PP 661.docx

A Report on
Public Policy development process in Nepal
Submitted by:
T.U. 2nd Year Exam Roll No:
T.U. Registration No:
Email Id: sudiplamsal123@gmail.com
Mobile No: 9843395476
Name of subject: Pulic policy analysis (PP 661)
Submitted to: Faculty of Management
Central Department of Public Administration (CDPA) Tribhuvan University
Balkhu, Kathmandu
This Report is submitted for Partial Fulfillment of Master of Public Administration
Public Administration (MPA)
January, 2023

Table of Contents
CHAPTER - ONE............................................................................................................................. 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
The statement of problems ........................................................................................................... 5
Objectives of the study ................................................................................................................. 6
Significance of the study .............................................................................................................. 6
Limitations of the study:............................................................................................................... 6
Structure of the study.................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................. 8
CHAPTER - THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................ 11
Research Design ......................................................................................................................... 11
Qualitative Methods in Public Research: ................................................................................... 12
Quantitative methods:................................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER - FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS............................................... 15
Public policy development process: ........................................................................................... 15
Agenda Setting ........................................................................................................................... 16
Review previous plans................................................................................................................ 16
International commitments and sponsors ................................................................................... 17
Political parties and non-state actors .......................................................................................... 17
Ground problems analysis and policy experts:........................................................................... 18
Adoption of agenda and overall formulation.............................................................................. 18
Planning operations budgeting process ...................................................................................... 18

Monitoring and evaluation.......................................................................................................... 19
Failure of development plans and goals ..................................................................................... 19
Problems in the process of public policy development .............................................................. 20
Centralized and Top-down Approach......................................................................................... 20
Over dominance of political parties and elites ........................................................................... 20
Lack of research in public policy development:......................................................................... 21
Influence of donors..................................................................................................................... 21
Exclusion in shaping development policy.................................................................................. 22
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY,FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 23
References....................................................................................................................................... 24
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CHAPTER - ONE
Introduction
A development policy process is the backbone and fundamental requirement of a successful
policy government's ability to overcome problems and manage demand people. This is a state
public policy of great concern government must structure politics initiate new measures for
change or stop them in connection with burning public affairs Public policy is “everything that
government decides whether or not to do”. (Dyer, 1972)
Various types of public policies are formed and operated in states. In different types of public
policies distribution, redistribution and policies related to redistribution. Economic growth is an
area of development policy called development plan too. Because the plan itself is a policy the
plan is essentially one. A systematic conscious and continuous attempt to select the best
available alternatives to achieve a certain goals as defined (Waterston, 1969). Politics in its
broader concept includes not only policy decisions but also their decisions implementation and
evaluation throughout the policy cycle. So the development planning as a development policy
carries the entire political development process the development plan is to use this framework
to accelerate the pace of economic and social processes. Therefore, development policies are
closely related to national economic activities. It translates into an action plan to reach your
goals. The plan provides the system. An approach that helps stimulates the development
process. The development plan is systematic management of resources to achieve specific
goals or achieving the target within the given time frame is a prerequisite to ensure prompt
implementation development (Shakya, 2008)
Since 1956, Nepal has continuously applied a planned development policy afterwards Launch
of planned development concept in Nepal 14 long term. The plan was finalized under the
guidance of the National Planning Commission (NPC). However Nepal still ranks among the
least developed countries among 47 countries (UNCTAD, 2017) A mid global development
competition due to declining economic growth and declining per capita population people's
income. Such a weak reality lies in the background of the 15th plan. From fiscal year 2019/20
onwards, we will follow our national vision of “Prosper Nepal Happy Nepali.
The national vision of the 15th Plan is Comprehensive socio-economic transformation, people's

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expectations for performance Achieve high economic growth and ensure coordinated
distribution and redistribution full justice to move Nepal from least developed country to
developing country.
The statement of problems
It is very tuff to find the public policy development process of Nepal in well documented form
and these studies try to fulfill that gap as an initiation of development process of policy in
Nepal.
It is therefore important to note that policy changes are closely related to development process.
Nepal has undergoing the many political systems changes in last 7 decades and has formulated
several public policies
Development of a policy does not guarantee success in the field unless the policy is properly
implemented. Pressman and Wildavsky (1984) were the first to show that implementation
dominates results. It is difficult to say which factors or conditions will favor successful
implementation, as they depend heavily on political, economic and social circumstances. For
example, regional factors (size, institutional complexity, etc.) are important for policy
responses (McLaughlin 1987). In this sense, Payne (2008) argues that seeking general solutions
and ignoring specific contexts can lead to inconsistent implementation efforts.
Policies are created by the policy process. This is the normal case designed as a cycle. The
policy process starts normally by a political decision (usually in the form of a general
declaration, policy goals), followed by detailed policy formulation (Skopje, 2007).

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Objectives of the study
The general objective of this study is to find out the policy development process in Nepal.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To know the major of public policy actors in Nepal;
2. To understand the public policies developing aproaches;
3. To explain the method of public policy development;
Significance of the study
This study is focused to know about the ongoing status of policy development process.
Depending on the interests and needs of the community, the development of a policy often
involves identify, research and analyze a particular problem, and consult with community,
community members and other stakeholders. Information collected is then aggregated to make
choices and recommendations for a proposed way forward for elected leaders (Heads and
Councils, "leaders") to decide – by policy proposal form. A policy proposal typically includes
the implementation and communication plan. Administrative managers and policymakers
(Admins) must then decide how to move forward and decisions are aligned with priorities,
strategies plans, budgets and agendas. Once the decision is made to continue with a particular
choice is implemented, policy implementation begins, and it is monitored and evaluated to
ensure that the issues raised are resolved.
Limitations of the study:
Almost all the studies have some sorts of limitations and this study has some limitations,
which are mentioned as follows: Because of the short period of time, resources as well as
money, study will be some following limitations: -
 This study will be focused on more secondary data base and there are not enough
previous studies related to these topics in Nepal.
 The study will be very broad; therefore, the conclusions drawn from this study will be


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more indicative rather than conclusive.
 The conclusions might be generalized conclusion not a specific one.
Structure of the study
The study is divided into five chapters, which are mentioned below as:
Chapter I Introduction includes background, statement of the problem, objective of the
study, significance of the study.
Chapter II Literature review consists of theoretical discussions. On the other hand it consists
of empirical studies of research articles and dissertations.
Chapter III Research methodology, include the research design, its methodology has been
explained. The methods and materials used for the collection of qualitative and quantitative
information and data. Basically this chapter focuses on selection of the study areas; method of
data collection, universe and sampling, description of the sample, Interview method was done.
Data Processing is also due attention.
Chapter IV Data presentation and analysis
Chapter V Summary, finding and conclusion.

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CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The public policy development stage before B.S 2007 times was autocratic, made by strong
government, rulers made policies and people were as a receiver only. In policies the interest of
rulers were included as well as national interest synonymous with rulers interests and the
bureaucracy / experts/ influential were like a subservient and implementation was effective.
Similarly before B.S. 2047 in Panchayat time the public policies found to be made through
guided people’s participation and ultimate decision maker the sovereign/ crown, the people
subject were selected based on export technical and bureaucratic influence and at this stage
implementation was also effective. After B.S. 2047 people became sovereign, practice of plural
democracy, soft state- civil society power, liberal, multiple actors, plural interests in policy
making, democratic, state, market and civil society collaboration, populist statements without
serious cost/ benefit analysis, manipulation at the implementation level, foreign agency,
corporate group and interest group lobbying influenced public policy. From this phase the
implantation of policy is not as effective as expected. In transition period between B.S. 2063-
2072, the state, civil society, local community and private sector were weak, and also the
political parties were discredited and not strong. At this phase the policy making and
implementation was influenced by international donor’s agencies and partners. After B.S 2072
Nepal constitutionally decentralized, regionalized in inclusive / proportionally representative,
regional power, interests and state and local government have become stronger, The influence
of civil society, private sector and international partners became weaker. The implementation
process is ongoing and there is much space to fulfill for effective implementation of public
policy yet, Jagadish C. Pokharel (2014).
Policies are converted into themed programs fordone with the allocation of resources in the
budget. It allocates every year resources for population growth based on demand and stress on
demand. The budgeting process begins with the National Development Council (NPC) by
contacting the line ministries to deliver programs with an interim budget within a structured
framework. This proceeds down to local agencies and send it back to reputable ministries with
proposals for programs and budget. The NPC also examines the programs received through
various discussions, based on data analyzed and transmitted to the Ministry of Finance ceiling
budget (Prem Prasad Limbu, 2019).
The Ministry of Finance finalizes the budget through various consultations mainly with

