This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It begins by defining phonetics as the study of speech sounds and distinguishes it from phonology. It then discusses why knowledge of phonetics is important for language learning. The basics of phonetics are then covered, including the classification of consonants by manner and place of articulation and of vowels by height, backness, and roundedness. The document concludes with an English pronunciation quiz to help readers check their pronunciation.

1. Practical Phonetics

2. Self-introduction
/laʒenɔʁɛ̃k/lagénorhynque
(Paci c white-sided dolphin; カマイルカ)
(defprofile lagénorhynque
:name "Kent OHASHI"
:account @lagenorhynque
:company "Opt, Inc."
:languages [Clojure Haskell Python Scala
English français Deutsch русский]
:interests [programming language-learning mathematics])
:contributing [https://github.com/japan-clojurians/clojure-site-ja]

3. Contents
1. What is 'phonetics'?
2. Why phonetics matters?
3. Basics of phonetics
4. English pronunciation quiz

4. What is 'phonetics'?

5. 音声学( ): /fəˈnɛtɪks/phonetics
φωνή (phone; /pʰɔː.nɛ᷄ː/) =「音声」(sound/voice)に関する学問
言語学( )の一分野
物理的実在である言語音声そのものが研究対象
調音音声学( )
音響音声学( )
聴覚音声学( )
linguistics
articulatory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
auditory phonetics
cf. 音韻論( ): /fəˈnɒlədʒi/, /fəˈnɑlədʒi/phonology
個別言語ごとの言語音の機能的構造(体系)や音韻規則などが研究対象

6. ちなみに
フォニックス( ): /ˈfɒnɪks/, /ˈfɑnɪks/phonics
英語の発音と綴りの規則を習得するための学習/教育法
音声学や音韻論の知見を基礎としている
歴史的経緯により、英語は正書法( )がかなり不規則
→ 英語圏で読み書きを学び始める際に取り組むことのひとつ
orthography
cf. Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl

7. Why phonetics matters?

8. 自然言語を使う際に発音や文法を気にしすぎる必要はないが……
音声学の知識があると
どのように言語音を作るのかが分かる
母語や外国語の発音を矯正できる
発音できるものは聴き取れる→ listening/speakingが効率化
語彙/文法を覚えやすくなる→ reading/writingが効率化
⇒語学学習の効率が高まる
Let's learn the basics of phonetics!

9. Basics of phonetics

10. 調音音声学における「音」
調音(articulation): 音声器官を使って言語音を作り出すこと
単音(phone)
子音( )
母音( )
IPA (国際音声記号; )
consonant
vowel
International Phonetic Alphabet

12. 子音

13. 子音の分類
1. 発声( )
2. 調音位置/調音部位( )
3. 調音方法( )
phonation
place of articulation
manner of articulation

14. 1. 発声(phonation)
無声音(voiceless): [ p ], [ s ], etc.
有声音(voiced): [ b ], [ z ], etc.

15. 2. 調音位置(place of articulation)
両唇音( ): [ p ], [ m ], [ ɸ ], etc.
唇歯音( ): [ f ], etc.
歯音( ): [ θ ], etc.
歯茎音( ): [ t ], [ n ], [ r ], [ ɾ ], [ s ], [ ɹ ], [ l ], etc.
後部歯茎音( ): [ ʃ ], etc.
そり舌音( ): [ ɻ ], etc.
硬口蓋音( ): [ ɲ ], [ ç ], [ j ], [ ʎ ], etc.
軟口蓋音( ): [ k ], [ ŋ ], [ x ], etc.
口蓋垂音( ): [ ʀ ], [ χ ], etc.
咽頭音( ): [ ħ ], etc.
声門音( ): [ h ], etc.
bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
postalveolar
retro ex
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
glottal

16. 3. 調音方法(manner of articulation)
破裂音/閉鎖音( ): [ p ], [ t ], [ k ], etc.
鼻音( ): [ m ], [ n ], [ ɲ ], [ ŋ ], etc.
ふるえ音( ): [ r ], [ ʀ ], etc.
はじき音( ): [ ɾ ], etc.
摩擦音( ): [ ɸ ], [ f ], [ θ ], [ s ], [ ʃ ], [ ç ], [ x ], [ χ ], [ h ], etc.
側面摩擦音(lateral fricative): [ ɬ ], etc.
接近音( ): [ ɹ ], [ ɻ ], [ j ], etc.
側面接近音(lateral approximant): [ l ], [ ʎ ], etc.
plosive/stop
nasal
trill
tap/ ap
fricative
approximant

17. 母音

18. 母音の分類
1. 円唇性( )
2. 前後(backness)
3. 広さ(height)
roundedness

19. 1. 円唇性(roundedness)
非円唇母音(unrounded vowel): [ i ], [ ɑ ], etc.
円唇母音(rounded vowel): [ y ], [ ɒ ] etc.

