PPT_Political Science - II - Unit 1 - Federal Form of Govt.ppt
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This document provides information about federalism and its key features. It begins by defining federalism as a system with dual levels of government - a central authority that oversees major national affairs and local governments that handle day-to-day regional activities. Some key features of federalism discussed are that both levels of government govern the same citizens but have distinct jurisdictions, the constitution prescribes the federal system but requires approval of both levels for important amendments, and conflicts between levels can be resolved by the judiciary. The document also lists some merits like diffusing power and increasing participation, and demerits such as protecting majority will and allowing opposition between government levels.
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This document outlines the key features and merits and demerits of a unitary form of government. A unitary government is defined as one where all authority and power is centralized in a single governing body. Key features include a single legislature, absence of regional governments with autonomy, and a single national police force. Merits include strong, efficient administration and decision making, while demerits include the risk of a despotic central government and lack of local autonomy.
public-opinion.ppt
Public opinion is shaped by individual attitudes, opinions, and actions that are influenced by factors like background, culture, education, and religion. It is determined by three main factors - attitudes, which are evaluations people make on issues; opinions, which are expressions of attitudes; and actions, which result when opinions become strong enough. Public opinion must be widely held to influence government policy in a democracy and is formed through various agencies like the press, education, and political parties.
quasi-federation.ppt
The document discusses India's system of government as a "quasi federation" according to Prof. K. C Wheare. While India has some federal features like dual governments and a written constitution, it also exhibits strong unitary tendencies. The central government can direct state governments, appoint governors, change state boundaries, enjoys residuary powers and control over state lists. The central government also controls the reserve police force and states must seek grants from the union. India has a single citizenship and judicial system as well as all India services, further demonstrating its unitary leanings.
1962 C VS T.pptx
The temple of Preah Vihear was located in a disputed border region between Cambodia and Thailand. Treaties from 1904-1907 established the border along a watershed line, placing the temple in Thailand, but later French maps instead placed it within Cambodia without Thailand noticing. In 1959, Cambodia brought a case before the ICJ, which ruled in 1962 that the temple belonged to Cambodia based on the concept of acquiescence - Thailand had a duty to inspect the maps and failed to protest, tacitly accepting the border shown. The court also cited the concept of preclusion, that Cambodia had long possessed the temple adverse to Thailand's claim. Cambodia was declared the sovereign of the area containing the temple.
1962 - C VS TH.pptx
The temple of Preah Vihear was located in a disputed border region between Cambodia and Thailand. Treaties from 1904-1907 established the border along a watershed line, placing the temple in Thailand, but later French maps instead placed it within Cambodia without Thailand noticing. In 1959, Cambodia brought the case before the ICJ, which ruled in 1962 that Cambodia had sovereignty over the temple based on the concept of acquiescence - Thailand's failure to protest the maps despite a duty to inspect them implied consent to the boundary shown. The court also cited the preclusion theory in that Cambodia had long possessed the temple adverse to Thailand's claim. Cambodia was declared the sovereign of the temple.
1962 - C VS T.pptx
The temple of Preah Vihear was located in a disputed border region between Cambodia and Thailand. Treaties from 1904-1907 established the border along a watershed line, placing the temple in Thailand, but later French maps instead placed it within Cambodia without Thailand noticing. In 1959, Cambodia brought the case before the ICJ, which ruled in 1962 that Cambodia had sovereignty over the temple based on the concept of acquiescence - Thailand's failure to protest the maps despite a duty to inspect them implied consent to the boundary shown. The court also cited the preclusion theory in that Cambodia's long possession of the temple supported its claim of sovereignty.
C VS T.pptx
The temple of Preah Vihear was located in a disputed border region between Cambodia and Thailand. Treaties from 1904-1907 established the border along a watershed line, placing the temple in Thailand, but later French maps instead placed it within Cambodia without Thailand noticing. In 1959, Cambodia brought the case before the ICJ, which ruled in 1962 that Cambodia had sovereignty over the temple based on the concept of acquiescence - Thailand's failure to protest the maps despite a duty to inspect them implied consent to the boundary shown. The court also cited the preclusion theory in that Cambodia had long possessed the temple adverse to Thailand's claim. Cambodia was declared the sovereign of the temple.
C VS T 1962.pptx
The temple of Preah Vihear was located in a disputed border region between Cambodia and Thailand. Treaties from 1904-1907 established the border along a watershed line, placing the temple in Thailand, but later French maps instead placed it within Cambodia without Thailand noticing. In 1959, Cambodia brought the case before the ICJ, which ruled in 1962 that Cambodia had sovereignty over the temple based on the concept of acquiescence - Thailand's failure to protest the maps despite a duty to inspect them implied consent to the boundary shown. The court also cited the concept of preclusion, as Cambodia had long possessed the temple adverse to Thailand's claim.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
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◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
Lincoln硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证原版一模一样、Lincoln毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《新西兰林肯大学毕业证购买流程》《Lincoln成绩单制作》新西兰林肯大学毕业证书Lincoln毕业证文凭新西兰林肯大学
本科毕业证书,学历学位认证如何办理【留学国外学位学历认证、毕业证、成绩单、大学Offer、雅思托福代考、语言证书、学生卡、高仿教育部认证等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务】代办国外（海外）英国、加拿大、美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等国外各大学毕业证、文凭学历证书、成绩单、学历学位认证真实可查。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
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- 1. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040 (Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India) SEMESTER: THIRD BALLB NAME OF SUBJECT: POLITICAL SCIENCE-I UNIT-I TOPIC: FEDERALISM & ITS FEATURES FACULTY NAME: Mr. Vivek Tripathi (Assistant Professor)
- 2. Federalism and its features • WHAT IS FEDERALISM? • Federalism is at its core a system where the dual machinery of government functions. • Generally, under federalism, there are two levels of government. One is a central authority which looks after the major affairs of the country. The other is more of a local government which looks after the day to day functioning and activities of their particular region. • For example, our Indian constitution says that India too is a federal country. As you know we have two levels of parliament, the at center the union government and at state level, we have the individual state governments
- 3. FEATURES OF FEDERALISM • There are two levels of governance in the country at least. There can even be more. But the entire power is not concentrated with one government. • All levels of governance will govern the same citizens, but their jurisdiction will be different. This means that each level of government will have a specific power to form laws, legislate and execute these laws. Both of the governments will have clearly marked jurisdiction. It will not be that one of the government is just a figurehead government.
- 4. FEATURES OF FEDERALISM • As stated above the federalism of a country must be prescribed by the constitution. But it is also important that just one level of government cannot make unilateral changes or amendments to the important and essential provisions of the constitution. Such changes must be approved by all the levels of the government to be carried through. • Now there are two levels of government with separate jurisdictions and separate duties. Yet there is still a possibility that a conflict may arise between the two. Well in a federal state, it will fall upon the courts or rather the judiciary to resolve this conflict. The courts must have the power to interfere in such a situation and reach a resolution.
- 5. Merits of Federalism • Federalism provides a structure that diffuses governmental power. • Federalism creates a protection against tyranny. • Federalism is an efficient process. • Federalism increases the level of participation by individuals. • Federalism encourages a system of cooperation. • Federalism encourages innovation in governing.
- 6. Demerits of Federalism • Federalism often protects the will of the majority at any cost. • Federalism can encourage the passing of ridiculous laws. • Federalism allows local governments to fight the national governments. • Federalism can create oppositional competition. • Federalism can create uncertainty.
- 7. THANK YOU