The document discusses various philosophers' perspectives on the concept of self. It begins by outlining Socrates' view that the soul is immortal and distinct from the physical body and realm. It then discusses Plato's idea of a tripartite soul consisting of reason, passion, and appetite. Next, it covers Aristotle's perspective that the soul is the essence of living things and humans possess a rational soul. The document then discusses views of other philosophers such as Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant before concluding with sociological and anthropological theories regarding the social and cultural construction of self.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self from various thinkers throughout history. It provides summaries of the views of prominent philosophers including Plato, Socrates, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Freud on the nature of the self and how it is composed. Their views range from the self being dualistic with both a body and soul, to a bundle of perceptions and experiences, to the role of unconscious influences on behavior. The document aims to examine how one's personal identity is shaped by internal and external factors from these philosophical lenses.
The self from various perspective (Philosophers and Anthropologists)KerenJoyCabillonAmod
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from philosophy and anthropology. In philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle viewed the self as consisting of both physical and non-physical elements. Later philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Hume debated the relationship between mind, body, and personal identity. In anthropology, the self is seen as culturally constructed and context dependent rather than fixed. Researchers study how culture shapes one's sense of self and relationships.
The self from various perspective (Philosophers and AnthropologistKerenJoyCabillonAmod
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from philosophy and anthropology. In philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle viewed the self as consisting of both physical and non-physical elements. Later philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Hume debated the relationship between mind, body, and personal identity. In anthropology, the self is seen as culturally constructed and context dependent rather than fixed. Researchers study how culture shapes one's sense of self and relationships.
1. The document discusses philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from various prominent philosophers.
2. It explains that philosophy has defined the self through two approaches: empiricism, where knowledge comes from experience, and rationalism, where there is innate knowledge from logic.
3. The document then examines different views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Ryle, and Churchland, highlighting their theories that the self is the soul, a thinking entity, constructed from experiences, a product of reason, patterns of behavior, or inseparable from the brain.
The self from various perspectives .pptxLeymarkLayan
1. The document discusses philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from various prominent philosophers.
2. It explains that philosophy has defined the self through two approaches: empiricism, where knowledge comes from experience, and rationalism, where there is innate knowledge from logic.
3. The document then summarizes the views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Ryle, and Churchland on the nature and essence of the self.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the self from a philosophical lens and exploring key questions about the nature of the self. It then provides an overview of empiricism and rationalism as two approaches in philosophy. Several philosophers are discussed, including their distinct views on the self - whether it is composed of mind and body, a soul, or reducible to behaviors. In under 3 sentences, the document seeks to explain different philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self by outlining key questions about the nature of the self, discussing empiricism and rationalism, and summarizing various philosophers' distinct views on whether the self is composed of mind and body, a soul
The document discusses representations of the self from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology. It examines factors that shape the self and compares how the self is conceptualized across disciplines. Philosophers from ancient to modern times have sought to describe the qualities of a person's uniqueness and examined how one should live. Disciplines view the self differently, with some seeing it as dualistic while others see it as embodied or culturally constructed.
John Chaffee, Ph.D. is a professor of philosophy at CUNY who is nationally recognized in critical thinking. The document discusses different philosophical views on the nature of consciousness, identity, and the self. It explores ideas from Socrates and Plato who saw the self as the immortal soul, to Locke's view of self as consciousness, Hume's argument that there is no constant self, Kant's view of the self as a synthesizing faculty, and Buddhist concepts of the impermanent self composed of five aggregates.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self from various thinkers throughout history. It provides summaries of the views of prominent philosophers including Plato, Socrates, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Freud on the nature of the self and how it is composed. Their views range from the self being dualistic with both a body and soul, to a bundle of perceptions and experiences, to the role of unconscious influences on behavior. The document aims to examine how one's personal identity is shaped by internal and external factors from these philosophical lenses.
The self from various perspective (Philosophers and Anthropologists)KerenJoyCabillonAmod
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from philosophy and anthropology. In philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle viewed the self as consisting of both physical and non-physical elements. Later philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Hume debated the relationship between mind, body, and personal identity. In anthropology, the self is seen as culturally constructed and context dependent rather than fixed. Researchers study how culture shapes one's sense of self and relationships.
The self from various perspective (Philosophers and AnthropologistKerenJoyCabillonAmod
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from philosophy and anthropology. In philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle viewed the self as consisting of both physical and non-physical elements. Later philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Hume debated the relationship between mind, body, and personal identity. In anthropology, the self is seen as culturally constructed and context dependent rather than fixed. Researchers study how culture shapes one's sense of self and relationships.
1. The document discusses philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from various prominent philosophers.
2. It explains that philosophy has defined the self through two approaches: empiricism, where knowledge comes from experience, and rationalism, where there is innate knowledge from logic.
3. The document then examines different views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Ryle, and Churchland, highlighting their theories that the self is the soul, a thinking entity, constructed from experiences, a product of reason, patterns of behavior, or inseparable from the brain.
The self from various perspectives .pptxLeymarkLayan
1. The document discusses philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from various prominent philosophers.
2. It explains that philosophy has defined the self through two approaches: empiricism, where knowledge comes from experience, and rationalism, where there is innate knowledge from logic.
3. The document then summarizes the views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Ryle, and Churchland on the nature and essence of the self.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the self from a philosophical lens and exploring key questions about the nature of the self. It then provides an overview of empiricism and rationalism as two approaches in philosophy. Several philosophers are discussed, including their distinct views on the self - whether it is composed of mind and body, a soul, or reducible to behaviors. In under 3 sentences, the document seeks to explain different philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self by outlining key questions about the nature of the self, discussing empiricism and rationalism, and summarizing various philosophers' distinct views on whether the self is composed of mind and body, a soul
The document discusses representations of the self from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology. It examines factors that shape the self and compares how the self is conceptualized across disciplines. Philosophers from ancient to modern times have sought to describe the qualities of a person's uniqueness and examined how one should live. Disciplines view the self differently, with some seeing it as dualistic while others see it as embodied or culturally constructed.
John Chaffee, Ph.D. is a professor of philosophy at CUNY who is nationally recognized in critical thinking. The document discusses different philosophical views on the nature of consciousness, identity, and the self. It explores ideas from Socrates and Plato who saw the self as the immortal soul, to Locke's view of self as consciousness, Hume's argument that there is no constant self, Kant's view of the self as a synthesizing faculty, and Buddhist concepts of the impermanent self composed of five aggregates.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It explains that according to Socrates and Plato, the self is the soul rather than the physical body, and is immortal. Plato viewed the self as having three parts - the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. Aristotle believed the essence is subsumed within phenomena. For Augustine, the self is defined by its relationship to God. Aquinas argued self-knowledge depends on experiences of the external world. Descartes defined the self as a thinking thing distinct from the body.
The document discusses 10 philosophical perspectives on the self from Socrates to modern philosophers. Socrates believed the self is dualistic, composed of body and soul. Plato expanded on this, saying the soul has three parts. St. Augustine merged Platonic and Christian ideas, believing the self has an imperfect worldly part and a divine part. Descartes argued the self is the mind, while the body is a machine. Locke said personal identity comes from experiences that fill the mind. Hume believed the self is a collection of experiences and ideas. Kant said the self organizes experiences into meaningful knowledge. More recently, philosophers like Ryle, Merleau-Ponty and Churchland rejected mind-body
The document discusses different philosophers' views on the concept of self:
1. For Socrates, self-examination is essential to living an examined life. He questioned people's awareness of themselves and their virtues.
2. Plato added that the rational, spirited, and appetitive souls must be governed by reason.
3. Augustine and Aquinas viewed humans as composed of a mortal body and immortal soul, with the soul giving humans their essence.
4. Descartes defined self as mind/consciousness, separate from the extended body. Hume saw self as a bundle of impressions and ideas. Kant argued the mind organizes sense impressions.
5. Ryle rejected the
The document discusses different philosophical views of the self throughout history. It addresses perspectives from Western philosophers like William James, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. It also covers Eastern notions of self from Confucius, Mencius, Buddha, Sun Tzu, Lao Tzu, and the Dalai Lama. Key ideas discussed include the self as a soul, thinking entity, pattern of behavior, product of experience, unification of consciousness, and an illusion according to Buddhism.
Defining the Self:Personal and Developmental Perspectives on Self and IdentityKimberlyLina1
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes the views of several prominent philosophers including: Socrates, who said people should know themselves; Plato, who saw the soul as having rational, spirited, and appetitive parts; Augustine, who viewed humans as having both imperfect earthly and perfect immortal aspects; and Descartes, who argued "I think therefore I am" and saw the self as the mind separate from the body. Later philosophers discussed include Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes the views of several prominent philosophers including: Socrates, who said people should know themselves; Plato, who saw the soul as having rational, spirited, and appetitive parts; Augustine, who viewed humans as having both imperfect earthly and perfect immortal aspects; and Descartes, who argued "I think therefore I am" and saw the self as the mind separate from the body. Later philosophers discussed include Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes views from Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates believed people should examine themselves and know their virtues. Plato saw the soul as having three parts that must be harmonious. Descartes viewed the self as the mind, separate from the body. Hume believed the self is a bundle of impressions and experiences. Merleau-Ponty rejected the mind-body dualism and viewed them as intertwined.
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. It examines philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Hume, Kant, and others who have conceptualized the self in different ways. For example, Socrates believed the self is comprised of a body and soul, while Freud saw the self as made up of the id, ego, and superego. The document aims to help students understand the complex and multifaceted nature of the self through analyzing how it has been represented across various fields and perspectives.
This document discusses the views of several philosophers throughout history on the concept of self, including:
- Plato viewed the self as consisting of three parts: the rational soul, spirited soul, and appetitive soul.
- Descartes defined the self as a combination of cogito (the mind) and extenza (the body).
- Hume believed the self was nothing more than a collection of impressions and ideas.
- Kant argued the self is a seat of knowledge that organizes experiences, not just impressions.
- William James said what truly matters is a person's behaviors, not analyzing the self as an entity.
- Merleau-Ponty saw the mind
This document discusses the philosophical perspectives of several thinkers on the concept of self, including:
- Socrates viewed the self as an immortal soul that can achieve wisdom through constant examination.
- Plato believed the self is the soul, consisting of reason, passion, and physical appetite integrated under reason's control.
- Aristotle saw the soul as the essence of living things, with humans possessing a rational soul allowing self-actualization.
- Later philosophers like Locke, Kant, Freud, and Merleau-Ponty expanded on these ideas, with varying views that the self is constructed through experience, exists within the brain, or is understood through phenomena.
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES.pptxRezanmeSalomon1
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self. It begins with Socrates and Plato's view that the soul is immortal and dualistic, consisting of both a physical body and an eternal soul. It then discusses Aristotle's hylomorphism where matter and form combine. Later perspectives discussed include Augustine synthesizing Plato and Christianity, Descartes distinguishing between an immortal thinking self and a material body, Locke's view of the self as founded on consciousness, Hume's perspective that there is no fixed self but only perceptions, and Kant's idea that the mind actively constructs experience into a unified self. It concludes with Ryle's behaviorist view that the self is defined by patterns of behavior.
The document discusses the philosophy of man. It begins by defining philosophy as a search for meaning and a quest to understand reality. It then discusses different views on the composition of man, including:
1) Dualism, which views man as composed of body and spirit. This includes both radical dualism, seeing spirit as superior to body, and moderate dualism emphasizing their unity.
2) Monism, which views man as a single unified being rather than dual in nature.
3) Materialism, which sees man as solely physical and reduces the mind to the operations of the body.
The document explores these perspectives on the fundamental nature and components of human beings.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
This document provides an overview of various philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self. It discusses views such as dualism, personal identity, materialism, idealism, existentialism, and Buddhism. Specific philosophers covered include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Ryle, and the Churchlands. The document explores each philosopher's perspective on topics like the mind-body relationship, the soul, knowledge, virtue, and how experiences and social contexts shape the self.
This document discusses various philosophical perspectives on the question "Who am I?". It covers: (1) the duality of body and soul perspective held by Plato and Descartes, which views the immaterial soul as distinct from the physical body; (2) the unity of body and soul perspective of philosophers like Aquinas, which sees the body and soul as integrated aspects of a single entity; (3) perspectives that examine human consciousness and existence, such as Locke's notion of introspection and Kant's view of the rational self; and (4) the human faculty of reason and differing views on its nature and capabilities. The question of human identity and the relationship between mind, body, and soul has generated significant philosophical
This document provides an overview of philosophy of the human person and existentialism. It discusses how philosophy begins in wonder and aims to understand human life and reality as a whole. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's existence and freedom over rationalism. While existentialist philosophies diverge, they commonly focus on humans as actors and subjects rather than objects, and stress existence as situatedness and freedom in different ways. The document explores various existentialist thinkers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, and their views on authentic versus inauthentic existence.
The document discusses the topics of philosophy, idealism, metaphysics, epistemology, and the history of idealism. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and the rational investigation of truths and principles. Idealism is introduced as the view that ideas or thoughts make up fundamental reality, and only consciousness and its contents are knowable. Metaphysics and epistemology are defined as branches of philosophy concerning the nature of existence/being and the nature and scope of knowledge, respectively. The history of idealism discusses Plato, Descartes, and how Plato believed in a dual world of ideas and appearances.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It explains that according to Socrates and Plato, the self is the soul rather than the physical body, and is immortal. Plato viewed the self as having three parts - the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. Aristotle believed the essence is subsumed within phenomena. For Augustine, the self is defined by its relationship to God. Aquinas argued self-knowledge depends on experiences of the external world. Descartes defined the self as a thinking thing distinct from the body.
The document discusses 10 philosophical perspectives on the self from Socrates to modern philosophers. Socrates believed the self is dualistic, composed of body and soul. Plato expanded on this, saying the soul has three parts. St. Augustine merged Platonic and Christian ideas, believing the self has an imperfect worldly part and a divine part. Descartes argued the self is the mind, while the body is a machine. Locke said personal identity comes from experiences that fill the mind. Hume believed the self is a collection of experiences and ideas. Kant said the self organizes experiences into meaningful knowledge. More recently, philosophers like Ryle, Merleau-Ponty and Churchland rejected mind-body
The document discusses different philosophers' views on the concept of self:
1. For Socrates, self-examination is essential to living an examined life. He questioned people's awareness of themselves and their virtues.
2. Plato added that the rational, spirited, and appetitive souls must be governed by reason.
3. Augustine and Aquinas viewed humans as composed of a mortal body and immortal soul, with the soul giving humans their essence.
4. Descartes defined self as mind/consciousness, separate from the extended body. Hume saw self as a bundle of impressions and ideas. Kant argued the mind organizes sense impressions.
5. Ryle rejected the
The document discusses different philosophical views of the self throughout history. It addresses perspectives from Western philosophers like William James, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. It also covers Eastern notions of self from Confucius, Mencius, Buddha, Sun Tzu, Lao Tzu, and the Dalai Lama. Key ideas discussed include the self as a soul, thinking entity, pattern of behavior, product of experience, unification of consciousness, and an illusion according to Buddhism.
Defining the Self:Personal and Developmental Perspectives on Self and IdentityKimberlyLina1
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes the views of several prominent philosophers including: Socrates, who said people should know themselves; Plato, who saw the soul as having rational, spirited, and appetitive parts; Augustine, who viewed humans as having both imperfect earthly and perfect immortal aspects; and Descartes, who argued "I think therefore I am" and saw the self as the mind separate from the body. Later philosophers discussed include Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes the views of several prominent philosophers including: Socrates, who said people should know themselves; Plato, who saw the soul as having rational, spirited, and appetitive parts; Augustine, who viewed humans as having both imperfect earthly and perfect immortal aspects; and Descartes, who argued "I think therefore I am" and saw the self as the mind separate from the body. Later philosophers discussed include Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty.
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self and identity. It describes views from Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates believed people should examine themselves and know their virtues. Plato saw the soul as having three parts that must be harmonious. Descartes viewed the self as the mind, separate from the body. Hume believed the self is a bundle of impressions and experiences. Merleau-Ponty rejected the mind-body dualism and viewed them as intertwined.
The document discusses different perspectives on the self from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. It examines philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Hume, Kant, and others who have conceptualized the self in different ways. For example, Socrates believed the self is comprised of a body and soul, while Freud saw the self as made up of the id, ego, and superego. The document aims to help students understand the complex and multifaceted nature of the self through analyzing how it has been represented across various fields and perspectives.
This document discusses the views of several philosophers throughout history on the concept of self, including:
- Plato viewed the self as consisting of three parts: the rational soul, spirited soul, and appetitive soul.
- Descartes defined the self as a combination of cogito (the mind) and extenza (the body).
- Hume believed the self was nothing more than a collection of impressions and ideas.
- Kant argued the self is a seat of knowledge that organizes experiences, not just impressions.
- William James said what truly matters is a person's behaviors, not analyzing the self as an entity.
- Merleau-Ponty saw the mind
This document discusses the philosophical perspectives of several thinkers on the concept of self, including:
- Socrates viewed the self as an immortal soul that can achieve wisdom through constant examination.
- Plato believed the self is the soul, consisting of reason, passion, and physical appetite integrated under reason's control.
- Aristotle saw the soul as the essence of living things, with humans possessing a rational soul allowing self-actualization.
- Later philosophers like Locke, Kant, Freud, and Merleau-Ponty expanded on these ideas, with varying views that the self is constructed through experience, exists within the brain, or is understood through phenomena.
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES.pptxRezanmeSalomon1
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self. It begins with Socrates and Plato's view that the soul is immortal and dualistic, consisting of both a physical body and an eternal soul. It then discusses Aristotle's hylomorphism where matter and form combine. Later perspectives discussed include Augustine synthesizing Plato and Christianity, Descartes distinguishing between an immortal thinking self and a material body, Locke's view of the self as founded on consciousness, Hume's perspective that there is no fixed self but only perceptions, and Kant's idea that the mind actively constructs experience into a unified self. It concludes with Ryle's behaviorist view that the self is defined by patterns of behavior.
The document discusses the philosophy of man. It begins by defining philosophy as a search for meaning and a quest to understand reality. It then discusses different views on the composition of man, including:
1) Dualism, which views man as composed of body and spirit. This includes both radical dualism, seeing spirit as superior to body, and moderate dualism emphasizing their unity.
2) Monism, which views man as a single unified being rather than dual in nature.
3) Materialism, which sees man as solely physical and reduces the mind to the operations of the body.
The document explores these perspectives on the fundamental nature and components of human beings.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
This document provides an overview of various philosophical perspectives on the concept of the self. It discusses views such as dualism, personal identity, materialism, idealism, existentialism, and Buddhism. Specific philosophers covered include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Ryle, and the Churchlands. The document explores each philosopher's perspective on topics like the mind-body relationship, the soul, knowledge, virtue, and how experiences and social contexts shape the self.
This document discusses various philosophical perspectives on the question "Who am I?". It covers: (1) the duality of body and soul perspective held by Plato and Descartes, which views the immaterial soul as distinct from the physical body; (2) the unity of body and soul perspective of philosophers like Aquinas, which sees the body and soul as integrated aspects of a single entity; (3) perspectives that examine human consciousness and existence, such as Locke's notion of introspection and Kant's view of the rational self; and (4) the human faculty of reason and differing views on its nature and capabilities. The question of human identity and the relationship between mind, body, and soul has generated significant philosophical
This document provides an overview of philosophy of the human person and existentialism. It discusses how philosophy begins in wonder and aims to understand human life and reality as a whole. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's existence and freedom over rationalism. While existentialist philosophies diverge, they commonly focus on humans as actors and subjects rather than objects, and stress existence as situatedness and freedom in different ways. The document explores various existentialist thinkers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, and their views on authentic versus inauthentic existence.
The document discusses the topics of philosophy, idealism, metaphysics, epistemology, and the history of idealism. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and the rational investigation of truths and principles. Idealism is introduced as the view that ideas or thoughts make up fundamental reality, and only consciousness and its contents are knowable. Metaphysics and epistemology are defined as branches of philosophy concerning the nature of existence/being and the nature and scope of knowledge, respectively. The history of idealism discusses Plato, Descartes, and how Plato believed in a dual world of ideas and appearances.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
5. INTRODUCTION
Philosophy employs questioning to discover
and understand the causes, reasons, and
principles of everything. It goes beyond scientific
investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge
such as religion, psychology, and medicine.
6. The etymological definition of Philosophy
“love of wisdom” pertains to the desire for truth
and answers to every question about the nature
of existence and this s one of the topics of
interest among philosophers. The great Greek
philosophers were the ones who seriously
questioned myths and moved away from them
to understand reality and respond to perennial
questions of curiosity, including the question of
the self.
9. For Socrates the self is synonymous
with the soul. He believes that every human
possesses an immortal and enduring soul that
survives the physical body. He was the first to
focus on the full power of reason on the human
self: who we are, who we should be and who we
will become.
He also suggests that REALITY divided
into two categorical realms: the physical and
the ideal realm. The Physical realm is
changeable, momentary, and imperfect while
the Ideal realm is unchanging, eternal, and
immortal or undying. Hence, our physical world
and body belong to the physical realm while the
real meaning of soul, life, truth, beauty and
goodness belong to the ideal realm.
10. Socrates explains that the essence or
real meaning of the SELF or the SOUL is the
everlasting being for it is the soul that strives
for wisdom and perfection and the dictate of
reason as the soul’s tool to achieve a dignified
and noble state of human being. Socrates thus
suggests that man must live an examined life
and a life of purpose and value. For him
examining our thoughts and emotions through
a process called introspection increases self-
awareness and inclines us to become virtuous
as we continuously search for a meaningful life.
11.
12. PLATO believes and elaborates on
Socrate’s concept of the soul on the basis of
process of self-knowledge and purification of
the soul. Specifically, he introduces the idea
of a three-part soul/self: reason, physical
appetite and spirit of passion. He points out
Reason as the divine essence that enables
us to think deeply make wise choices and
achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths. Our basic emotions such as love,
anger, ambition aggressiveness and
empathy are the Spirit or Passion while
our biological needs like hunger, thirst, and
sexual desire are Physical Appetite.
13. Further, having described his
vision of the soul/self, Plato
elaborates his Theory of Forms where
he introduced the concepts of the two
worlds: the world of Forms (the non-
physical ideas) is real and permanent
while the world of Sense (reality) is
temporary and just a replica of the
ideal world. He claims that the
sensible world is dependent on the
ideal world where the concept of the
self/soul belongs and since the soul is
regarded as something permanent, we
should give more importance to it
than the physical body which resides
in the world of sense.
14.
15. ARISTOTLE believes that the soul is
merely a set of defining features and does not
consider the body and soul as separate
entities. He suggests that anything with life
has a soul and holds that the soul is the
essence of all living things. However, he
claims that we, humans differ from other
living things because of our capacity for
rational thinking. His discussion about the
self centers on the three kinds of soul we
possess: the Vegetative Soul includes the
physical body that can grow, the Sentient
Soul includes sensual desires, feelings, and
emotions, thirdly, the Rational Soul is what
makes us human it includes the intellect that
allows us to know and understand things.
Thus, Aristotle suggests that the rational
nature of the self is to lead a good and
fulfilling life which includes doing virtuous or
righteous actions.
16.
17. St. Augustine integrates the ideas of Plato
and teachings of Christianity and regarded as a saint
in the Catholic Church. He views the body as spouse
of the soul, united and inseparable and according to
him, this is what makes us entirely complete as
human. As a religious philosopher, he considers soul
as an important element of man and that the soul is
what governs and defines us as man.
In his work, Confessions, Augustine describes
humanity as likeness of God and takes everything
created by God who is all good is good. He is
convinced that the self is known only through
knowing God and self-knowledge is a consequence of
knowledge of God. For him, knowledge can only
come by seeing the truth that dwells within us. The
TRUTH which Augustine speaks refers to the truth of
knowing God. God is transcendent and the self seeks
to be united with God through faith and reason.
18.
19. RENE DESCARTES is a French philosopher
and the father of modern philosophy for he
brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy
and the self. The Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum- “I
think therefore I am” is the keystone of
Descartes’ concept of the self. For him, the act of
thinking about the self is in itself proof that there
is a self and no rational person will doubt his or
her own existence as a conscious thinking human
being. Further, he contends that if man reflects
thoughtfully he will realize that there are two
dimensions of the human self: The self as a
thinking entity and the self as a physical body.
20.
21. The human mind at birth according to
JOHN LOCKE is a blank slate “tabula rasa”. He
explains that the self or personal identity is formed
from sense experiences and these experiences
shape and mold the self throughout a person’s life.
For him, self awareness and memory of
experiences are keys to understanding the self and
the essence of the self is its conscious awareness
of itself as thinking, reasoning, and reflecting
identity. At this point, he proposes that people
could use the power of reason to gain knowledge
and consequently use this knowledge to
understand experiences. Knowledge is based on
careful observation of experiences. Reason plays
an important role in helping to figure out the
significance of sense experience and to reach
intelligent conclusions.
22.
23. DAVID HUME explains that people experience is just a
bundle or collection of different perceptions. He maintains that if
people carefully examine the contents of their experience, they will
find that there are only distinct entities: impressions and ideas.
Impressions are the basic sensations of people’s experience, vivid,
and are strong and lively such as hate and love.
Hume asks us to consider what impression gives us our
concept of self. We tend to think of ourselves as selves—stable
entities that exist over time. But no matter how closely we examine
our own experiences, we never observe anything beyond a series of
transient feelings, sensations, and impressions. We cannot observe
ourselves, or what we are, in a unified way. There is no impression
of the “self” that ties our particular impressions together. In other
words, we can never be directly aware of ourselves, only of what we
are experiencing at any given moment. Although the relations
between our ideas, feelings, and so on, may be traced through time
by memory, there is no real evidence of any core that connects
them. This argument also applies to the concept of the soul. Hume
suggests that the self is just a bundle of perceptions, like links in a
chain. To look for a unifying self beyond those perceptions is like
looking for a chain apart from the links that constitute it. Hume
argues that our concept of the self is a result of our natural habit of
attributing unified existence to any collection of associated parts.
This belief is natural, but there is no logical support for it.
24.
25. According to IMMANUEL KANT,
we all have an inner and an
outer self which together form our
consciousness. The inner self is
comprised of our psychological state
and our rational intellect. The
outer self includes our sense and the
physical world. For him, the self is an
organizing principle that makes a
unified and intelligible experience
possible. In other words, the self
constructs its own reality, actively
creating a world that is familiar and
predictable. Jump to Self-
consciousness - Enlightenment is
about thinking for oneself rather than
letting others think for you. Hence the
self is the product of reason.
26. INTRODUCTION
Sociological theories of the self attempt to explain
how social processes such as socialization influence the
development of the self. When we are born, we have a
genetic makeup and biological traits. However, who we are
as human beings develops through social interaction.
Many scholars, in the field of sociology, have described the
process of self-development as a precursor to
understanding how that “self” becomes socialized.
Sociology as a scientific study of social groups and
human relationships generates new insights into the
interconnectedness between the self and other people.
