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The document discusses the US "Asia pivot" strategy announced in 2011 to increase diplomatic, military, and economic engagement with Asia. It notes rising budget deficits and declining public support for reducing the deficit and defense spending. The document also examines the "Air-Sea Battle" concept for ensuring US access to Asia in the face of challenges. It discusses the US Marine Corps' posture in the Pacific and challenges of distributed basing. The concluding section notes budget constraints could limit the Asia pivot unless defense strategy and funding are better aligned.
This document discusses political and currency risks faced by private equity firms investing in Africa. It highlights key findings from a survey of general partners (GPs) on how they view and manage these risks. The survey found that GPs consider currency volatility and commodity price fluctuations to be the most important macroeconomic risks over the past three years. However, over the next three years, GPs view geopolitical risks and regulatory changes as greater concerns. The document also provides case studies of strategies used by GPs to mitigate these risks, such as diversifying investments, investing in resilient sectors, and expanding locally to reduce currency exposure.
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This document summarizes key findings from Deloitte's Global Defense Outlook 2015 report. It finds that rapid economic growth in Asia is shifting the focus of global defense spending away from higher-income Western nations towards lower-income nations like China. While US defense spending remains the largest, China's defense budget is projected to increase significantly and surpass many US allies. The trends are driving down global militarization as defense budgets become less important to national economies. However, vulnerabilities to cyber threats are rising for higher-income nations. Managing these changes will pose challenges for defense policymakers regarding relationships in Asia, responding to globalization of the defense industry, and rising military personnel costs.
Global Defense Outlook 2015 Jack Midgley DeloitteJack Midgley
Examines defense budgets and policies of top 50 defense spenders. Reviews trends in cyber risk, global terrorism and battle-related deaths, defense spending.
This document provides a strategic framework for reevaluating US homeland security policies for the next administration. It argues that the US is not as safe as it should be from terrorist attacks due to poor strategic priorities over the past 7 years. It outlines 5 strategic objectives for a new homeland security strategy: 1) prevent terrorist attacks, 2) reduce vulnerability, 3) prepare to respond to attacks, 4) sustain security consistent with American values, and 5) shape the global environment to reduce threats. It calls for reducing spending in Iraq to free up funds for these objectives.
The document discusses the economic impacts of war and conflict. It notes that wars divert resources from productive activities to destruction, resulting in both direct economic losses and costs to repair the damage. Countries with low incomes, overall economic declines, and reliance on commodities are more prone to conflict. Several examples are given of the human costs and military spending of conflicts between India and Pakistan as well as the economic effects of World War 2 on Japan.
This document provides a summary of the annual report for L-3 Communications for 2004. It discusses L-3's record year in orders and backlog. It also summarizes acquisitions L-3 made to augment its portfolio, including companies that expanded its capabilities in infrared detectors, imaging sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles, laser marksmanship training systems, and aircraft modernization in Canada. The summary highlights L-3's role in assisting the US military and notes there is no greater honor than helping those who protect national security.
The document discusses the US "Asia pivot" strategy announced in 2011 to increase diplomatic, military, and economic engagement with Asia. It notes rising budget deficits and declining public support for reducing the deficit and defense spending. The document also examines the "Air-Sea Battle" concept for ensuring US access to Asia in the face of challenges. It discusses the US Marine Corps' posture in the Pacific and challenges of distributed basing. The concluding section notes budget constraints could limit the Asia pivot unless defense strategy and funding are better aligned.
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With the Obama Administration’s pivot to the Asia-Pacific region, IHS attended the Pacific Operational S&T Conference and Exhibition on 5-8 March in Honolulu, Hawaii, for an update on US Pacific Command’s (PACOM) priorities and challenges.
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The document discusses integrating risk management and strategic planning processes to improve organizational effectiveness. It recommends identifying risks, evaluating them, prioritizing them, and deciding risk treatment actions during strategic planning. Integrating these processes ensures risks are considered and treated in annual plans and budgets. Monitoring performance against plans allows organizations to continuously evaluate risks and make adjustments to mitigate threats and seize opportunities.
