Preliterate societies, ancient chinese civilization, ancient egypt

3. HISTORICALAND
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
A) Preliterate societies
B) Ancient Chinese Civilization
C) Ancient Egypt
1) Nurizyan Liyana bte Hamidon
2) Nur Nadhira Shazlyn bt Zulkifly
3) Nik Norhanis Wahyu bt Nik Fauzi

4. What is Preliterate Societies?
Society that does not
have a written language
Education was achieved
orally and through
observation and
imitation
They developed
skills that grew into
cultural and educational
patterns
Using language, people
learned to create and use
symbols, words, or
signs to express their
ideas
For informal education,
parents, elders, and
priests taught children
the skills and roles they
would need as adults
For a particular group’s
culture to continue into
the future, people had to
transmit it, or pass it on,
from adults to children

5. Ancient Chinese Civilization

6. • During Shang Dynasty, yellow river valley is said to be Cradle
of Civilization.
• This is where the earliest Chinese dynasties were based, then
spread out over a vast area and went to change the entire
world.
• Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further
developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1024-256 BCE).
• Imperial china’s reluctance to adapt technology from other
cultures isolated weakened it and by the 19th century, made it
vulnerable to foreign exploitation.

7. Source: Youtube

8. Competing
Philosophies
Legalism Taoism Confucianism

9. Legalism
Ch’in dynasty + scholar Shih Huang Ti
= imperial China’s official philosophy.
Strict censorship
to repress:
1) Taoism
2) Confucianism
Purpose:
impose their definition
of Chinese culture
through indoctrination

10. Taoism
Associated with Lao
Tzu
still influences Chinese
culture and education
PURPOSE:
to encourage the self-
reflection needed to find
one’s true self and become
free of the control of others
Confucianism
Confucius, founder of
Confucianism (551-479
BCE)
PURPOSE:
to maintain a harmonious
society in which everyone
clearly now her or his status,
duties, and responsibilities and
the proper way of behaving
toward others

11. CONFUCIANISM
1. China’s official philosophy.
2. Ethical system of character education emphasized civility such as polite, correct and
proper behaviour.
3. Believed a correct standard of behaviour exist for every situation and that everyone
should be expected to observe that standard.
4. Confucian hierarchy defines a person as a father, mother, brother, sister, ruler or
subject.
5. The community maintains its social harmony as all its members learn and
responsibly perform the behaviour their ranks require.
6. Established an academy to prepare students as officials in China’s imperial
government.
7. Not only elites from upper class families can study in school but common man also
use education as a path to become a better man, known as gentlemen.
8. Confucian teacher is entrusted with guarding and transmitting the cultural heritage
to maintain cultural continuity and social stability.
9. Teacher-student relationships were formal and followed hierarchical rules of
approved behaviour.

12. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
GENTLEMEN AND PEASANT
GENTLEMEN PEASANT
Considers what is right Considers what will pay
Trusts in justice Trusts in favour
Generous and fair Biased and petty
Looks within for guidance Looks into others
Easy to serve and hard to please Hard to serve and easy to please

13. China’s
contribution to
world and
western
education
developed
comprehensive written
examination
Students prepared for the
examinations by studying ancient
Chinese literature and Confucian
texts with master teachers
Emphasized recalling
memorizing rather than
solving
Students had to examination,
if they failed, they were
dismissed
The educational and
examination systems were
reserved exclusively for
upper-class males

14. Source: Youtube

15. Ancient Egypt

16. Because of Nile River’s, agriculture
groups established small village
settlements on the riverbanks and
organized tribal kingdoms.

17. WHO IS PHARAOH?
1) The most powerful person in
ancient Egypt.
2) It was the name for king and
the son of the god Ra.
3) The political and religious
leader of Egyptian people.
4) They believed that he was not
only the King but also a god.
5) At the death, he became
Osiris and would help them in
their afterlife.

18. Concept of King-priest

19. Religious and Secular Concerns
• Educationally, the Egyptians were both
worldly and otherworldly.
• Although preoccupied with the
supernatural, they also developed
technologies to irrigate the Nile Valley
and to design and build Egypt’s massive
pyramids and temples.

24. Source: Youtube

25. • To administer and defend their vast
empire, they studied civil
administration.
• Their obsession with mummification
led them to study medicine, anatomy,
and embalming.

26. MUMMIFICATION STORY
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mum
mies/story/main.html

27. Source: Youtube

28. Writing
system
They left so
many writings in
the form of
pictures on the
walls of tombs
and pyramids.

29. Source: Youtube

30. Writing system  Known as hieroglyphs.
 Written in columns from
left to right.
 Used in tombs and for
religious purposes.
 Two languages were
developed in Egypt for
business and everyday use.
They were known as
Hieratic and Demotic.
 From these two languages,
a later language, known as
Coptic was developed.
 The teaching of writing and
reading then became an
important feature of
schooling that has persisted
through the centuries.

31. Education
• Children stayed with
their mothers until age 4
• At the age of 4, education of
the boys was taken over by
their fathers
• Some children at this time,
attended a general village
school (low level of
education)

32. Children from upper class
family attended a school that
were designed for a specific
career such as scribe.

33. • After finished school, sons typically followed in the same area that their father
practiced.
a) For example, at the age of 14, sons of farmers or craftsmen joined their
fathers in their professions.
• Sons whose parents had higher status careers continued their education at
special schools usually attached to temples or governmental centres.
• At higher level of education, they learned “Instruction of Wisdom”, which
included lessons on ethics and morality. They also focused on skills needed for
higher status positions such as doctor or scribe.
• The educational track that a student followed was typically determined by the
position that the father held in society.

34. • Very few careers were available for
women.
• Women had to stay at home.
• They trained for motherhood and on
how to be a good wife.

35. • Some girls could train to be dancers,
entertainers, weavers, or bakers.
• Only the daughters of wealthy family
received education in reading or writing.

36. Temple and court schools
• Egypt required an educated bureaucracy to
administer the empire and collect taxes.
• By 2700 BCE, the Egyptians had established an
extensive system of temple and court schools to
train scribes, in reading and writing. Many of
them were priests.
• Special advanced schools prepared priests,
government officials, and physicians.

37. Educating Scribes
 In the scribal schools, students (male
from upper class) learned to write
hieroglyphic script by copying
documents on papyrus, sheets made
from reeds, which growing along the
Nile’s river.
 Teachers say or read aloud any
religious or technical texts, and the
students need to copy what they heard.
 This is to reproduce a correct, exact
copy of a text.
 Usually, students would chant a short
passage until they had memorized it
thoroughly.
 Advanced students studied
mathematics, astronomy, religion,
poetry, literature, medicine, and
architecture.

38. Major purpose of
education in
Egypt
To transmit and approved
rendition of the cultural heritage
that was constructed by the
religious and political elite
To reproduce dominant
leadership elite
To transmit skills such as reading
and writing and higher studies such
as embalming, medicine, civil
administration, and architecture

39. Source: Youtube
FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING….