This document discusses vaccine safety surveillance and vaccine pharmacovigilance. It begins by introducing vaccines and their importance in public health. It then defines vaccine pharmacovigilance as the science of detecting, assessing, and communicating adverse events following immunization. The objectives of vaccine safety surveillance are described as detecting problems with vaccines, identifying unknown vaccine reactions, and educating about vaccine safety. Key elements to consider include vaccine administration to healthy populations, different subpopulation susceptibility, and the complexity of vaccine components. The components of vaccine pharmacovigilance are outlined as detection and reporting of adverse events, investigation of events, causality assessment, and risk-benefit assessment.
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
1Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previou.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previous sections)
WHO estimates that three million cases of disease could be avoided annually with an appropriate prevention by vaccination.
Immunization System in Malasyia (more info please add to US)
Religious Views of Vaccination (Malaysia)(please attach this with the previous sections)
Grabenstein (2013) noted that polio immunization is obligatory when disease risk is high and the vaccine shown to have benefits far outweighing its risks.
National Immunization Program (NIP)
The Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) was introduced in the early 1950s and it has been given free to the children for their protection against major childhood diseases. The immunization program offers protection against major childhood diseases that can be prevented with vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, polio and some diseases caused by the human papillomavirus. This program is available at all government clinics across the country.
Parents are responsible for ensuring that their children are protected from dangerous infectious diseases that can be prevented with a vaccine. Below is the national immunization schedule to ensure your child receives the vaccination at the right time (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Vaccine Safety Surveillance
National Centre of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Monitoring, National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB) is responsible to monitor the safety of medicines and vaccines that are registered in Malaysia. NPCB is responsible for collecting all reporting adverse events related pharmaceutical products including vaccines. All reported adverse events will be documented and serious cases following vaccination will be investigated promptly to identify the cause of the adverse events. NPCB will make further investigation in terms of product quality and regulatory action will be taken based on the results of the investigation. Types of regulatory action that can be taken are the suspension of the product registration, product recall or cancellation of the product registration.
ADR reporting system has been introduced in Malaysia to enable health providers to participate in monitoring the safety of medicines and vaccines by reporting the adverse events. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) has organized trainings to the health professionals on the importance of reporting of Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) as described in the Guidelines for the Pharmacovigilance of Vaccines. Ongoing training will be conducted more actively to increase awareness among health care providers to report AEFI and importance of disseminating the information to parents/guardians.
Currently, the AEFI reporting system has been extended to the public whereby the parents/guardians of children who experience any adverse events can report to us by themselves (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Immunization System in the US ...
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Breastfeeding in Women with Covid19 infection-Expert group meeting for develo...Niranjan Chavan
Breastfeeding in Women with Covid19 infection-Expert group meeting for development of standard treatment protocols for clinical management of covid- 19 complicating pregnancy at New Delhi 8th December 2021
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
Vaccination and herd immunity in microbiology.pdfBruntlandAldre
In this lecture, we delve into the fundamental concepts of vaccination and herd immunity, essential components in public health strategies to combat infectious diseases. Vaccination, a cornerstone of preventive medicine, involves the administration of vaccines to induce immunity against specific pathogens. Herd immunity, on the other hand, refers to the indirect protection that occurs when a significant proportion of the population becomes immune to a contagious disease, thereby reducing its transmission within the community.
Version 10th August 2021.
Addendum to Ministry of Health, Malaysia's Guidelines Version 2, Dated 23rd June 2021 For the full list of updates, please visit https://cutt.ly/c19vak
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
1Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previou.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Global Vaccination (attach this please with the previous sections)
WHO estimates that three million cases of disease could be avoided annually with an appropriate prevention by vaccination.
Immunization System in Malasyia (more info please add to US)
Religious Views of Vaccination (Malaysia)(please attach this with the previous sections)
Grabenstein (2013) noted that polio immunization is obligatory when disease risk is high and the vaccine shown to have benefits far outweighing its risks.
National Immunization Program (NIP)
The Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) was introduced in the early 1950s and it has been given free to the children for their protection against major childhood diseases. The immunization program offers protection against major childhood diseases that can be prevented with vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, polio and some diseases caused by the human papillomavirus. This program is available at all government clinics across the country.
Parents are responsible for ensuring that their children are protected from dangerous infectious diseases that can be prevented with a vaccine. Below is the national immunization schedule to ensure your child receives the vaccination at the right time (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Vaccine Safety Surveillance
National Centre of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Monitoring, National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB) is responsible to monitor the safety of medicines and vaccines that are registered in Malaysia. NPCB is responsible for collecting all reporting adverse events related pharmaceutical products including vaccines. All reported adverse events will be documented and serious cases following vaccination will be investigated promptly to identify the cause of the adverse events. NPCB will make further investigation in terms of product quality and regulatory action will be taken based on the results of the investigation. Types of regulatory action that can be taken are the suspension of the product registration, product recall or cancellation of the product registration.
