The document summarizes Norse mythology, including the major gods and other figures. It describes the two clans of gods, the Aesir and Vanir, and names some of the most important gods from each, including Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, and Freyja. It also discusses the creation myth of Norse mythology, in which the gods formed the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir, and the role of Yggdrasil, the world tree that connects the nine realms.
Lecture 17 Barbarians the Germanic tribes and the Norseme.docxsmile790243
Lecture 17 Barbarians: the Germanic tribes and the Norsemen
The Germanic and the Norse mythologies are very similar and they reflect the harsh
environment and the fierce fighters that these people were. These are the people that the Romans
called barbarians; that’s where the word comes from. The very sophisticated Romans feared the
barbarians, who were actually able to bring down the entire Roman Empire. These are the Vikings, a
different group, because they not only were able to trade and went from Scandinavian countries all the
way down to North Africa and had trading ventures with the Muslim states, but at the same time they
were pillaging the coastlines of Europe and the Brit ish Isles. They had settled Iceland. You talk about
global warming. At the time that the Vikings were heading out, Greenland was actually green and for 75
years, the Vikings had established a community there in this very rich environment until the ice
returned. An entire village is caught under 20, 30, 40, 50 feet of snow and is now being excavated. The
Vikings even went further on, using Greenland as a base probably, and went to Nova Scotia or in that
area and established communities there. These wer e a wide ranging people who believed that the gods
were there as protectors and the gods were there as helpers, but when it came down to brass tacks,
these people believed that a person controlled his own destiny. You tried to do your best, you asked for
help, but then you play the cards, the hand, that you are dealt.
Another interesting side note about Viking culture is that generally in all the Germanic tribes,
and they were mostly tribes and clans, the succession of leader went to the strongest, the f ittest, and
the bravest. But, when some of the Vikings became extremely wealthy with their trading particularly
with the Muslims in North Africa, they wanted to keep that money within their own families, so they
changed the succession so that it went from father to son, rather than strongest to strongest. It is
interesting to note that in some of these clans where the succession had changed, the entire culture fell
apart within a couple of generations.
Even our days of the week remind us of the Norse go ds. For instance, Thor’s Day, Thursday.
Thor was the god of thunder, and the most powerful god. It is interesting that he was not the leader of
the family of gods, but by far the most powerful one. He had a magic hammer, Mjollnir, that every time
he threw it, it would return to him. Freya’s Day, Friday. Freya being the goddess of fertility and love ,
the most beautiful of all the goddesses. And Wodin’s Day, Wednesday. Wodin is also known as Odin,
depending on the pronunciation and spelling of the lo cality where it comes from. Odin was actually the
leader of the gods, the one who was able to keep the family, the loose confederation, of the gods
together. He was a one-eyed god and it is not often that we hav ...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Lecture 17 Barbarians the Germanic tribes and the Norseme.docxsmile790243
Lecture 17 Barbarians: the Germanic tribes and the Norsemen
The Germanic and the Norse mythologies are very similar and they reflect the harsh
environment and the fierce fighters that these people were. These are the people that the Romans
called barbarians; that’s where the word comes from. The very sophisticated Romans feared the
barbarians, who were actually able to bring down the entire Roman Empire. These are the Vikings, a
different group, because they not only were able to trade and went from Scandinavian countries all the
way down to North Africa and had trading ventures with the Muslim states, but at the same time they
were pillaging the coastlines of Europe and the Brit ish Isles. They had settled Iceland. You talk about
global warming. At the time that the Vikings were heading out, Greenland was actually green and for 75
years, the Vikings had established a community there in this very rich environment until the ice
returned. An entire village is caught under 20, 30, 40, 50 feet of snow and is now being excavated. The
Vikings even went further on, using Greenland as a base probably, and went to Nova Scotia or in that
area and established communities there. These wer e a wide ranging people who believed that the gods
were there as protectors and the gods were there as helpers, but when it came down to brass tacks,
these people believed that a person controlled his own destiny. You tried to do your best, you asked for
help, but then you play the cards, the hand, that you are dealt.
Another interesting side note about Viking culture is that generally in all the Germanic tribes,
and they were mostly tribes and clans, the succession of leader went to the strongest, the f ittest, and
the bravest. But, when some of the Vikings became extremely wealthy with their trading particularly
with the Muslims in North Africa, they wanted to keep that money within their own families, so they
changed the succession so that it went from father to son, rather than strongest to strongest. It is
interesting to note that in some of these clans where the succession had changed, the entire culture fell
apart within a couple of generations.
Even our days of the week remind us of the Norse go ds. For instance, Thor’s Day, Thursday.
Thor was the god of thunder, and the most powerful god. It is interesting that he was not the leader of
the family of gods, but by far the most powerful one. He had a magic hammer, Mjollnir, that every time
he threw it, it would return to him. Freya’s Day, Friday. Freya being the goddess of fertility and love ,
the most beautiful of all the goddesses. And Wodin’s Day, Wednesday. Wodin is also known as Odin,
depending on the pronunciation and spelling of the lo cality where it comes from. Odin was actually the
leader of the gods, the one who was able to keep the family, the loose confederation, of the gods
together. He was a one-eyed god and it is not often that we hav ...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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4. The Norse gods and goddesses
belong to two major clans: Æsir
and Vanir. Odin, Frigg, Thor,
Loki, Balder, Hod, Heimdall and
Tyr are the most elevated
representatives of Æsir and are
known as the main gods.
5. The second clan, Vanir, contains
the fertility gods and count
Njord, Freyr, and Freyja as their
most notable members. Despite
the antagonism between them, it
was necessary for the two
families to combine their powers
and ideals for all to prosper.