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Kurumsal Riskler, Kurumsal Çözümler - SAP Risk ManagementArtius Consulting
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Corporate reputation and risk management: mUmBRELLA and TCO Social Media TCO
This document provides an overview of TCO's Social Media Academy program on corporate reputation and risk management. It discusses the importance of reputation management and risk mitigation on social media. It outlines TCO's proprietary tools and experience in social listening, crisis management, and strengthening corporate reputation. The document also summarizes a workshop on developing a risk assessment process, crisis response plan, and strategies for addressing issues and influencing perceptions on social media.
India is one of the largest importers of defense equipment, importing approximately 70% of its requirements. The government aims to increase domestic production to meet 70% of requirements. Currently, domestic production is limited and mostly done by public sector units and ordnance factories. Indigenous research and development has not kept pace with modern requirements. Most defense equipment is old and needs replacing, with only 15% considered state-of-the-art. This highlights the need to modernize existing equipment and acquire new systems to boost military capabilities.
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The document discusses military expenditures and their impact on economic growth. It defines military expenditures according to NATO as including expenditures on armed forces, defense ministries, paramilitary forces for military operations, and military space activities. It examines the relationship between growth rates and military expenditures, finding a strong positive relationship for developed countries but a negative one for less developed countries. Finally, it outlines five economic effects of military spending: positive or negative impacts on labor and skills training, capital and investment, external trade relations, aggregate demand, and socio-political conditions.
IHS Analysis - Sub-Saharan Africa Defence Budget Trends - December 2012IHS
The endurance of the global financial crisis has meant the economies of the Europe and North America have continued to struggle with slow export growth and significant fiscal challenges. As traditional Western defence markets fail to recover, new opportunities are being sought in territories previously viewed as unviable. Senior Analysts from IHS Jane’s Defence Budgets examine one of these potential markets – Sub-Saharan Africa – to determine the significance of the market.
This document summarizes a white paper on defence from the Irish government. It discusses how the concept of security has broadened in recent decades to include threats beyond external military threats, such as terrorism, pandemics, cyber attacks, and climate change. It also notes that many countries now view national security more broadly. The white paper aims to outline Ireland's defence policy for the next decade to enable a flexible response to the dynamic security environment, and defines the security roles of the Department of Defence and Defence Forces in supporting other government agencies.
The document discusses India's defense expenditure trends and budget for 2015-16. It notes that the defense budget grew 8% to Rs. 246727 crore for 2015-16, with 53% going to the Indian Army. While revenue expenditure grew 13.2% to Rs. 152139 crore, capital expenditure remained unchanged at Rs. 94588 crore. The defense budget as a percentage of GDP declined to 1.75%, its lowest since 1962-63. The 14th Finance Commission may further impact defense allocations as it competes with other sectors for a smaller central funding pool.
HDFC Defence Fund - Investor Presentation (May 2023)_1.pdfssuserec4ec21
The document presents HDFC Defence Fund, an open-ended equity scheme investing in defence and allied sector companies. The NFO period is from May 19 to May 30, 2023. Global defence spending is expected to increase as the world shifts from a unipolar to multipolar system. Many countries have already proposed increasing defence budgets. India's defence expenditure has also been growing and focuses on self-reliance. The fund will take a bottom-up approach to construct its portfolio, investing over 80% in listed companies that obtain at least 10% of revenues from the defence sector. It aims to provide long-term capital appreciation by investing in equity and equity-related instruments of defence and allied companies.
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Congress must adequately fund national defense to an average of $720 billion per year over the next five years to protect America's security interests abroad. Defense spending as a percentage of GDP has declined significantly since World War II and Obama's budgets will shrink it further. Mandatory spending, not defense, is the primary driver of the federal budget deficit. Congress should insist on efficiency reforms within the defense budget but reinvest any savings into modernizing aging equipment rather than further cuts.
We analyzed a specific intervention pursued by the U.S. Department of Defense, code name Project Maven, in which Artificial Intelligence technologies were exploited to enhance the effectiveness of defending the nation.
#MP2013 Presentation of the Minister of State for DefenceFMINigeria
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Government Contracting White Paper REVISED June 2013 FADavid Farrell
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The UK Ministry of Defence faces budget cuts and pressure to shift resources from conventional to specialist capabilities. A think tank report predicts UK defence budget cuts of 10-15% through 2016. The UK defence budget is already £35 billion over budget due to program delays and urgent operational requirements. This means the MOD must make difficult choices between conventional forces and specialist capabilities needed for ongoing wars. The changes could significantly impact the UK defence industry and the three military branches in different ways. The MOD and industry may need to pursue more cooperation, new strategies, and internal restructuring to address these challenges.