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legislators, allocate the budget and determine the taxes and revenues remaining in the ceiling
NPC in direct and indirect consultation with the Prime Minister`s office (Prem Prasad Limbu,
2019).
NPCs are independent observers and reviewers who can ask important questions. Ongoing
programs and projects, taking into account the resulting policies, strategies and constraints
NPCs are mandatory for all respected plan enforcement agencies (Ordinance, 2018:18)
However, never before has her NPC performed such impressive and exemplary work.
Nepal has 63 years of planned development practice but has completed many developments.
The issue is still open. The practice of deferring major development work to the future plan
continuously a review of previous plans shows that there are improvements People's level of
consciousness compared to the past, entry into society modernization, health, education,
drinking water, Social security, roads, communication technology, urban infrastructure, etc.
infrastructure quality is not yet guaranteed (Prem Prasad Limbu, 2019).
Apparently, the people of Nepal are suffering from stagnant economic growth due to the lack
of strong public policy implementation caused by frequent changes in political leaders and a
weak bureaucracy that has hindered economic growth (Madhav Shrestha, 2021).
Public policy research addresses issues of social importance; mixed-method research is often
preferred as a means of reaching sufficiently specific results and conclusions, reliable basis for
politics (Susan Mbula Kilonzo and Ayobami Ojebode, 2022)

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CHAPTER - THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is a process of gathering, recording, analyzing, and interpreting the
data. This chapter deals about research methodology used in this study. The basic
objective of this study is to explore employee retention of sample banks and to find out the
relation of retention and its components. For achieving the objective, the following research
methodology shall be followed in the course of conducting the research.
Research Design
In public policy research is research whose primary objective is to understand or explain social,
political, economic, cultural and other issues that are important to society and require
intervention or intentions of policy actors. By providing an understanding of these issues,
research also presents itself as a reliable basis for the actions and interventions of these political
actors. It must therefore be solid evidence-based research, crafted with compelling rigor and
woven from start to finish around a social issue of interest. Public policy research must not
only be thorough and credible, but it must go beyond describing problems and situations to
consider how and why things happen (Osifo, 2015), establishing causality in relation to a given
problem and options for solving such problem. Descriptive research can provide an important
basis for policy. However, causality studies often receive more interest and attention than
descriptive studies.
The literature shows that statistical evidence is of great importance in the history of policy
research (Mead 2005). Studies designed to inform policy are therefore mostly, if not always,
research-based (Mead 2005) are good at creating an accurate representation of the customer
served by a particular policy.
Mead (2005) argues that a more complex and robust approach incorporating factors beyond
statistics are needed. It was considered that the synthesis of research methods, that is mixed-
methods design, is important for public policy research arguing for the credibility of results that
capture the attention of policy makers and inform subsequent policy processes.
Good research methods for public policy require stakeholder engagement in the research
process to improve the use of research findings and recommendations for effective policy. In
addition to policy makers, political actors include the general public, who invariably receive
the end products of public policy research.

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Qualitative Methods in Public Research:
In short, qualitative methods aim to provide perspectives, attitudes, insights, and contextual
understanding around the problem is being studied as it is lived and understood by those who
live it. The output of qualitative methods is often the verbalized thoughts and opinions of the
survey subjects rather than numbers or statistics. Below are some research methods that will be
used in this study as a qualitative research method. Note that each of these methods applies a
variety of tools to data collection.
Historical and archival research:
For this type of method libraries and archives will be used, usually they store historical
information in a variety of formats including, but not limited to, diaries, photographs,
documents, logs, and artifacts. This means they may be stored as primary or secondary data.
Ethnographic Method:
In this study through this method, examination of communities in their natural environment in
order to understand their activities, behaviors, attitudes, perspectives and opinions in social
environments will be performed. For this reason, ethnography requires close ties to the research
community and sometimes participation in their activities. Indeed, a commonly used data
collection method in ethnography is observation of participants.
Phenomenology:
This method focuses on the lived experience of a particular phenomenon by an individual or
group of people. Individuals can express their own views and opinions about the phenomena in
question. In this study the experiences of concerned people will be collected.
Narrative method:
In this study this method will use for to know a story that structures human activity and gives it
some form of meaning. In studies using narrative methods, research participants are prompted
to tell their own stories about a particular topic. Researchers listen to stories and use them to
create informed analyzes about the topic at hand.
Case Study Method:
For this study a case study one of the most important methodology to understand a focused
analysis of a small number of phenomena (events, actors, activities, processes, organizations,
communities, etc.) in each context. Single case as well as comparative case study will be used
for individual and a comparative causal explanation.

