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PPT1 Cell Theory, Structure and Function.pdf
- 2. Grading System General Biologyas a Specialized Subject: Written Works – 25% Performance Tasks – 45% Quarterly Assessment – 30% Total – 100%
- 3. 1st Quarter TOPICS •The Cell Ø Cell Theory Ø The structure and function of major and subcellular organelles Ø Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Ø Cell types and their functions (Plant and Animal cell) Ø Cell modifications and their specialized functions
- 4. 1st Quarter TOPICS •The Cell Ø Cell Cycle v Mitosis v Meiosis v Disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle Ø Transport Mechanisms v Simple Diffusion v Facilitated Transport v Active Transport v Bulk/Vesicular Transport
- 5. 1st Quarter TOPICS •Biological Molecules Ø Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules v Carbohydrates v Lipids v Proteins v Enzymes v Nucleic Acids
- 6. 2nd Quarter TOPICS •Energy Transformation Ø ATP- ADP Cycle Ø Photosynthesis Ø Respiration
- 7. Subject Description • BiologyI is a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Specialized Subject taken in the first half of Grade 11. • Learners go on a journey geared toward the deeper understanding and appreciation of life processes at the cellular and molecular levels previously introduced in Grades 7-10. They will also apply basic chemistry and physics principles as they examine the transformation of energy in organisms.
- 8. Let’s Revisit BIOLOGYas a subject • Reflect upon your past experiences during your junior high school years when you were exposed to lessons focused on biology. • On a 1 whole yellow paper, compile a comprehensive list of the biology topics that you can still recall from your junior high school education.
- 9. CELL: THEORY, STRUCTUREAND FUNCTION MELC’s 1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory. (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) 2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles. (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
- 10. What are CELLS? •Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. • The human body is composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. • Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves.
- 11. The CELL Theory •How/in what way can we observe cells? Advanced Compound Microscope Magnification of up to 1000x
- 12. The CELL Theory •Who invented the first microscope? Zacharias Janssen – 1600 -Dutch spectacle maker
- 13. The Scientists behindthe CELL Theory • Robert Hooke • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Robert Brown • Matthias Schleiden • Theodor Schwann • Rudolph Virchow
- 14. Robert Hooke • Advancementsin the microscope were crucial for the discovery of cells. • Robert Hooke improved the compound microscope in 1665. • Hooke's microscope had three lenses and a stage light for illumination and magnification. Robert Hooke
- 15. Robert Hooke • Hookeobserved something fascinating when he examined cork under the microscope. • Hooke documented his observations in his book, Micrographia. • He referred to the structures in cork as "cells" due to their resemblance to monastery cells. Robert Hooke’s Microscope
- 16. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek •In 1674 Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek published his observations on tiny living organisms which he named animalcules.
- 17. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek •It was believed that Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe under his microscope the structure of an Erythrocyte of different animals as well as a sperm cell.
- 18. Robert Brown • Oneof the leading botanists in his time, Robert Brown in 1831 was able to compare diverse kinds of plant specimens under the microscope. • He markedly indicated that there is a common thing about them- they are all composed of cells, and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he termed as the nucleus.
- 19. Matthias Schleiden • Heis a German botanist who in 1838 concluded that all plant parts are made of cells.
- 20. Theodor Schwann • Heis a physiologist and histologist and a close friend of Schleiden. • In 1839, he stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells, too.
- 21. Rudolf Virchow • In1855, the third tenet of Schwann were replaced by the Rudolph Virchow’s powerful dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula, “All cells only arise from pre- existing cells”.
- 22. The CELL Theory •The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the formulation of the cell theory. • This theory can be summed up into three basic components: (1) all living things are composed of one or more cells; (2) the cell is the basic unit of life; and (3) all cells arise from preexisting cells.
- 23. The CELL Structuresand Functions • The cells are the building blocks of life just as atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. • Each cell contains materials that carry out basic life processes. • Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification electron microscope.
- 24. The CELL Structuresand Functions
- 25. The CELL Structuresand Functions • A cell consists of three parts: • the cell membrane, • the nucleus, and, between the two, • the cytoplasm. • Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles.
- 26. The CELL Structuresand Functions These organelles perform a variety of functions like: • production of proteins, • storage of important materials, • harvesting energy, • repairing cell parts, • digestion of substances, and • maintaining the shape and structure of the cell.
- 27. The CELL Structuresand Functions The structures and functions of the cell organelles are categorized into four: • Manufacturing (Nucleus, Ribosome, Rough and Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus) • Breakdown (Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes) • Energy Processing (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts) • Structural Support, Movement, and Communication (Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Chromatin)
- 28. The CELL Structuresand Functions
- 29. The CELL Structuresand Functions
- 30. Nucleus Function: • DNA synthesis (Replication); •RNA synthesis (Transcription); • Assembly of ribosomes (Ribosome Biogenesis)
- 31. Ribosome Function: • Protein synthesis •This process involves decoding the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA and assembling the corresponding amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which ultimately folds into a functional protein.
- 32. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) Surrounded by ribosomes Function: • synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; • formation of transport vesicles
- 33. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER) Surrounded by ribosomes Function: • Lipid synthesis; detoxification in liver cells
- 34. Golgi Apparatus Function: • Modificationand transport of macromolecules; • Formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles
- 35. Lysosomes Function: • Digestion ofingested food, bacteria, and a cell’s damaged organelles and macromolecules for recycling
- 36. Vacuole Function: • Digestion; • storageof chemicals; • cell enlargement; • water balance
- 37. Peroxisomes Function: • Diverse metabolic processes,with breakdown of H2O2 by – product
- 38. Mitochondria Function: • Conversion ofchemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP
- 39. Chloroplasts (for Autotrophs) Function: •Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars.
- 40. Cytoplasm Jelly – likesubstance that holds the cell organelles in place; Function: • site of many chemical reactions
- 41. Cytoskeleton Function: • Structural support; movement;transportation
- 42. Centrioles Function: • Helpers incell division
- 43. Cell Wall Function: • Nonlivingpermeable wall that surrounds the cell membrane; • encloses and supports the cell
- 44. Cell Membrane Function: • Separatescell from outside; controls what enters and leaves the cell; recognizes signals from other cells
- 45. Chromatin Function: • Provides instructionfor the cell's activities, (growth, reproduction)
- 46. Plant Cell vsAnimal Cell