefits- Use of in-situ materials in a
cost effective, environment friendly manner.
LIMITATIONS OF FDR:
 Not for improving roads which fail due to poor drainage-
saturated subgrade.
 Subgrade soil should not be recycled during FDR.

CONCLUSION:
 The Collected soil is identified as Highly Compressible Silty Soil (MH).
 According to(IS:2720 Part 16): 1987 soil classification system. It has low
CBR value in between 3-7% i.e., poor to fair for subgrade soil.
 So, the soil is required to stabilize before using for pavement construction.
 After studying the addition of cement and stabil additive to the gravel soil,
and the required tests are been caried out to study and analyze the
performance in soil strength.
 By adding cement and stabil additives with different proportion of cement
as2%,4%,6%,8%,10% and stabil additive as 0.3% the CBR values
observed are 6.344,7.12,10.6,14.04,16.5,17.7 respectively.

 From the CBR values we observed that up to adding of 8% cement and
0.3% stabil additive, the CBR values are increased somewhat linearly after
that the percentage of increase in CBR value compare to previous ones is
decreased.
 For cost effective we consider cement up to 8% and stabil additive as
0.3% by adding it to the gravel soil to get good strength in the base coarse
material, which gives stable base layer.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311994055_POTENTIAL_OF_CEMENT_ST
ABILIZED_GRAVELS_FOR_USE_AS_ALTERNATE_TO_LEAN_CONCRETE#:~:text=
The%20gravel%20soils%20are%20stabilized,7%2C%2014%20and%2028%20days
• https://www.rocksolidstabilization.com/fly-ash/
• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2059-10
• https://www.rocksolidstabilization.com/full-depth-reclamation-asphalt-emulsion/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061820325459
References:

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