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Action Research Method:
In this study this method will uses practical approaches to solve pressing problems.
In this case, through this method it will apply to identify difficult problems within communities
that require possible solutions. It will be applied to the problem for which the survey is
designed. The community will ponder the effectiveness of the applied solution and take
appropriate action. In this process a variety of data collection methods, including oral
interviews, surveys, community mapping, and observations will be applied.
Ground theory research method:
This study will apply inductive approaches to conduct research. The inductive approach is
grounding, or bottom-up approach. In this case, study start with observations and provide
patterns from which to draw conclusions and theories. Evidence-based research therefore
moves from the point where a theory is inadequate or no theory exists, to the point where
researchers can derive good hypotheses, and where theories can be constructed from
observations and analysis of the data. Like other qualitative methods that use different data
collection methods such as oral interviews, observations, and the use of documents of all kinds.
Quantitative methods:
Quantitative research uses research tools such as surveys, tests, content dimension sheets, and
other similar sources to generate numerical data. The data are then subjected to mathematical
or statistical analysis. The following methods will use for this study under quantitative method.
Surveys:
For this study both close-ended and open ended query will be used for data collection. For this
purpose cellphone interviews and written questionnaire will be used for survey works.
Observation Survey:
Observations are essential for each qualitative and quantitative study. In this study this method
is important, for interacting with the study environment and participants in a manner that the
questionnaire could not. Observational data for this study will be collected using
standardized/structured observation schedules. A descriptive observational record or a rating
scale will be used, which is applicable to collect observational data. This method will apply to
observe and record the behavior and activities in the selected study sites in a standardized way.
Applied Quantitative Method:
In this method will use existing data sets and apply analytical methods to facilitate description

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of data that has already been recorded and stored. Usually various research organization store
various type of data sets. This method is very useful for analyzing with the purpose of
achieving a certain research objective. For this type of method it is required to get permission
from relevant organization to access such information. One of the challenges with these types
of data sets is that if they contain error in data in any way, then the errors will be carried in the
analysis.
In this current study, using of both qualitative and quantitative method is important for various
reasons. The qualitative method provides explanations and quantitative method for statistical
results.

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CHAPTER - FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Data analysis requires several interrelated operations such as establishing categories, applying
those categories to raw data through coding, tabulating, and then drawing statistical inferences
(Kothari, 2008, page 18). It involves preparing data for analysis, conducting various analyses,
digging deeper and deeper into the data (some qualitative researchers like to think of this as
peeling off layers of onion), data presentation and data interpretation greater significance of the
data (Creswell, 2011, p. 183).
Public policy development process:
Practice of dealing with and recognizing problems that have become problems in society
The Development Agenda initiates the process of setting the agenda following the setting of the
agenda adoption and formulation of the plan in the second stage. The third step is the execution
of the plan measures taken to achieve goals and objectives. The fourth step is monitoring and
evaluation of ongoing programs and projects.
Figure 1: Development Policy Process in Nepal

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Agenda Setting
Agenda setting is the first step in the development policy process the root of the problem Human
soil is the main source. There are various formats such as: economy, politics, social, cultural,
religious, educational, etc. The political agenda is condensed, disseminated by formal, informal
and individual party’s development agenda. Therefore, in addition to justified social issues,
constitutions, ideologies, theories, and other external factors are also agreed sources for the
development agenda. Agenda sources are very important in setting the development agenda or
problems scattered across different domains are identified, addressed, analyzed, weighted and it
is set as an institutional political issue. In this way, "political issues are analyzed, weighted and
evaluated.
We chose the best on the institutional agenda" (Anderson, 2003) continue development
department. The main agenda sources for Nepal's development policy are briefly described
below, as the strength of agenda setting depends on the strength of the sources.
Constitutional Provisions:
Constitutional political commitments and guiding principles (NPC, 2019) fundamentals of
Nepal's development policy is formed as a rule constitutional guidance. The theoretical provision
laid down for the constitutional framework the political system opens the door for national
development policy principle (Article 50) of the constitution to strengthen the political
objectives of the state. A federal republic guarantees the protection of liberty, equality and
proportionality, participation and social justice by internalizing the principle of inclusion
governance system. The state's economic goal is to economy self-sufficient and independent
economy developing in the direction of socialism.
Terminate all forms of economy and equitably distribute resources and means exploitation and
inequality” (Constitution, 2015) is an example of a policy source for development plan.
Review previous plans
According to international practice, Nepal's development policy is also subject to the review of
previous plans as a fundamental source of development policy. The examination of vision, goals,
objectives and program guidelines from the previous plan to the design of new plans and new
policies Nepal's Fifteenth Plan also amends the Fourteenth Plan (NPC, 2019) where the main
achievements of the set objectives are analyzed in a comparative way failure, success, growth
rate, progress status and hard experience are taken from evaluation but also to evaluate the