Future of the Greek Defense Industry to 2018:Industry Trends, Size and Share...michalgilly
This report analyzes the Greek defense industry, forecasting it will invest $31.4 billion over 2014-2018. Greece allocates a high percentage of GDP to defense due to conflicts with Turkey and an aim to modernize its military. However, its defense budget is declining under EU fiscal rules. The report identifies opportunities in frigates, submarines, fighters and aircraft maintenance and analyzes domestic and foreign defense companies that supply Greece. It also examines political, economic and business factors that influence the Greek defense market.
With the Obama Administration’s pivot to the Asia-Pacific region, IHS attended the Pacific Operational S&T Conference and Exhibition on 5-8 March in Honolulu, Hawaii, for an update on US Pacific Command’s (PACOM) priorities and challenges.
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Regional actors and security sector governanceKayode Fayemi
This document discusses security sector reform from a regional perspective in Africa. It examines how democratic governance in the security sector fits within regional security arrangements and how security sector governance can be harmonized and monitored regionally. Examples of promising regional initiatives in Africa that incorporate security sector governance are discussed, including ECOWAS' Mechanism for conflict prevention, resolution, and peacekeeping. The roles of regional hegemons and how external actors can coordinate their approaches regionally are also covered.
Africa has enjoyed a decade of high growth, especially south of the Sahara, but this is now placing an increasing strain on the infrastructure stock. While investors, companies and donors have poured financing into roads, railways, information and communications technology (ICT), water and power, there remains a significant financing gap.
As much as US$93bn is required annually to meet the continent’s infrastructure needs through to 2020, with half of that amount currently being met. That leaves a large gap for investors to fill, including sovereign wealth funds, multilateral lenders, individual companies and private consortia. Are the companies and investors based in the cash-rich Gulf region, with its cultural and historical ties to Africa, positioned to participate?
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THE SOUTH AFRICAN STRATEGIC DEFENCE PROCUREMENT PACKAGE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: Are they mutually exclusive?
1. COMMENTARY
THE SOUTH AFRICAN STRATEGIC
DEFENCE PROCUREMENT PACKAGE
AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Are they mutually exclusive?
MARTIN SEHLAPELO
Introduction Security and development
In September 1999 the South African The new concept of security as accepted by
government decided to acquire defence the South African government, expressed in
equipment valued then at R30.3 billion in the White Paper on Intelligence, is that:
order to retain an effective defence (t)he main threat to the well-being of
capability. Part of this deal included the individuals and the interests of nations
National Industrial Participation across the world does not primarily
Programme, which was aimed at developing come from a neighbouring army, but
South Africa’s manufacturing sector. After from other internal and external
the Standing Committee on Public Accounts challenges such as economic collapse,
(SCOPA) report concerning the possibility overpopulation, mass migration, ethnic
of corruption in the Strategic Defence rivalry, political oppression, terrorism,
Procurement deal, the view that South crime and disease, to mention but a
Africa does not require the equipment few.1
gained in prominence. This has often been Within this context, the view that the
backed up by reference to the high and rising military is the primary agent of security is no
levels of unemployment and poverty in longer prevalent. Schoeman2 suggests that
South Africa. Many citizens seem to be security and development are the same
saying that the money should be used to thing: one being the condition and the other
provide water, build houses or finance social the process. This is different to how former
upliftment programmes. Deputy Defence Minister Ronnie Kasrils
In simple terms economic growth refers justified the Strategic Defence Procurement
to the improvement in the economy. In in Parliament by arguing that security is a
economic terms, it refers to the increase in prerequisite for development.3 What should
gross domestic product (GDP) in real terms. be noted is that in terms of these concepts,
Economic growth is, however, not additional actors become relevant rather
synonymous with economic development, than the traditional agents like the military.
although it is hardly possible to conceive of In the process, development and security
development in the absence of such growth, become intertwined.
since the latter includes key elements such as The vision of the South African
improvements in the quality of life through Department of Defence includes the
access to water, schooling, etc. provision of modern, affordable and
MARTIN SEHLAPELO was formerly a chief military instructor at the South African Military Academy, Saldanha. He now
works as a risk manager.