20. 2. 前後(backness)
前舌母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ e ], [ ø ], [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ æ ], [ a ], etc.
中舌母音( ): [ ɨ ], [ ə ], etc.
後舌母音( ): [ u ], [ o ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
front vowel
central vowel
back vowel

21. 3. 広さ(height)
狭母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ ɨ ], [ u ], etc.
半狭母音( ): [ e ], [ ø ], [ o ], etc.
半広母音( ): [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], etc.
広母音( ): [ a ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.
close vowel
close-mid vowel
open-mid vowel
open vowel

22. English pronunciation quiz
Debug your English pronunciation!

23. Q1
top

24. A1
[ tɒp ] / [ tɑp ]
Check
[ p ]の後に余分な母音がないか?

25. EX1
up [ ʌp ], ship [ ʃɪp ], cap [ kæp ]
cat [ kæt ], hat [ hæt ], coat [ kəʊt ]/[ koʊt ]
steak [ steɪk ], cook [ kʊk ], back [ bæk ]
dice [ daɪs ], house [ haʊs ], mouse [ maʊs ]
bush [ bʊʃ ], dash [ dæʃ ], push [ pʊʃ ]
catch [ kæt ͡ʃ ], much [ mʌt ͡ʃ ], touch [ tʌt ͡ʃ ]
time [ taɪm ], come [ kʌm ], steam [ stiːm ]
web [ wɛb ], snob [ snɒb ]/[ snɑb ], cab [ kæb ]
sad [ sæd ], mad [ mæd ], mud [ mʌd ]
bag [ bæɡ ], bug [ bʌɡ ], hug [ hʌɡ ]

26. Q2
missing

27. A2
[ ˈmɪsɪŋ ]
Check
ss を[ s ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɕ ], [ ʃ ])

28. EX2
C/sea/see [ siː ]/[ si ], sip [ sɪp ], seat [ siːt ]
she [ ʃiː ]/[ ʃi ], ship [ ʃɪp ], sheet [ ʃiːt ]
sick [ sɪk ], sin [ sɪn ], sit [ sɪt ]
chic [ ʃiːk ], shin [ ʃɪn ], shit [ ʃɪt ]
Z [ zɛd ]/[ ziː ], zip [ zɪp ]
gee [ d ͡ʒiː ], gyp [ d ͡ʒɪp ]

29. Q3
award

30. A3
[ əˈwɔːd ] / [ əˈwɔɹd ]
Check
ar を[ ɔː ]/[ ɔɹ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɑː ]/[ ɑɹ ])

31. EX3
award [ əˈwɔːd ]/[ əˈwɔɹd ], quark [ kwɔːk ]/[ kwɔɹk ]
quarter [ ˈkwɔːtə ]/[ ˈkwɔɹ.tɚ ], war [ wɔː ]/[ wɔɹ ]
ward [ wɔːd ]/[ wɔɹd ], wardrobe [ ˈwɔːdɹəʊb ]/[ ˈwɔɹdɹoʊb ]
warm [ wɔːm ]/[ wɔɹm ], warn [ wɔːn ]/[ wɔɹn ]

32. Q4
Chicago

33. A4
[ ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ ]
Check
i の[ ɪ ]が発音できているか? (日本語では脱落しがち)

34. EX4
participate [ pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ]/[ pɑɹˈtɪsɪpeɪt ], institute [ ˈɪnstɪt(j)uːt ]
chicane [ ʃɪˈkeɪn ], hospital [ ˈhɒspɪtəl ]/[ ˈhɑspɪtl ̩ ]
beautiful [ ˈbjuːtɪfəɫ ], architect [ ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ]/[ ˈɑɹkɪtɛkt ]
occupation [ ɒkjuːpeɪʃən ]/[ ɑkjuːpeɪʃən ], reputation [ ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən ]

35. Q5
king

36. A5
[ kɪŋ ]
Check
ng を[ ŋ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ŋg ])

37. Q6
one

38. A6
[ wʌn ]
Check
n を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɴ ])

39. EX5, 6
Tom [ tɒm ]/[ tɑm ], dumb [ dʌm ], some [ sʌm ]
ton [ tʌn ], done [ dʌn ], son/sun [ sʌn ]
tong [ tɒŋ ]/[ tɑŋ ], dung [ dʌŋ ], sung [ sʌŋ ]

40. Q7
he

41. A7
[ hiː ] / [ hi ]
Check
h を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ç ])

42. EX7
he [ hiː ]/[ hi ], hit [ hɪt ]

43. Q8
knee

44. A8
[ niː ] / [ ni ]
Check
n を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɲ ], [ nʲ ])

45. EX8
neat [ niːt ], knee [ niː ]/[ ni ], knit [ nɪt ], new [ njuː ]/[ n(j)u ]

46. Q9
who

47. A9
[ huː ]
Check
wh を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɸ ])

48. EX9
who'll [ huːl ], heal/heel/he'll [ hiːl ], who'd [ huːd ], heed/he'd [ hiːd ]
fool [ fuːl ], feel [ ːl ], food [ fuːd ], feed [ ːd ]

49. Q10
baby

50. A10
[ ˈbeɪbi ]
Check
2番目のb を[ b ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ β ])

51. That's all! (*> ᴗ •*)ゞ

52. Further Reading
音声学の基礎と実践的な日本語/英語(+α)の発音練習
IPAについて
英語の音声について
フォニックス(phonics)について
発音(pronunciation)や語源(etymology)を調べるなら
『脱・日本語なまり―英語(+α)実践音声学』
『脱・日本語なまり』音声データ
International Phonetic Association | ɪntə'næʃənəl fə'nɛtɪk
əsoʊsi'eɪʃn
IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf
BBC Learning English - The Sounds of English
Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl
Wiktionary, the free dictionary