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effectiveness of the leadership, direction, organization and implementation of political agencies.
It provides statistical conclusions; clear situations to identify challenges and innovations prepare
the next agenda.
International commitments and sponsors
The state's international commitments are a powerful source of the development agenda. Finally
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an example of such a source of development
policy. According to the government commitment, the current development plan of Nepal has
been approved 17 the SDGs are the development agenda as localized and localized development
programs at the federal, provincial and local levels (Ibid: 2).
SDC continues the momentum created by Millennium Development (MDGs) to align with the
post-2015 global development framework, MDGs, are a historic Millennium Declaration signed
by 189 countries in September 2002 in United Nations (UN) with a collective commitment to
achieve a set of eight measurable goals ranging from halving extreme poverty and hunger to
promoting gender equality and reduce infant mortality with a comprehensive and holistic
approach on development as a right by 2015. The days of the MDGs are over in 2015 but the
agendas continued after 2015 by adding 9 new programs focused on building a world where
environmental sustainability, social inclusion and economic development also valid on behalf of
the SDGs. It has been handled since the Rio+20 Conference (United Nations Conference on
Sustainable Development) in Rio de Janeiro, June 2012 and adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly in 2015 as a new global development agenda period 2015-2030 (SERIC,
2016: 39).
The political process in Nepal is still governed mainly by the government and development
agencies Partners. “For about seven decades now, international development cooperation
contributes to Nepal's joint development efforts” (GNMoF, 2019). This shows that international
agencies play an important role in shaping development policies in Nepal.
Political parties and non-state actors
The philosophical and ideological motives mentioned in the manifestos of political parties are
important in the public policy development process. The development vision promised and
expressed in the election campaigns are also the source of politics in multi-party democracy
ruling party manifesto and participation holds great value in policy formation, as well as in

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socialist orientation programs and eliminate all forms of discrimination (NCP, 2018) is the
reflection of manifesto of the communist Party of Nepal. Like political parties, non-state actors
and economic factors; As market, private sector agency and media group of data subject
Stakeholders (community organizations, IPOs, CBOs, etc.) are also influential.
Ground problems analysis and policy experts:
The problems that people face every day in society are fundamental problems.
However, it is very difficult to find such problems and correct them as a national development
policy. Ordinary people in these remote areas policy experts should be able to identify. We will
take up these problems as national issues, if a political expert could identify such that counties
themselves alone can lead the self-development process. In this context Irish Aid white paper
mentions relevant lines, developing countries must lead their own policies development.
Individuals and communities are the main players in development and country. Donors can play
a supporting and facilitating role (government
Ireland, 2005). This is made possible by a bottom-up approach with sufficient policies.
Investigations by relevant political groups and experts, in this regard, the neighbor China's
working process could give Nepal a good chance, which is the focus of the plan.
State and local levels are designed with their respective levels of development and reform and
prior information and consent are also obtained by those affected for the program.
Adoption of agenda and overall formulation
Adoption of development policy agenda in Nepal builds on draft concept paper that is
transferred to the development plan at various stages. Here are the steps: draft concept note, draft
discussion, draft review, draft approval a concept paper reviewed by NDC has been forwarded
for implementation.
Planning operations budgeting process
A budget is a microform of long-term development policy and planning based on it.
By analysis of the state of the country, policies are translated into programs by theme.
Implementation is done with resource allocation within budget. Budget is an annual program it
forecasts the state's annual income and expenses. Budget nationally awarded every year
resources for the development of people according to their needs and needs.
The budgeting process starts with the NPC by contacting the Department of the Line Ministry.