2. 120 African Security Review 11(4) • 2002
technologically advanced defence Inasmuch as it is difficult to predict the
capabilities; this is seen to be in accordance outcome of any war based on the military
with the provisions of the constitution.4 potential of any country, it is also difficult to
Concepts like affordability and determine the exact contribution of
technological advancement are notoriously technological advantage towards military
difficult to measure and can thus give any power. At the same time most countries rely
defence planner freedom of action. on acquiring some military power to avert
the risk of being threatened.
All things being equal, if the Democratic
Deterrence
Republic of the Congo had had an effective
Despite the fact that the Defence Review and strong defence capability, chances are
that was concluded in 1997 does not directly that Rwanda and Uganda would not have
link the concept of a technologically invaded it. Similarly, the balance of mutually
advanced defence force to deterrence, one is assured destruction during the Cold War
likely to lead to the other. Deterrence is the might have been costly, but it prevented a
ability to dissuade a potential adversary from world war between the major powers while
resorting to a particular course of action by simultaneously restricting and exporting war
making him believe that the costs of to those countries on the global periphery.
pursuing that action outweigh the benefits.
For deterrence to succeed the potential
Offsetting the financial drain
adversary should be convinced that South
Africa has the necessary military potential as As already alluded to, the procurement will
well as the political will to use it, should the be mitigated by a number of mechanisms to
need arise. Deterrence is a fundamental offset the financial drain on the fiscus. These
pillar of the South African government’s are in the form of Defence Industrial
approach towards defence. Participation (DIP) and the Non-defence
That said, the question is: how far should Industrial Participation (NIP) programmes,
a country be advanced for military which were developed in line with the
technological advancement to deter a government National Industrial
potential opponent and at what cost should Participation Programmes (NIPP) for all
this be pursued? Visser5 suggests that South public sector procurement where the
Africa should seek a technological advantage imported content exceeds $10 million.7
relative to its potential opponents. This does The government originally expected the
not mean that a technological advantage will offsets to deliver R35.8 billion in investments
necessarily deter potential adversaries. and R31 billion worth of counter-purchases,
Major General (now president) Paul Kagame all of which—it assured the public—would
of Rwanda had this to say on this subject: create more than 65,000 permanent jobs,
We are used to fighting wars in a very transfer skills and technology, as well as
cheap way. Our people don’t drive create opportunities for South African
tanks. We don’t have aircraft, people companies to export other goods.8 The
move on foot and they eat very little R35.8 billion that will be invested in South
food. We can go on like this for many Africa already exceeds the total procurement
years.6 spending, especially when considering the
Projected defence spending and GDP in South Africa9
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04
GDP (Rbn) 897.9 987.2 1069.3 1154.9
Total Defence Budget as % of GDP 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5%
Arms Payment Programme (Rbn) 2.849 4.220 5.078 5.828
Payment Programme as % of GDP 0.32% 0.43% 0.47% 0.50%
Source: SA Budget Review
3. Sehlapelo 121
multiplier effect and is a sufficient argument peace in order to create an environment
to counter arguments that the R30 billion conducive to investment. As a regional
invested on the defence of the country is a power the country will have to play a bigger
waste of resources. The government also role in peace efforts. This involvement will
emphasises that the defence budget is well require South Africa to have some
below the international norm at 1.5% of reasonable capability. Internationally, the
GDP, and that after including the strategic more prosperous a country, the more it is
procurement package in its calculations, it likely to spend on defence,13 although this
will still be in the region of two per cent of spending must be managed in order that it
GDP or below—the World Bank guideline not reduce the amount of capital available
for developing countries. It can be seen from for investment. This is done by focusing less
the table opposite that in the short term, the on imports; as such, GDP is not negatively
payment programme has a limited effect on affected. The nature of the current deal
the total defence budget as a percentage of creates the potential that this trend may also
GDP of between 0.32% and 0.5% per be possible in South Africa within the next
annum. Without refurbishment and 20 years.
