Materi pengantar teologi Islam

1. POKOK BAHASAN I
PENGANTAR TENTANG TEOLOGI ISLAM:
 PENGERTIAN TEOLOGI ISLAM
 OBYEK DAN RUANG LINGKUP
 METODE-METODE STUDI TEOLOGI ISLAM
 MANFAAT DAN TUJUAN MEMPELAJARI TEOLOGI ISLAM

2. PENGERTIAN TEOLOGI
 Theology is “faith seeking understanding.”
 Theology is the interpretation of doctrine, so that one regards
interpretation as the business of testing and applying doctrine to the
experienced life of Religion.
 Theology is “the science of things divine”.
 Theology is the comprehension of all other knowledge, directed to its
true end.
 Islamic Theology is the Moslem talk of God.
Gareth Jones (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Modern Theology. (United State: Blackwell Publishing,
2004).

3. John Renard, Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary
Source Reader. (United State: University of California
Press, 2014).
Islamic theological discourse
traditionally known as the science
of interpretation (ʿilm at-tafsīr).

4. Tim Winter (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic
Theology. (United States: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 2.
William Chittick defines theology
as ‘‘God-talk in all its forms’’.

5. Prof. A. F. Ahmed, Introduction to Islamic Theology.
(Victoria Island, Lagos: National Open University of
Nigeria, 2013).
 The Islamic theology is the science which studies religious
doctrines and provides logical proofs in defense of faith.
 It also deals with refutation of innovations made by the groups
that deviate from the orthodox creed.
 It may also be described as the study of the nature of the Divine
Being and other Islamic religious creeds.

6. RUANG LINGKUP TEOLOGI ISLAM
Theology contains:
 The knowledge of God and His creatures,
 Our duty to Him and our fellow-creatures, and
 A view of our present and future state.
Gareth Jones (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Modern Theology. (United State: Blackwell
Publishing, 2004).

7. Menurut Nurcholish Madjid, Teologi Islam (Ilmu Kalam) menjadi
tumpuan pemahaman tentang sendi-sendi paling pokok dalam ajaran
agama Islam:
 Simpul-simpul kepercayaan,
 Masalah Kemaha-Esaan Tuhan, dan
 Pokok-pokok ajaran agama
Nurcholish Madjid, Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban: Sebuah Telaah Kritis
tentang Masalah Keimanan, Kemanusiaan, dan Kemodernan. (Jakarta:
Paramadina, 1992), 202.

8. TUJUAN mempelajari TEOLOGI ISLAM
Memperkenalkan berbagai paham keagamaan yang
pernah ada dalam sejarah Islam.
Memahami variasi paham keagamaan dalam sejarah
Islam sebagai kekayaan budaya masyarakat Muslim.
Meletakkan pemahaman terhadap variasi paham
keagamaan masyarakat Muslim dalam konteks studi
keilmuan terhadap agama.

9. Prof. A. F. Ahmed, Introduction to Islamic Theology.
(Victoria Island, Lagos: National Open University of
Nigeria, 2013).
 Introduce you to the origin and development of the Science of Islamic
theology called ‘lmu `t-Tawhid or ‘lmu `l-Kalam in the Arabic tongue
 Familiarise you with the fundamental theological principles in Islam with
references to their bases from the Islamic sacred sources and views of
various schools of thought
 Acquaint you with prominent Muslim theologians and the roles played by
them in giving shape and disseminating the science.
nou.edu.ng/uploads/fileuploads/rLmLrOxD2o1437648242.pdf

10. KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN
 Explain the religious, social, and political factors responsible for the
emergence of Islamic theology;
 Highlight the role of internal and external factors played in the development
of Islamic theology;
 Discuss the emergence of Mu‘tazilism (the thorough going rationalists) and
other sectarian tendencies in Islam and the doctrines distinguishing them
from other Muslim theological schools;
 Discuss the emergence of Sunnism (i.e. Islamic orthodoxy), and give account
of the contribution of its prominent scholars;
 Highlight and discuss the contributions of prominent Muslim theologians to
the science of Islamic theology.