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Propose a budgeted program in a structured framework ministry planning documents forwarded
to affected sub-institutions and offices for collection.
Elaboration of details should be prepared for future planning in the areas concerned. This
process precedes that back to proposed programs and respected ministries up to Local
Government budget. The ministries review the received budget programs and forward them to
the NPC. NPCs also check the received programs in the database through various discussions
transfer to the Ministry of Finance with analysis and budget cap. The Ministry of Finance
basically finalizes the budget after various consultations. Congress allocates budget and decides
taxes and revenues remaining on cap, NPC that consults directly and indirectly with the Prime
Minister's Office through NPCs. Final approval of budgets ready to be submitted to Congress
that can be indicated by NPCs flexibility above or below the budget cap of approximately 5-
10%.
Therefore, the Ministry of Finance is a cornerstone, an agency that designs budget programs
because it has the power to allocate budgets. When budget resource analysis treasury completes
budget allocation is performed. The context of Nepal is the strong influence of the prime
minister and ministers in powerful politics put a position. So there is a great opportunity to
replace the public agenda reasonable interest from leaders in various sectors (Kuwar, 2019).
Monitoring and evaluation
NPCs are independent observers and reviewers who can ask important questions. Ongoing
programs and projects, taking into account the resulting policies, strategies and constraints NPCs
are mandatory for all respected plan enforcement agencies (Regulations, 2018) However, never
before has her NPC performed such impressive and exemplary work. Assessment of focus areas
and resource drivers for annual and periodic preparations monitoring and evaluating ongoing
development enables planning program. Effective monitoring and evaluation must be innovative
members of the subject area assigned to them, practice effectively.
Failure of development plans and goals
Nepal has 63 years of planned development practice but has completed many developments the
issue is still open. The practice of deferring major development work to the future plan
continuously, a review of previous plans shows that there are improvements People's level of
consciousness compared to the past, entry into society modernization, health, education, drinking
water, social security, roads, communication technology, urban infrastructure and infrastructure

20
quality not yet guaranteed.
Not only has the economic growth rate been below target, but the progress of human
development indicators is also not satisfactory. We also see it the same trend of economic
growth. Goals are high, achievements are low. Whether we observe the 14th revision of the plan;
life expectancy goal is 72 years but achievement is only 69.7, the absolute poverty reduction
target is 11%, but the reduction has been was stopped in 18.7 % when the goal of increasing the
literacy rate of the population over 15 years old is 92 % but pass is only 82.6%.
Problems in the process of public policy development
Centralized and top-down approach, elite-controlled agenda and planning, absent research on
development policy, strong influence of external factors, weak supervision and assessment and
exclusion in the agency and development policy process is the key to be identified problems that
lead to failure to achieve the intended goal.
Centralized and Top-down Approach
The sixth plan of the Panchayat period was developed with cooperation and suggestion of His
Majesty`s Government Ministries, departments and corporations and other governmental, quasi-
governmental and non-governmental organizations and some intellectuals (NPC, 1980).at the
regional level with the participation of representatives of village development committees,
development committees and cities to determine the framework of the plan. In at the national
level, consultations have taken place with parliamentary committees, parliamentarians,
academics and industry experts (NPC, 2002:2).The Twelfth Plan also conducts a two-level
program of national and regional consultations (NPC:2010). Thus, if we look at the consultation
level, not all are above the central and regional levels. All representative positions to collect
these recommendations do not affect those at the grassroots level. The members participating in
the consultation are also very influenced by pre-structured ideas put into draft by Kathmandu-
based elites controlled thinking.
Over dominance of political parties and elites
By determining individual qualifications (Ordinance, 2018) for NPC members, the law itself
maintains strong hegemony of limited elites in the developed politics of Nepal treat.
While the elites of the legal supply enjoy the economic, social and positions of political power,
after the restoration of democracy in 1990, the total six long-term and interim plans formed with