ADR reporting system has been introduced in Malaysia to enable health providers to participate in monitoring the safety of medicines and vaccines by reporting the adverse events. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) has organized trainings to the health professionals on the importance of reporting of Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) as described in the Guidelines for the Pharmacovigilance of Vaccines. Ongoing training will be conducted more actively to increase awareness among health care providers to report AEFI and importance of disseminating the information to parents/guardians.
Currently, the AEFI reporting system has been extended to the public whereby the parents/guardians of children who experience any adverse events can report to us by themselves (Malaysian MOH, 2017).
Immunization System in the US ...
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Breastfeeding in Women with Covid19 infection-Expert group meeting for develo...Niranjan Chavan
Breastfeeding in Women with Covid19 infection-Expert group meeting for development of standard treatment protocols for clinical management of covid- 19 complicating pregnancy at New Delhi 8th December 2021
EVALUATION OF VACCINE ADHERENCE AND ROLE OF A CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN PAEDIAT...PARUL UNIVERSITY
Background: Immunization is one of the decisive factors in preventing various life threatening diseases. Vaccines have thrived as one of the most successful healthy intervention on that have diminished the occurrence of various infectious diseases and improved the quality of life in the population. Although the vaccine coverage has been gradually increasing, the average total immunization coverage is far less than desired outcome. Objective: The objective of our study were to enhance the quantity of vaccine delivered in the paediatric care setting, to improve Awareness of vaccination at community level by a more active involvement of clinical pharmacist on vaccination errors and missed opportunities in paediatric care setting, to analyse the extent of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents to minimize vaccination errors and avoid vaccine misconception thereby improving vaccine adherence. Results: It is a prospective observational study was conducted on 253 paediatric subjects upto 3years of age for a period of six months in a secondary care hospital, Hyderabad. The study was divided into Pre- intervention and post-intervention phases and was performed using a KAP questionnaire. The socio- demographic details were collected by using data collection form and their knowledge, Attitude and practice levels were assessed by using KAP questionnaire regarding child vaccination. Out of 253 subjects were enrolled in the study, the percentage distribution of the respondents age showed that the age group of 25-29 were predominant. The respondents with single child were observed to be more with a frequency of 132 out of 253 who received complete awareness about vaccination. Majority of the respondents were under graduates which was the main reason for lack of knowledge on immunization. Of the total 253 study population, male child were 128(50.50%) and female child were 125(49.40%). In the study, the majority of the children were neonates (103) which is 40.71%. majority of children were immunized with polio (75.49%) and least was varicella (3.55%). Of the total population, delayed or missed vaccine was 72 out of 253 i.e. 28.40% which was observed in both the genders. Missed vaccine opportunities were mostly observed for PCV, Rotavirus, and MMR. Conclusion: This study lead to optimal disease prevention through vaccination in multiple population groups while maintaining high levels of Safety and the clinical pharmacist’s interventions certainly will be helpful in providing education on immunization and improving immunization rates in the underdeveloped and developing countries. KAP questionnaire can be used in future researches on immunization and allow for better understanding of relation between mothers knowledge and immunization of children.
Vaccination and herd immunity in microbiology.pdfBruntlandAldre
In this lecture, we delve into the fundamental concepts of vaccination and herd immunity, essential components in public health strategies to combat infectious diseases. Vaccination, a cornerstone of preventive medicine, involves the administration of vaccines to induce immunity against specific pathogens. Herd immunity, on the other hand, refers to the indirect protection that occurs when a significant proportion of the population becomes immune to a contagious disease, thereby reducing its transmission within the community.
Version 10th August 2021.
Addendum to Ministry of Health, Malaysia's Guidelines Version 2, Dated 23rd June 2021 For the full list of updates, please visit https://cutt.ly/c19vak
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. INTRODUCTION TO VACCINE
Vaccine play a pivotal role in modern health care delivery.
WHO has defined ''Vaccine is a complex biological preparation which function by
inducing the immune system of body' 'to elicit an immune response to a particular
pathogen.
A vaccine is a typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe ,its
toxin,or one of its surface protein.
Vaccination is the process of administering of antigenic material to stimulate an
individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
It is one of the effective way to prevent a disease.
Over the year vaccination has prevented many serious illness ,disabilities and saves
millions of life across the world.
