Artificial Intelligence II discusses the fundamentals of artificial intelligence including philosophy, mathematics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, linguistics, and more. It also compares and contrasts techniques of AI with human cognition in areas such as learning, creativity, adaptability, social interaction, contextual understanding, and ethics. AI can process large amounts of data through learning and is designed for specific tasks, but lacks abilities like original thought, adapting to new tasks, social skills, intuition, and moral judgment that humans possess.