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the contributions of 39 policy makers NPC vice president and members of them 62 percent
created by Hill Brahama Kshetri, 23% Indigenous, 13% Madhesi and 5% women representative
(Table 3) or representative Dalit. Policy leaders, whether motivated by considerations of their
own political, public interest, or interest’s political reputation, being able to take on problems,
publish them and propose solutions, but sometimes such influences can be left unchecked due to
electoral interests, historical achievement and good political consideration (Anderson, 2003),
Nepalese the political process is facing such a high-level problem. Legally, the vice president of
APN and members are appointed based on merit and expertise, however, mostly the ruling party
name your commit follower.
Lack of research in public policy development:
Development policy National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Agency of the
People`s Republic China, the world's second largest economy, has an independent and powerful
sector. Policy research is require to produce key documents, organizing research on relevant key
issues national economy, social development, international economy to provide new jobs
information Policy (ICS, 2013:34).
Therefore, if there is no such development policy research unit. It is difficult to identify internal
state problems on the basis of national interests. A serious problem is Nepal, for development
policies and plan; NPCs need a continuous and timely flow. Although reliable data, there are
also some Nepalese National Statistical Systems (NSS) 78 International Research Journal of
Management Science Vol. December 4, 2019 Issue 1 Restrictions that impede policy decisions.
NSS is focused on data generation meet government and administrative needs without using the
bulk of your data area of development. Based on such an NSS data system, NPCs can an
enormous amount of data is missing in the political process.
Influence of donors
Many development plans, especially mega plans the design requires a lot of money, but the
construction cost is too high. It can be brought into an external source.
Various external influences International multinational corporations and internal elites rule, like
I/NGOIn the Nepalese context, public interest is strong. Imitation of political materials from
other countries without recognizing different needs and situations within the country influenced
by international institutions that may not reflects national well-being.
To do so, the policy process should be translated into prioritization of national institutions, Nepal

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version.
Exclusion in shaping development policy
A key source of information on policy and planning agendas are the voices of affected
stakeholders and poor groups. To do that, we need to stop exclusion and practice inclusion.
Because inclusive processes are critical to ensuring that all sections of society have access to
government, decision-making to better reflect their needs and aspirations in both politics and
politics manufacturing and servicing.
Member of Parliament, minister, former politician, various organization representatives, major
political party representatives, district representative’s development policy process in Nepal:
critical analysis 79 Coordinators and heads and deputy heads of local bodies (NPC, 2019) are
involved Consultations at national and state levels just to comment on the ready-made draft
NPCs. You are not asked to come up with a new political agenda.
Therefore, such a process cannot guarantee construction inclusive political process.
Development policies and plans affect all people equally and this is increasing inclusive growth
means: “Inclusive growth is not just about a more just society, a stronger economy (OECD,
2015:26). Development policies and plans should affect everyone proportional to region, gender,
ethnicity, caste, community and group.

23
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS
Public policy development is not just an economic phenomenon, it is a multifaceted
phenomenon. The process of reorganization and reorganization of the entire economic and social
system that strives for that improve quality of life for all and protect ecosystems. Existing the
Kathmandu-centric political system and unilateral development policy process cannot do this
relating to the federal system of Nepal. Continuation of old trends unrestricted intervention in all
areas of development policy is incompatible a model of the newly created federal state system
for this reason, the Planning Commission should facilitate political dialogue between leaders of
all sectors and level.
A top-down approach that relies on elite-controlled knowledge systems and parties control the
so-called performance-based composition of political institutions in a low-priority process
Ensuring public participation in the entire development policy process has proven its worth in
the long run incomplete centralized policy and planning processes.
Hence the deconstruction the International Research Journal of Management Science Vol. 4 No.
1 Dec 2019elite-controlled, centralized top-down political process into a bottom-up approach
ensuring multifaceted participation is his one solution helps to generate the Stakeholder
ownership of relevant policies to help speed up activities, we guarantee sustainability and
productivity. Poor research in policy areas has so far produced weaker alternatives innovative
needs-based (Sharma, 2019) Policy and planning education as a member of society demands of
the state`s geopolitical and sociocultural asymmetric dynamics so sixty-three his year-long
journey through the planned development model only contributes in slow motion failed on many
goals of the change.
An efficient development policy process can eradicate such all kinds of issues for the prosperity
and well-being of the people of Nepal. If possible it is possible we comply with SDG
Declaration No. 16 “Promoting Peace and Inclusion” and implement it conscientiously. Create a
society for sustainable development, access to effective justice for all, Accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels (SESRIC, 2016:39) valid monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and
practices should be meaningfully developed Change and development in Nepal.

24
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