6.
7. Borr
Father of Odin, Vili and Vé,
whose origins within Norse
mythology remain shrouded in
mystery: his mother was never
revealed. Borr is sometimes
taken to signify the earth, or the
very first mountain.
8. Odin
The supreme deity of Norse
mythology and the greatest among
the Norse gods was Odin.
He was the son of the god Borr and
the Jötunn Bestla and was
considered to be the Allfather of the
Æsir.
9. Frigg
Odin’s wife, a paragon of beauty, love,
fertility and fate.
She was the mighty queen of Asgard, a
venerable Norse goddess of the sky, who
was gifted with the power of divination,
and yet was surrounded by an air of
secrecy.
the only goddess allowed to sit next to her
husband and remained loyal to him
despite his numerous extra-marital affairs.
Frigg was a very protective mother, she
secured an oath from the elements,
beasts, weapons and poisons to ensure
that they would not injure her brilliant and
loving son, Balder. Her trust was betrayed
by Loki, a most deceitful god. Frigg’s name
is directly responsible for our rendering of
the word for “Friday”.
10. Balder
Frigg and Odin were the parents of
Balder, who was described as living
between heaven and earth.
He is the epitome of radiance, beauty,
kindness and fairness, and was the god
of light and purity.
He was believed to be immortal but had
a nightmare that foretold his death. He
was ultimately killed with mistletoe - the
golden bough that was overlooked by
Frigg when she sought to secure oaths
that no entity would harm her son, and
therefore contained both his life and his
death.
11. Bragi
The eloquent bard of Valhalla,
Bragi is sometimes thought to
be one of Odin's sons,
although this isn't a universally
endorsed claim.
His name comes from the word
"bragr", which means "poetry",
and historical records exist of
many Viking or Norse poets
that shared his name. Bragi's
tongue had runes carved upon
it to represent his mastery
12. Hermod
Another disputed son of Odin,
Hermod was the fastest of all
the gods and goddesses in
Asgard and was therefore their
chosen messenger.
It was Hermod who rode
Sleipnir to plead that the
goddess Hel should release
Balder after his death. Hel
agreed, on the condition that the
whole of creation wept for
Balder’s loss.
13. Loki
Loki was a mischievous god who could
shape-shift and take up animalistic forms.
He conceived a scheme to cause the death
of Balder. Upon learning that mistletoe
was the only thing that could hurt Balder,
he placed a branch into the hands of the
blind god, Hod, and tricked him into
throwing it at Balder, killing him.
Known as the Father of Monsters, Loki
sired not only the terrifying great wolf,
Fenrir, but also the serpent Jörmungandr,
and Odin’s horse, Sleipnir.
14. Thor
Thor was Odin’s most widely-known son and
the husband of the goddess Sif. Thanks to the
Marvel Universe, he is still perhaps the most
well-known god in the Norse pantheon.
He was the protector of humanity and the
powerful god of thunder, who wielded a dwarf-
forged hammer named Mjöllnir: a devastating
weapon that could slay giants and break
mountains alike.
Among the Norse gods, he was known for his
bravery, strength, healing powers and
righteousness. Thor was often depicted riding a
chariot that was drawn by two immense goats
named Tanngnjostr and Tanngrisnir. The word
“Thursday” is taken directly from the old Norse
meaning “Thor’s Day”.
15. Freya
She was associated with
many of the same qualities
as Frigg: love, fertility
and beauty, although she
also practiced Seidr, a
form of magic that was
associated with control,
manipulation, fate and
destiny.
Freya was often shown
wearing a necklace named
Brisingamen and a cloak of
feathers. and her animal
companions included the two
cats who drew her chariot,
16. Tyr
The original God of war, and the
bravest of all the gods. So brave
was Tyr, that he placed his hand
into the mouth of the great wolf,
Fenrir, to ensure that the other
gods had the distraction they
needed to chain the beast to a
rock. This selfless act resulted in
the loss of Tyr’s hand. His name is
the direct inspiration for our
word for “Tuesday”.
18. The Norse creation
story recounts how
Odin and his
brothers used the
corpse of Ymir. They
brought his body to
Ginnungagap, then
made the Earth from
it. The sea was his
blood, the Earth his
flesh, the mountains
and stones his
bones, the heavens
19. Yggdrasil, or the “World
Tree”, was a colossal ash
tree that served as the
central arbor that
connected and held
together the nine realms
of the Norse cosmos. This
eternal tree was rooted
in the underworld,
extending through the
worlds and connecting
them all. Yggdrasil
served as a powerful
symbol of the
20. It was revered as a
sacred symbol of the
cosmos, and its roots
were believed to hold the
fate of the universe and
all its inhabitants. As
the World Tree, Yggdrasil
was central to Norse
cosmology, with its
branches reaching out to
the different realms,
including Asgard,
Midgard, and Helheim,
among others. Its trunk
and branches were
23. Yggdrasil is the home of the nine worlds of Norse
mythology. These worlds are:
• Asgard, home of the gods
• Álfheim, home of the elves
• Niðavellir, home of the dwarves
• Midgard, home of humans
• Jötunheim, land of the giants
• Vanaheim, home of a group of gods called the Vanir
• Niflheim, a world of ice
• Muspelheim, a world of fire
• Helheim, the underworld or world of the dead
25. What is the moral
lesson depicted in
the story?
Social order is
maintained when
different members
of the kingdom
remain in their
respective places,
respecting one
another’s personal
space and
26. A myth is a traditional story
based on ancient beliefs of
different communities that
presents supernatural
explanations of facts or
natural phenomena. The
purpose of the myth is not to
entertain, as is the case with
the short story, but to explain
the meaning of life.