3. DEFINITION OF VACCINE
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Though vaccines are the best defense we have against infectious disease but no vaccine is actually
100% safe or effective for everyone because each person's body reacts to vaccines differently.
Vaccines are however not risk free and adverse effects will occasionally occur following vaccination.
To ensure the continued success of vaccine ,it's crucial to make sure that vaccines are safe
According to CIOMS WHO Working Group on Vaccine
pharmacovigilance Vaccine Pharmacovigilance is defined as
'the science and activities relating to the'
Detection
Assessment
Understanding and
Communication
Of adverse event following immunization and other vaccine or immunization related issues and to
prevention of untoward effects of vaccine or immunization.
4. OBJECTIVES OF VACCINE SAFETY SURVEILLANCE/
VACCINE PHARMACOVIGILANCE
To detect and identify problems with vaccines, which could be due to their inherent properties or
quality defects in the vaccines.
To detect correct and prevent immunization errors caused by errors in vaccine preparation ,handling
,storage or administration.
To identify signals of unknown vaccine reaction, generate new hypothesis about vaccine reactions
that are specific to a given population.
To reduce the incidence of injection reactions caused by pain or anxiety associated with
immunization by educating and reassuring vaccines, parents/guardian and the general public about
vaccine safety.
Prevent false blame from coincidental events.
5. ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER WHEN CONDUCTING VACCINE
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Vaccine usually administered to healthy people.
Vaccine may be administered to birth cohort or to groups at high risk for disease complication.
Subpopulation may be more susceptible for certain AEFI.
The age at the time of immunization may coincide with the emergence of some age related disease.
Immunization with certain vaccine is mandate in some countries.
Benefit of immunization may not be immediately visible particularly if target disease incidence is low.
Appropriate method are needed to detect and assess any potential association of serious, rare, delayed
adverse event.
Vaccine are often administered coincidentally with other vaccine making casual attribution to a specific
vaccine difficult.
Vaccine are complex biological products may include antigen ,live organism, adjuvants, preservative .Each
component may have unique safety implication.
Consideration of dechallange and rechallange differ for vaccine compared to other medicine.
Effective communication regarding safety of vaccine and immunization is challenging.Despite strong
evidence that a serious adverse event is not related to immunization perception of harm may persist & may
potentially impact negatively on immunization of the population .
6. STEPS OF VACCINE
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Vaccine pharmacovigilance relies on three steps-
1. Signal Detection- detects signal that suggests that an adverse event following immunization is related to
a vaccine and does not occur by chance. Spontaneous reporting by health workers through AEFI
surveillance system typically generate these safety signals.
2. Development of causality hypothesis- develop hypothesis where there is a possible causal association
between an adverse event and vaccination based on reported signals.
3. Testing of causality hypothesis- test hypothesis through the use of epidemiological methods including
study of available datasheets.
8. DETECTION AND REPORTING
Parents of immunized infants/children, healthy workers at immunization facilities and staff of accident and
emergency rooms in hospitals are most likely to recognize or detect AEFIs when they first occur.
Health workers have the responsibility to detect AEFIs and report when appropriate.
All immunization staff must be able to identify and report adverse events.
Detection requires effective staff training and education to ensure accurate diagnosis of AEFI based on clear
case definitions, which can be included on the AEFI reporting form and in the national AEFI guidelines.
9. CONDUCTING AN AEFI
INVESTIGATION
The purpose of AEFI investigation is to-
Confirm the diagnosis and determine the outcome of adverse event.
Identify specifications of implicated vaccine used to immunize patient.
Examine operational aspects of immunization programme which may have led to immunization errors.
Justify the search for AEFI cases/clustering.
Compare background risk of adverse event (occuring in unimmunized people) to the reported rate in
vaccinated population.
10. CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT OF AEFI
Causality assessment is the systematic review of data about an adverse event following immunization case.
It determine the likelihood of a causal association between event and vaccine received.
Causality assessment outcomes help raise awareness to vaccine associated risk among healthcare workers.
The quality of causality assessment depends on the-
Quality of AEFI case report.
Effectiveness of AEFI reporting system.
Quality of causality review process.
11. RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT
Continuous evaluation of risk and benefits of vaccines is required to strengthen the confidence in
immunization programmes.
A risk/benefit assessment include-
Address the population at risk.
Take into account contextual issues( economics, availability of vaccines, sociopolitical and cultural factors).
Be prompted by a newly identified risk, but must remain holistic( e.g. take into account the entire safety
profile of a vaccine not only the specific information relating to event that was detected.