replacement South Africa’s defence Batchelor, Dunn and Saal’s14 research on
capability would be reduced and this will South Africa’s growth and military spending
impair the country’s deterrence potential. between 1989 and 1995 supports the idea
that military spending can have a positive
effect on the economy. In evaluating the
Economic growth
above argument it should be taken into
Roux10 identifies four factors that contribute consideration that South Africa requires
towards economic growth: land and natural both economic growth and a deterrent
resources; labour; entrepreneurship; and capability. The question should therefore
capital. He correctly argues that should any not be whether the R30 billion, or whatever
of these increase, the GDP is also expected the actual amount is, should be used for
to increase. defence procurement or other opportunity
With regard to natural resources, former costs, but rather how to maximise the
Deputy Minister of Defence Ronnie Kasrils benefit of any defence procurement for
argued that maritime resources are economic growth.
plundered by foreign vessels within the
economic exclusion zone of South Africa.11
Conclusion
This is one example of how the country can
exploit additional resources, leading to • Economic growth on its own will not lead
economic growth. to economic development: simply
South Africa’s problem with labour is that targeting economic growth is therefore
most of it is unskilled.12 By creating 65,000 not enough.
or more jobs, the skills base of South Africa • A technologically advanced defence force
will increase. With the increase in the labour contributes positively to deterrence and
force, GDP will increase and with the new hence to avoid the economic destruction
skills acquired other jobs will most likely be associated with armed conflict.
created. Government spending guidelines • These latest procurements will not
encourage the development of represent a significant change in defence
entrepreneurs, which is not only for this spending as a percentage of GDP. South
procurement, although there seems to be no Africa will therefore still remain within
direct link with increasing entrepreneurship. the acceptable defence-spending ratio for
countries in its category.
• Even though it cannot be quantified, the
Creating regional peace
defence procurement, if properly
South Africa has to be interested in regional managed, will contribute towards
4. 122 African Security Review 11(4) • 2002
economic growth: procuring defence 2000/Report.htm> (11 April 2001).
5 J C Visser, An investigation into the South
equipment does not stall economic African technology policies with respect to their
growth. efficacy to enhance the national power base,
• It is important for the South African 2000, <www.mil.za/CSANDF/CJSupp/Training
National Defence Force to be more Formation/DefenceCollege/an_investigation_int
o_the_south.htm> (11 April 2001).
technologically advanced than its
6 SANDF, Joint Warfare Publication 101: Levels
potential adversaries and this should be of War, [Draft], 2001, p 1-15.
consistently maintained rather than 7 RSA, Background notes on the strategic defence
engaging in expensive one-off procurement package for the press statement
programmes. issued by the ministers for defence, finance,
public enterprises and trade and industry, 2000,
• Irrespective of whether corruption <www.gov.za/projects/procurement/pressbrief/
existed within the current procurement background.htm> (20 April 2001).
process, South Africa requires the 8 RSA, Economic and fiscal impacts of the
equipment it has ordered. The procurement, 2000, <www.gov.za/projects/
procurement/background/impact.htm> (13
programme should therefore continue,
April 2001).
especially considering that the longer it 9 This is an adaptation and some calculations by
takes to implement it the harder the fiscal the author from the Budget Review at RSA,
impact of the deal. National Treasury, Budget Review, Pretoria:
Communications Directorate, National
Treasury, 2001, pp 38 & 132 and unpublished
Notes statistics from D Faurie, DOD budget from
1989/90, 2001.
1 RSA, White Paper on Intelligence, Government 10 A Roux, Everyone’s guide to the South African
Printer, Pretoria, 1994. economy, 6th edition, Zebra, Rivonia, 1999,
2 M Schoeman, An exploration of the link p 37.
between security and development, in H 11 RSA, Parliament. Appropriation Bill, op cit,
Solomon and M Schoeman (eds), Security, p 2317.
development and gender in Africa, ISS 12 W M Gumede, Quality, not just quantity,
Monograph, 27, Institute for Security Studies, counts, Financial Mail, 5 January 2001, p 11.
Halfway House, August 1998, pp 12-13. 13 Roux, op cit, p 4 and E Hazelhurst, Star Wars
3 RSA, Parliament, Appropriation Bill. Hansard. again, Financial Mail, 12 January 2001, p 15.
Government Printer, Pretoria, 1996, p 2316. 14 P Batchelor, P J Dunne, and D S Saal, Military
4 RSA, Department of Defence, Annual Report spending and economic growth in South Africa,
1999/2000, 2000, <www.mil.za/Articles& Defence and Peace Economics, 11, 2000, pp
papers/AnnualReports/ AnnualReport1999_ 556-7.