11.  SUMBER AJARAN TEOLOGI ISLAM
 KEDUDUKAN TEOLOGI ISLAM DALAM SISTEM KEILMUAN ISLAM
 HUBUNGAN TEOLOGI ISLAM DENGAN ILMU KEISLAMAN LAIN:
 FILSAFAT ISLAM
 FIQH
 TASAWUF
POKOK BAHASAN II
KEDUDUKAN DAN RELASI TEOLOGI ISLAM:

12. Islam thus possesses two sources of revealed truth, the first being
the Qur’an, which is the record of God’s message to mankind
through the Prophet, and the second being the hadıth, or collected
sayings and acts of the Prophet. It is from these two sources
that the basic religious beliefs of Muslims are derived.
SUMBER AJARAN TEOLOGI ISLAM
Muhammad Ali, Modern Views on the Origin of Islamic Theology, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/
bitstream/.../introduction.pdf.

13. KEDUDUKAN TEOLOGI ISLAM
ILMU KALAM atau TEOLOGI ISLAM adalah salah satu dari empat disiplin keilmuan yang telah
tumbuh dan menjadi bagian dari tradisi kajian tentang agama Islam. Tiga lainnya ialah:
 FIQH
Membidangi segi-segi formal peribadatan dan hukum, sehingga tekanan orientasinya sangat
eksoterik, mengenai hal-hal lahiriah;
 TASAWUF
Membidangi segi-segi penghayatan dan pengamalan keagamaan yang lebih bersifat pribadi,
sehingga tekanan orientasinya pun sangat esoterik, mengenai hal-hal batiniah;
 FALSAFAH
Membidangi hal-hal yang bersifat perenungan spekulatif tentang hidup dan lingkupnya secara
seluas-luasnya; maka
 ILMU KALAM atau TEOLOGI ISLAM
Mengarahkan pembahasannya kepada segi-segi mengenai Tuhan dan berbagai derivasinya

14.  FAKTOR-FAKTOR TIMBULNYA PERSOALAN DAN ALIRAN TEOLOGI ISLAM
 FAKTOR INTERNAL
 FAKTOR EKSTERNAL
 ALIRAN DALAM TEOLOGI ISLAM DAN POKOK-POKOK AJARANNYA:
 KHAWARIJ
 MURJI’AH
 DAQARIYAH – JABBARIYAH
 MU’TAZILAH
 ASY’ARIYAH
 MATURIDIYAH
 AHLUSSUNNAH WAL JAMA’AH
POKOK BAHASAN III
GARIS BESAR SEJARAH KEMUNCULAN PERSOAAN DAN ALIRAN-ALIRAN TEOLOGI ISLAM:

15. FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL
The internal factor for the development of kalam can be discerned in the fact
that:
 Some Koranic verses were revealed to encounter various sects and pagans and
to refute their religious views.
 The external factor, Ahmad Amin argues on the other hand, is closely related
to their being occupied with Greek philosophy in order to construct
arguments in defence of some Koranic verses were revealed to encounter
various sects and pagans and to refute their religious views.
 In other words, the internal factor represents the polemical side, while the
external factor shows the apologetical aspect.

16. Muhammad Ali, Modern Views on the Origin of Islamic Theology,
https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/ bitstream/.../introduction.pdf.
Modern scholarship on the origin of Islamic theology can be divided into six
views, respectively asserting:
 (1) The Hellenistic influence on the origin of Islamic theology;
 (2) Islamic theology mainly as the result of an internal development;
 (3) Christian influence on Islamic theology;
 (4) Jewish contributions to Islamic theology;
 (5) Persian features in Islamic theology; and
 (6) Indian elements in Islamic theology.

17. THE HELLENISTIC INFLUENCE ON THE
ORIGIN OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY
The conceptions of this idea are founded on several
patterns of arguments:
 (1) terminological;
 (2) chronological;
 (3) ontological; and
 (4) logical/philosophical.