2. PEST:
• A pest is any organism harmful to human concern
• The term particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock and
forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes.
3. PEST CATEGORIES
• VERTEBRATE PESTS: Have a backbone.
Examples: Rodents ,birds , reptiles and other mammals.
• INVERTEBRATE PESTS: No backbone.
Examples: Insects ,spiders , ticks etc.
• WEEDS: Any plant growing out of place.
• DISEASES: Fungi , bacteria,viruses and other microorganisms.
4. INVERTEBRATE PESTS
• Insects can indeed be pests for vegetable plants.
• They can cause damage to the leaves , stems and fruits , leading to reduced
yields and sometimes even the death of the plants
• Aphids
• Tomato hornworms
• Cabbage worms
• Flea beetles
5. VERTEBERATE PESTS
• CLASS AVE:
PASSER DOMESTICUS:
• It has a typical length of 16 cm.
• Females and young birds are colored pale brown and grey.
• Males have brighter black , white and brown marking.
• Incubation period 11 to 14 days.
• Damage:
• It is a minor pest.
• Sparrows , they eat a few vegies including potatoes , peas,
lettuce and tomatoes . In general they don’t eat these items when their food
sources are not abundant .They consume some veggies to survive.
6. CORVUS SPLENDENS (HOUSE CROW)
• The house crow is 42-44 cm in length(body and tail).
• It is a medium size bird with black plumage , short tail and strong legs.
• The bill is black and the upper beak is strongly curved.
• Male and female birds look similar ,males slightly larger than female.
• Distribution : Asia ,India ,Sri lanaka ,Bangladesh, Pakistan and parts of the
middle east.
7. • Damages : The house crow is a major pest of agriculture .
• It causes severe damage to vegetables and fruit crops.
• Corn: they can peck at the corn cobs damaging the kernels and reducing the
yields.
• Peas : Crows eat the young pea pods which results in the reduction of crop
yield.
• Tomatoes :Peck at the ripening tomatoes ,leading to the spoilage and
attracting other pests.
• Chilies :feed on chili fruits pecking at them and causing physical damage
• Leafy Green : house crows can sometimes damage leafy green such as spinach
lettuce and cabbage.
8. HOUSE FINCHES:
• House finches are small songbirds and found in NORTH AMERICA.
• It is about 5 to 6 inches in length and weight 0.6 to 1 ounce (17to28gm)
• Damage :House finches may occasionally cause minor damages to specific
vegetable crops.
• Leafy green: Such as lettuce , spinach .
• Peas
• Sweet corn
• Tomatoes sometimes.
9. BLUE JAYS
• Blue jays have a bright blue feathers on their upper body, wings and tail with
white under parts . They have black band around their neck and black crest on
their heads that can be raise or lower depending upon their mood.
They also have white patches on their wings , which are visible during their
flight .
It is about 9 to 12 inches (23 to 30)cms in length and weight around 2.5-3.5
ounce(70-100)grams .
10. DAMAGES
• Blue jays are feeder and occasionally cause damage to the vegetable garden .
• While they are primarily consumes insects , fruits , nuts and seeds .
• They may also peck at or damage certain vegetable crops .
• Examples : sweet corn , tomatoes , peas , chili pepper , cucumbers and
pumpkins etc.
11. CONTROLS OF BIRDS
• There are three different types of controls of birds .
• PHYSICAL CONTROLS: Such as netting , fencing , bird spikes and
wires,physical traps and sound system.
• CHEMICAL CONTROL: Avian repellents , pesticides , frightening devices .
• Biological control: Predatory birds(owls ,hawks ,falcons )
• Birds distress calls
12. CLASS MAMMALS :
• ORDER RODENTIA:
• RATTUS RATTUS:
• It is commonly known as BLACK RAT .
• It is a medium sized rat.it typically measuring around 12to18 cm(5to7)inches
in length.
• The fur color is black or dark brown ,with a lighter underbelly.
• Their diet is omnivorous ,consisting of a wide range of food sources , including
fruits,grains,seeds,vegetables and occasionally insects and small vertebrates.
13. DAMAGES:
• It is a major vegetables pest.
• A few examples of vegetable crops that may be vulnerable to damage by
RATTUS :
• Tomatoes
• Leafy Green : such as lettuce, spinach ,leading to visible damage and reduced
quantity.
• Root vegetables : such as carrot , radishes .
• Cucumbers
• Causing damage and reducing crop productivity.
14. MICES:
• MICE are small rodents ,typically measuring around 7to 10cm (2.8to3.9 ) in
length.
• They have a compact and slender body structure with rounded ears and a
pointed snout.
• It is primarily nocturnal .
• It have a fur covered body ,which can vary in color depending on the species
,ranging from shades of gray and brown to white.
15. DAMAGES:
• MICE can be considered both minor and major vegetables pests, depending on
various factors such as the specific crops, local conditions, and population
dynamics.
• EXAMPLES:
• CORN
• BEANS: such as green beans, snap beans and runner beans.
• PEAS: MICE can damage pea plants by feeding on the tender , shoots, leaves
and developing pods.
• LEAFY GREEN: lettuce , spinach plants ,feeding on leaves and stems
• ROOT PLANTS: radishes, potatoes and carrots .
16. VOLES:
• VOLES , commonly known as meadow mice or field mice.
• Voles typically have stocky bodies, short legs , small eyes and ears.
• It is 3to9 inches in length , including their tail.
• Herbivorous and feed on the plant material, including roots, bulbs , tubers
and grass.
17. DAMAGES:
• There are some common vegetable crops that voles may targets:
• EXAMPLES:
• ROOT PLANTS : Carrots, potatoes, beets , onions, radishes, sweet potatoes,
turnips and cabbages.
• Voles ,feed on various plants parts, including roots, bulbs ,and tubers
• Lettuce
18. Controls of rodentia:
PHYSICAL CONTROL:
• Such as EXCLUSION, TRAPS, FENCING, BURROW FLOODING , ULTRASONIC
DEVICES, CAGES.
CHEMICALS CONTROLS:
• Such as RODENTICIDES, REPELLENTS, FUMIGANTS.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS:
• Such as PREDATORS ,PARASITES OR PATHOGENS to manage rodent populations .
• PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
• EXAMPLES: Barn owls, Domesticated cats , snakes ,hawks, falcons,
19. ORDER LAGOMORPHA
RABBITS :
• Rabbits are small to medium sized mammals .
• Adult rabbit typically measures around 8to 20 inches(20to50)cm in length and
weight between 2 to 11 pounds ( 1to 5 kilograms)
• They have compact bodies with short front legs and long powerful hind legs
built for hopping.
• Also have soft fur .
• herbivorous
20. DAMAGES:
• It is a major vegetables pest.
• Some common vegetable crops that rabbits are known target:
• EXAMPLES: Such as
• CABBAGE
• PEAS
• BEANS
• SPINACH
• RADISHES
• BEETS
21. HAIRS OR HARES:
• Hares are generally larger than rabbits , with longer legs and larger bodies.
• They typically measure between 40to70 cm (16to28inches) in length and
weight 2 to 6 kilograms.
• Herbivorous,
22. DAMAGES:
• HARES ,can also be a potential pest for vegetables crops.
• It is a major vegetables pest .
EXAMPLES: Such as
• CARROT
• LETTUCE
• CABBAGE
• CAULIFLOWER
• PEAS
• BEANS
• RADISHES
• BEETS
23. CONTROLS OF LAGOMORPHA
• PHYSICAL CONTROLS:
• Such as FENCING , CAGES, TRAPING , NETTING, ULTRASONIC DEVICES, SOUND SYSTEM,
MONITORY TECHNIQUES.,
• CHEMICAL CONTROLS:
• Such as REPELLENT, FUMIGANTS , TOXIC BAITS( zinc phosphide or anticoagulant)
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS:
• Such as NATURAL PREDATOR( FOX, DOMESTIC DOG , OWL ,HAWK , SNAKE) ,FERTILITY CONTROLS .
24. ORDER ARTIODACTYLA;
INCLUDING CATTLE, GOATS , SHEEPS, ETC
• DEER :
• They typically characterized by their slender bodies, long legs and agile
movements.
• Herbivorous, feeding on plant material such as grass, leaves, shoots and
fruits.
• Antler : It is a bony structure that are shed and regrow annually . Used
for different purposes including fighting and display during the mating
season.
25. DAMAGE:
• They are not typically consider major vegetables pest .
• Some vegetables that may be damage by deer include:
• Such as :
• LETTUCE ;Deer can browse on lettuce plants ,causing significant damage to
leaves.
• BEANS: They may eat the tender leaves ,flower and young bean pods.
• CABBAGE; Feed on cabbage plants , damaging the leaves .
• CARROT: Deer may occasionally nibble on carrot tops, causing minor damage.
• BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOWER: Deer can feed on both plants ,damaging the
leaves.
26. CONTROLS OF ARTIODACTYLA
• PHYSICAL CONTROLS :
• Such as FENCING, MILD ELECTRIC SHOCKS,BARRIERS, REPELLENT, NOISE-
MAKING DEVICES.
• CHEMICAL CONTROLS:
• Such as FUMIGANTS , FUNGICIDE.
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS: NATURAL PREDATOR (wolves, large birds of prey)
