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1. PRESENTATION
ON
‘PEST CONTROL’
BY:

2. WHAT IS PEST?
• Pest is any animal which is noxious, destructive or troublesome to man or
his interests.
• A pest is any organism which occurs in large numbers and conflict with
man’s welfare, convenience and profit.
• A pest is an organism which harms man or his property significantly or is
likely to do so.
• Pests are organisms which impose burdens on human population by causing:
• (i) Injury to crop plants, forests and ornamentals,
• (ii) Annoyance, injury and death to humans and domesticated animals,
• (iii) Destruction or value depreciation of stored products.

3. PEST CONTROL
• Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; any
animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment.
• The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range
from tolerance.
• Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest
management strategy.

4. OBEJCTIVES OF PEST CONTROL
• To reduce pest status below economic injury level. Complete
elimination of pest is not the objective.
• To manage insects by not only killing them but by preventing feeding,
multiplication and dispersal.
• To use eco-friendly methods, which will maintain quality of
environment (air, water, wild life and plant life).
• To make maximum use of natural mortality factors, apply control
measures only when needed.
• To use component in sustainable crop production.

5. SIGNS OF PEST INFESTATION
• Droppings and other leavings
• The black pellet droppings of rodents are usually easy to spot and a clear sign of an
infestation
• Insects leave evidence behind as well.
• Bedbug excrement looks like dark, rust-coloured spots, and they may also leave behind
eggshells, as do roaches.
• Evidence of nesting
• Rodents make nests out of whatever materials they find.
• Shredded paper is one of the most common.
• Nests are usually found under floors or behind walls.

6. • Smells and sounds
• Smells are often one of the first signs of an infestation.
• Bedbugs have a sweet, musty scent, mice and rats have a smell like musty
urine/ammonia.
• Rodents in particular can be very noisy - sounds of pattering feet, scratching,
gnawing and squeaking.
• Physical damage
• Holes in walls and flooring, especially in darker, less well-used areas including
furniture and electrical wiring.
• Termites are known for damaging wood and can cause severe structural issues.
• weak or damaged timber or widening holes.
• Tracks
• Rats usually walk near walls and leave dark spots of grease behind them.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS
 Based on the host which they affect the pests are classified as following:
• Agricultural Pests
• HouseholdPests
• Storage Grain Pests
• Structural Pests
• Veterinary Pests
• Forestry and Nursery Pests

8. 1. AGRICULTURAL PESTS
• Each and every agricultural crops are infested by number of pests that cause
severe damage. Pest constitute a large number of insects attacking to the
various crop plants.
• The important crops like jowar, bajara, wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc. are
attacked by pests like stem borer, shoot fly, Deccan wingless grasshopper,
army worms, flea beetles, aphids, leafhoppers, mites, jowar midge fly etc.
• Sugarcane is an important cash crop cultivated widely in Maharashtra. This
single crop is infested by sugarcane stem borer, shoot borer moth, root borer,
Pyrilla, mealy bug, scale insects etc.
• The leaf roller and leaf cutter cause severe defoliation. Gall insect cause
swelling, bark feeder destroy surface of stem.
• Example, Baevenrk beetle destroys the timber in the forests; the termites
damage the timber logs after leaving the forest.

9. Leafhopper Shoot borer moth
Root borer

10. 2. HOUSEHOLD PESTS
• The insects which cause serious health problems among human population are
referred as public health pests. There are number of ways in which insects conflict
with man’s comfort and pleasure.
• The diverse environments around us are very attractive to insects, including
lawns, flowers, shrubs,dwellings.
• Pests that infest dwellings are commonly referred to as household pests (insects).
Household insects are direct concern to man, his possessions and his immediate
environment.
• Insects such as cockroaches, crickets, house flies, fruiausing agents are commonly
placed under this group.
• Housefly is equally important to spreading diseases like typhus fever, cholera,
diarrhoea, leprosy, tuberculosis etc.

11. Cockroach
Fruit fly
Crickets
Housefly
Weevils

12. 3. STORAGE GRAIN PESTS
• The storage of food grains has been a long practice with cultivators and traders.
Considerable losses both in quality and quantity of food grains take place in
storage due to number of factors.
• Organisms like insects, mites, rodents, fungi and bacteria are directly responsible
for causing loss in stored products.
• It is estimated that about 7-10% stored grains are lost every year due to stored
grain pest in India.
• The stored food grains, seeds, fruits, nuts etc. are infected by the internal borer
insects in the kothis, godowns and warehouses are most injurious of all insects.
The borers can attack them, even during the harvesting stage in the farm land
itself.
• The grain weevils (pulse beetle, rice weevils), moths, red rust flour beetle, etc.
cause a major damage to stored cereals (wheat, rice, bajara, barley, corn, oat,
millets etc.) and pulses (lentils, peas, beans, grain etc.) respectively.

13. Pulse beetle
Food moth
Red rust flour beetle
Rice weevils

14. 4. STRUCTURAL PESTS
• Structural pests are those harmful insects which cause damage to wooden
frames, doors, furnitures, fencing posts, library books, stored papers,
cardboards and all other wooden articles and components of buildings are
referred as structural pests.
• The termites (i.e. white ants) are colonial and social insects, feed on cellulose,
and damage wooden material in variable form.
• Silver fishes feed on starch material and ghee, thus damaging book bindings,
wall papers, photographs and all kinds of adhesive labels. Cloth moths and
carpet beetles can also be damage cloths, carpets as structural pests.

15. White ants
Cloth moth Carpet moth
Silver fish

16. 5. VETERINARY PESTS
• The insects which cause damage to domestic animals like chicken, horses, cattle
etc. And blood sucking insects like fleas, lice, bugs, mosquitoes, stable flies as
ectoparasites are the examples of domestic animal pests.
• A biting lice like Mallophaga cause irritation and loss of flesh in poultry farms.
• Tabanid flies, horn flies suck the blood from cattle and horses. Both flies cause
serious stomach disturbances in horses.
• Grubs of OX-warble flies cause loss of flesh in cattle and can cause damage to
the leather by cutting holes in the skin.

17. Mosquito
Bed bug
Lice
OX-warble flies
Tabanid flies
Fleas

18. 6. FORESTRY AND NURSERY PESTS
• Insects of this group enter into the plant body and cause deformations in the
structure and function of different organs of the forest and nursery plants and
trees i.e. stem borers enter stem/shoot cause tunneling inside and swelling.
• The leaf roller and leaf cutter cause severe defoliation.
• Gall insects cause swelling, bark feeder destroy surface of stem. e.g. Bark beetle
destroys the timber in the forests, the termites damage the timber logs even after
leaving the forest.
• The sap suckers such as plant bugs, Aphids and Thrips suck plant juice of nursery
plants which inhibit the photosynthetic activity.

19. Stem borers
Leaf roller
Leaf cutter
Bark beetle
Aphids

20. SPECIFIC PESTS
I. Rodents
• Rats and mice are one of the more unpleasant infestations.
• Nobody likes the thought of rodents
being nearby, especially because
their numbers can multiply very quickly.
• They cause significant damage to properties and they pass on diseases to
humans.

21. SIGN AND AREA OF INFESTATION
 Droppings
 An unusual odour (similar to urine or a damp, musky smell)
 Unexplained holes in materials
 Nests
 Scratching noises, especially at night
 Gnaw marks on furniture or tracks on the floor or skirting boards
 Footprints: You can test this by sprinkling flour or talcum powder in the areas you
think they’re frequenting. It’s better to do this at night because rodents are more
likely to venture out when nobody is around
 If your pet is putting its nose inside crevices for longer and more often than usual
or they’re suddenly constantly on the hunt for something, it could be because you
have rodents

22. CONTROL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Keep windows and doors closed.
 Fill potential entry points no matter how small they are. Also check the less
obvious entry points such as behind kitchen cabinets, gaps between windows
and doors and around vents and pipes.
 Trim branches that hang over your roof.
 If you have a cat flap, ensure it’s one where only your pet can gain access
through a special collar.
 Remove food sources by storing products in containers rather than packets
which are easy to get into, make sure rubbish is secured in bins with a tight-
fitting lid, clean up food spills immediately and hoover regularly.
 Keep your garden clean. Make sure toys and furniture are stored away, leaves
are raked up and thrown away and overgrown bushes are trimmed. If you
keep firewood, store it away from your home.

23. II. Insects
Insects are difficult to control because there are so many of them.
Although you’re always going to get them,
the last thing you want it a full-blown infestation.

24. SIGN AND AREA OF INFESTATION
• If you have an infestation, you’re likely to spot more insects than usual
crawling or flying around.
• Also check hidden areas such as within cracks and crevices of shelves
(especially if they’re made from wood).
• Insect remains including whole carcasses, body parts and cast skins.
• Droppings (many look like poppy seeds).
• Piles of fine dust or powder.
• If you have larger insects, you may also hear noises such as scratching or
scurrying. These will typically come from the insides of walls or the loft.

25. CONTROL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Clean regularly. Insects tend to gravitate towards mess because it can act as
a food source and a good hiding place.
 Wipe down kitchen surfaces regularly, vacuum at least once a week, ensure
that all bins (both inside and outside) and covered and sealed and declutter.
 Remove food sources such as fruit and open cereal boxes on countertops.
 Clean away pet food bowls and any debris they’ve left as soon as they’ve
finished eating.
 Remove water sources (such as sinks filled with water and leaking pipes). As
well as providing a way for insects to stay hydrated, it also serves as a
breeding ground.
 Install window screens so you can open windows without bugs flying in.

26. III. Birds
• Although many of us actively encourage
birds to come to our gardens, they can
be problematic for many reasons.
• They carry diseases, their droppings
damage buildings and can be a trip
hazard, their nesting materials block gutters, they’ve been known to bring back lit
cigarettes to their nests which is a fire risk.
• They can attack humans if they feel the need to protect their young.

27. SIGN AND AREA OF INFESTATION
• They’re settling on roofs or ledges.
• Continuous bird cries.
• Nesting materials are strewn about your premises.
• Damaged stock, from pecking and bird fouling.
• You notice droppings which are concentrated in areas where birds roost.

28. CONTROL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Remove food sources.
• This includes bird feeders, pet food, compost bins, rubbish bins which don’t
have a tightly fitted lid and food debris from outdoor eating areas.
• Also check your roof for potential food sources.
• Install deterrents.
• Usually used for pigeons, spikes and barriers over window ledges are a
great deterrent for any type of bird.
• Netting and sloped sheathing are also great because once they’re in place,
birds physically won’t be able to settle around your property.

29. IV. Wildlife
• When we talk about wildlife, we’re generally referring to foxes, moles, rabbits
and squirrels.
• The signs of infestation will depend on the creature in question. A mole for
example will leave mounds and cause great damage to your lawn, whereas a fox
wouldn’t do this.

30. CONTROL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Remove food sources.
• Trim tree branches which hang over the roof.
• Spray natural repellents in your garden.
• Keep outside areas free of clutter.
• Extend your fence above and/or below ground.
• Fill your garden with plants that these pests don’t like.

31. GUIDELINES TO HANDLE PESTICIDE AND
STORE THEM:
Storage
1. Insecticide storehouses must be located away from areas where people or animals are housed and away from
water sources, wells, and canals.
2. They should be located on high ground and fenced, with access only for authorized persons. However, there
should be easy access for insecticide delivery vehicles and, ideally access on at least three sides of the building
for fire-fighting vehicles and equipment in case of emergency.
3. Insecticides must NOT be kept where they would be exposed to sunlight, water, or moisture which could affect
their stability.
4. Storehouses should be secure and well ventilated.
5. Containers, bags or boxes should be well stacked to avoid possibility of spillage. The principle of ëfirst expiry
first outí should be followed.
6. Stock and issue registers should be kept upto date. Access to the insecticides should be limited to authorized
personnel only.
7. The store room should have a prominently displayed mark of caution used for poisonous or hazardous
substances. It should be kept locked. 8. Containers should be arranged to minimize handling and thus avoid
mechanical damage which could give rise to leaks. Containers and cartons should be stacked safely, with the
height of stacks limited to ensure stability.

32. Transportation
1. Insecticides should be transported in well sealed and labeled containers, boxes or bags.
2. Insecticides should be transported separately. It should NOT be transported in the same
vehicle as items such as agricultural produce, food, clothing, drugs, toys, and cosmetics
that could become hazardous if contaminated.
3. Pesticide containers should be loaded in such a way that they will not be damaged during
transport, their labels will not be rubbed off and they will not shift and fall off the
transport vehicle onto rough road surfaces.
4. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry prominently displayed warning notices.
5. The pesticide load should be checked at intervals during transportation, and any leaks,
spills, or other contamination should be cleaned up immediately using accepted standard
procedures. In the event of leakage while the transport vehicle is moving, the vehicle
should be brought to a halt immediately so that the leak can be stopped and the leaked
product cleaned up. Containers should be inspected upon arrival at the receiving station.
There should be official reports to the national level and follow-up enquiries in the event
of fires, spills, poisonings, etc.

33. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare website
• https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/Guidelines-Proper-Storage-Safe-
handling-Disposal-Insecticides.pdf
• https://www.britannica.com/animal/insect
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pest-control-management-foodsafety-standard
• https://www.ricsfirms.com/residential/maintenance/exterior/five-signs-pest-
infestations/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control
• BOOKS:
1. Pest control by Bill Fitzhugh
2. Pests, Diseases and Weeds: Identification and Control by Tony Loynes

34. THE END