Hence, sociologists offer theories to explain how the self
merges as a product of social experience.
27.
28. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY: The Looking-Glass Self
Cooley's most significant contribution was his
idea of the “looking-glass-self.” The concept of
the looking glass self explains that people whom we
interact with become a mirror in which we view our
self. For him, self-identity or self-image is achieved
through a threefold event which begins by conceiving
an idea of how we present ourselves to others, how we
analyze other’s perception about us, and how we
create an image of ourselves. Since these perceptions
are subjective, we might have wrong interpretations of
how other people evaluate us and it would be critical
if we think that others judge us unfavorably because
we could also develop a negative self-image.
31. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD: Theory of the Social Self
He supports the view that a person develops a sense of self
through social interaction and not the biological preconditions of
that interaction. He posits that the social self is based on the
perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as
observing and interacting with others, responding to others'
opinions about oneself, and internalizing external opinions and
internal feelings about oneself.
Mead’s theory of the social self explained that the self has
two divisions:
The ‘I’ and the ’ME’. The “me” is the social self and the
objective element of the self that represents the internalized
attitudes and demands of other people and the people’s awareness
to these demands. The “I” is the response to the “me” and the
subjective element and the active side of the self. It is the
individual's impulses and unique traits.
32. Figure 2. The self and the interaction between the I and the me.
33. Further, the full development of the self is attained when
the ‘I’ and ‘ME’ are united. According to Mead, the self is not present
at birth, it develops only with social experience and it is through
this experience that we learned to understand the world from
other’s point of view. This explains that in our social contacts, we
infer other’s actions and this process allows us to direct our
behavior which Mead suggests Role Taking process. It is when we
perform our own particular role.
The SELF in a three-stage process
1. Preparatory Stage (0-3 years old), Children imitate the people
around them without understanding underlying intentions, and
so at this stage they have no sense of self.
2. Play Stage (3-5 years old), children start to view themselves in
relation to others as they learn to communicate through
language and symbols. At this stage, role-taking is exhibited.
3. Game Stage (begins in the early school years; about 8-9 years
old), children understand not only their own social position but
also those of others around them.
34.
35. The SELF as a Product of Modern and
Postmodern Societies
According to GERRY LANUZA, the
attainment and stability of self-identity are
freely chosen and it is not restricted by
customs or traditions. However, this newfound
freedom may hinder the full development of
human potentials because of infinite
possibilities for self-cultivation and problems
such as alienation and humanization. For him,
there is a need to discover the “authentic core”
of the self for the individual to freely work
towards self-realization.
36.
37. French sociologist JEAN
BAUDRILLARD exposes the negative
consequences of post modernity to
individuals in the society. He
explains that the postmodern
individuals achieve self-identity
through prestige symbols that they
consume. Thus, the postmodern
person has become an insatiable
consumer and may never be satisfied
in his or her life.
38. INTRODUCTION
Anthropology is concerned with how
cultural and biological processes interact to
shape human experience. Contemporary
anthropologists believe that culture and self
are complementary concepts that are to be
understood in relation to one another.
Compared with other disciplines,
anthropology possesses a holistic and
integrated approach in examining human
nature. Perhaps the most important
contribution of anthropology is providing
insights into the nature of self based on
continuous understanding of the basic
elements of culture (Peacock, 1986).
39.
40. The Cultural Construction of Self and Identity
EDWARD TYLOR defines culture as
complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society. It is emphasized that
culture is not behavior itself but the shared
understanding that guide behavior and are
expressed in behavior. Therefore, it is how we
make sense of our experience and behave
according to socially shared ideas, values, and
perceptions.
41.
42. MARTIN SOKEFELD, German anthropologist, believes
that the concept of self is a necessary supplement to the concept
of culture in anthropology and should be regarded as a human
universal. Thus, culture and self-become complementary
concepts that have to be understood in relation to one another.
In social anthropology the concept of identity was used
mostly in the context of “ethnic identity” that is to point out the
sameness of the self with others and within a group. This
identity therefore makes a human being a person and an acting
individual.
The two ways in which the concept of self is viewed in
different societies are egocentric and sociocentric. In the
egocentric view, the self is seen as autonomous individual who
can act independently from others. While in the sociocentric
view, the self is dependent on a situation or social setting. This
is a view of the self that is context-dependent which emphasizes
that there is no intrinsic self that can possess enduring qualities.
43.
44. One’s identity is not inborn, it is something
people continuously develop in life. ARNOLD VAN
GENNEP believes that changes in one’s status and
identity are marked by a three-phased rite of passage:
1.Separation phase- people detach from their former
identity to another. Example: separation from one’s
family to become part of a new one.
2.Liminality phase- a person transition from one
identity to another. For example, the wedding
ceremony itself is the process of transition of the
bride and groom from singlehood to married life.
3.Incorporation phase- the change in one’s status is
officially incorporated. For example, the wedding
ceremony and reception serve as the markers that
officially recognize the bride and groom’s change
towards being husband and wife.
45.
46. CLIFFORD GEERTZ (1973), an American anthropologist,
offers a reformulation of the concept of culture which favors a
symbolic interpretative model of culture. He defines culture as a
system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by
means of which people communicate, perpetuate, and develop
their knowledge and attitude toward life. Further, he proposes
that it is necessary that we give meanings to our experiences so
that order in the world can be established. Thus, the concept
of culture has its impact on the concept of man. In his attempt
to illustrate an accurate image of man, Geertz suggests two
important ideas:
1. Culture should not be perceived only as complex of concrete
behavior patterns.
2. Man is precisely the animal most desperately dependent upon
such extra-genetic outside the skin control mechanisms, such
cultural programs for ordering his behavior.
The Self as Embedded in Culture
47. INTRODUCTION
The development of self-
understanding in adolescence involves
several theories about the self, identity,
and personality. As the following theories
illustrate, adolescents construct their own
understandings of their selves well by
integrating the information into their lives.
Understanding of the elf is highest when
the different parts of the self-become
integrative.
48. WILLIAM JAMES’ Concept of Self: The
Me-Self and the I-Self
William James suggests that the self is divided into
two categories: the I-self and the ME-self. The I-self refers
to the self that knows who he or she is which is also called
the thinking self. It also reflects the soul of a person or the
mind which is also called the pure ego. The ME-self on the
other hand, is the empirical self which refers to the
person’s personal experiences and is further divided into
sub-categories:
1. The material self is attributed to an individual’s
physical attributes and material possessions that
contribute to one’s self image.
2. The social self refers to who a person is and how he or
she acts in social situations in a different social self
depending on the context of a social situation.
49. CARL ROGERS’ SELF THEORY:
Real and Ideal Self
Self-concept refers to the image of oneself and an aspect
of self understanding that is important in adolescent years.
Rogers defines the self as a flexible and changing perception of
personal identity. He suggests that the self develops from
interactions with significant people and awareness of one’s own
characteristics and level of functioning. He also emphasizes
human beings’ determination for self-fulfilment or self
actualization. When the needs of the self are denied, severe
anxiety may arise. Central to achieving self actualization is the
development of self-concept.
Rogers suggests two components of self-concept. The real self
and the ideal self. The real self consists of all the ideas,
including the awareness of what one is and what one can do. On
the other hand the ideal self is the person’s conception of what
one should be or what one aspires to be which includes one’s
goals and ambitions in life.
52. MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED
SELF, TRUE VERSUS FALSE SELF
Self-understanding in adolescents also includes
conceptualizing the self as multiple or unified and true or false. The
construction of multiple selves varies across different interpersonal
and intrapersonal roles and relationship. Coping with different
selves constitutes an alarming and difficult task among adolescents.
These challenges contribute heavily to the young person’s struggle
for a unified self. The task of integrating one’s multiple selves
naturally causes concern. Given the enormous challenges of self-
integration, it is important that adolescents are supported in their
effort to create a consistent, coherent, or unified theory of the self.
D.W. WINNICOTT has found that the self is composed of
the true self and the false self. The function of the false self is to
hide and protect the true self. In other words, adolescents tend to
display a false self to impress others while the true self is shown
when with their family and close friends.
53. THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND
AGENTIC
ALBERT BANDURA (2001) posits that humans, through their
agency are perceived as proactive agents of experiences. Agency represents
the endowments, belief systems, self-regulatory capabilities, and distributed
structures and functions through which personal influence is exercised,
rather than reside as a discrete or detached entity. Its core features enables
us human beings to play a part in our self-development, adaptation, and
self-renewal with its main features: intentionality forethought, self-
reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.
Intentionality refers to acts done intentionally. Intentions center on
plans of action with the anticipation of possible outcomes.
Forethought enables us to anticipate the likely consequences of
prospective actions. Through the exercise of forethought, we are guided
with our actions in the anticipation of future events.
Self-reactiveness involves making choices and choosing appropriate
courses of action as well as motivating and regulating them.
Self-reflectiveness gives us the ability to reflect upon and the adequacy
of our thoughts and actions.
54. INTRODUCTION
The Western concept of self is defined by
Geertz (2008) as a bounded, unique,
more or less integrated motivational and
cognitive universe, a dynamic center of
awareness, emotion, judgment, and
action organized into a distinctive whole
and set contrastively both against other
such whole and against its social and
natural background.
55. Western Self as Individualistic- Western individualism exhibits the
coexistence of favorable and unfavorable conditions inherent in
personal freedom. Although the right to individual freedom provides
opportunities for self-fulfillment, it also increases the likelihood of
experiencing alienation and frustration.
DAVID HO (1995), describes the Western self as an individualistic
self that is deeply aware of itself, its uniqueness, sense of direction,
purpose, and volition. For him, the self is located at the center within
the individual through which the world is perceived. Also, the self is
seen as an entity distinct from other selves and all other entities. This
implies that the self belongs to the individual and to no other. As a
consequence of this complete ownership of self, it becomes a sovereign
subject possessing a sense of personal control. Hence, in an
individualistic perspective, the Western self is the measure of all things,
the source of all reflections.
INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS COLLECTIVE SELF
56. Western Self as Collective - The collective self consists of
those aspects of the self that are based on memberships in social
groups or categories. It refers to a perception of self as an
interchangeable exemplar of some social category rather than a
perception of self as a unique person.
In contrast to individualistic cultures, collectivistic cultures to be
characterized by a cultural perspective that places less emphasis on the
uniqueness of the individual’s personal characteristics as the focal point
of predicting and understanding the individual’s actions. Instead, such
cultures place more of an emphasis on the person’s identification with a
group, such as family, country, occupation, or caste, and the
expectations, duties, and roles associated with being a member of a
group as the primary source for understanding the individual (BENET-
MARTÍNEZ & OISHI, 2008).These cultures appear as ‘tight’ societies
because of the high expectations they place on people to conform to
societal values, roles, and norms.
INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS COLLECTIVE SELF
57. Due to their restrictive nature, such tight,
collectivistic cultures illustrate the proverb ‘the
nail that stands out gets pounded down’. These
descriptions of individualistic and collectivistic
cultures represent general patterns of thinking
and behavior associated with certain cultural
guidelines. As a point of clarification, within any
given culture there will be personal expression by
individuals who do not conform to such cultural
guidelines. More specifically, even in tight,
collectivistic cultures reflect a greater degree of
personal needs, motives, and values.
INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS COLLECTIVE SELF
58. The Confucian doctrines are found in the Analects
(Conversations of Confucius). The core of Confucian
thought is the Golden Rule: “Do not do to others what you
would not want others to do to you.”
The basic virtue or proper conduct is knowing how to
act in relation to others. The most important of
relationships are the FIVE CARDINAL RELATIONSHIPS
between:
1. ruler and minister
2. father and son
3. husband and wife
4. siblings
5. friends
The SELF AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IN
CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
Editor's Notes
For him these three elements of our selves are in a dynamic relationship with one another, sometimes in conflict. When conflict occurs, Plato suggests that we must be directed and governed by logical reasons to restore harmonious relationship among these three elements as this signifies essence of Plato’s concept of justice- being under the control of Reason. Thus, if we live our life in accordance to the natural world, then we are giving justice to our existence.
For him these three elements of our selves are in a dynamic relationship with one another, sometimes in conflict. When conflict occurs, Plato suggests that we must be directed and governed by logical reasons to restore harmonious relationship among these three elements as this signifies essence of Plato’s concept of justice- being under the control of Reason. Thus, if we live our life in accordance to the natural world, then we are giving justice to our existence.
Moreover, the dissolution of traditional values and communities in modern society has led the individual to construct a solid and stable self-identity, the postmodern individual welcomes all possibilities for self-improvement. In postmodern societies, self-identity continuously changes due to the demands of multitude of social contexts, new information technologies, and globalization.
Moreover, the dissolution of traditional values and communities in modern society has led the individual to construct a solid and stable self-identity, the postmodern individual welcomes all possibilities for self-improvement. In postmodern societies, self-identity continuously changes due to the demands of multitude of social contexts, new information technologies, and globalization.
For example, if a person buys an expensive cellular phone not merely as a useful communication device but because of its prestige symbol, he or she will desire to buy a new cell phone when she learns that a new and more prestigious model has come out in the market.
Further, it is implied that the self may be in a never-ending search for prestige in the postmodern society.
For example, if a person buys an expensive cellular phone not merely as a useful communication device but because of its prestige symbol, he or she will desire to buy a new cell phone when she learns that a new and more prestigious model has come out in the market.
Further, it is implied that the self may be in a never-ending search for prestige in the postmodern society.
EGOCENTRIC : thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centered.
SOCIOCENTRIC : concerned with or centered on one's own social group.
EGOCENTRIC : thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centered.
SOCIOCENTRIC : concerned with or centered on one's own social group.
Further, the rites of passage help a person adjust from one social dimension of his or her life to the others. However, sometimes we do disagree on our own respective identities. Anthony Walace coined the term “identity struggles” to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others.
Further, the rites of passage help a person adjust from one social dimension of his or her life to the others. However, sometimes we do disagree on our own respective identities. Anthony Walace coined the term “identity struggles” to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others.
Therefore, man is defined by his genetic potentials shaped into actual accomplishments which are made possible by culture. Geertz also emphasizes that human nature is interdependent with culture: “Without men, no culture, certainly; but equally, and more significantly, without culture, no men.” Likewise, Robbins (2012) considered human beings as cultural animals as they create the meanings of objects, persons, behaviors, emotions and events, and behave in accordance with meanings they assume to be true. Cultural differences exist when groups of people assign different leanings to different life events and things. Hence, the self is embedded in culture.
Therefore, man is defined by his genetic potentials shaped into actual accomplishments which are made possible by culture. Geertz also emphasizes that human nature is interdependent with culture: “Without men, no culture, certainly; but equally, and more significantly, without culture, no men.” Likewise, Robbins (2012) considered human beings as cultural animals as they create the meanings of objects, persons, behaviors, emotions and events, and behave in accordance with meanings they assume to be true. Cultural differences exist when groups of people assign different leanings to different life events and things. Hence, the self is embedded in culture.
Figure SHOWs How the two components of self-concept work
INCONGRUENCE : the state or condition of not being in agreement, accordance, or harmony.
Figure SHOWs How the two components of self-concept work
In Roger’s view, the closer the ideal self to the real self, the more fulfilled and happier the individual becomes. When the ideal self is far from the real self, the person becomes unhappy and dissatisfied.
Further, Bandura posits that we, a person is not only agents of action but also self-examiners of our own functioning. He added efficacy as the foundation of human agency or the belief that we are capable to perform a task. Having this belief influences our perception and disposition to think pessimistically or optimistically and in ways that are self-enhancing or self-hindering. Hence, it is implied that efficacy beliefs also play a central role in self-regulation which is the ability of an individual to control his/her behavior without having to rely on others for help.
For example, even though she may not like studying economics, a young Japanese college student may pursue a career as an economist to fulfill the wishes of the elder members of her family.
For example, even in highly repressive cultures, there will be those individuals who will pursue their academic interests (e.g., study forbidden texts), creative passions (e.g., play music), and/or political views (e.g., anti-government protesting) that are at odds with the cultural guidelines.
Another important feature in Confucian thought is the individual’s greatest mission of attaining self-realization wherein self-cultivation is instrumental. Self-cultivation could be accomplished by knowing one’s role in society and acting accordingly. There will be harmonious relationships when individuals follow the rules of proper social behavior. The individual is set to respond to what is socially required rather to one’s personal needs and goals.