A power plant is an industrial facility for generating electric power from various energy sources like heat, wind, and water. Power plants can be categorized based on fuel type, prime mover, and operational duty, with common types including nuclear, geothermal, fossil-fuel, and hydroelectric plants. They operate using systems like turbines and generators, and their efficiency can vary significantly, with thermal plants also producing waste heat as a byproduct.

1. Power Plant
Power Plant

2. Definition
Definition
A power station (also referred to as a
A power station (also referred to as a
generating station, power plant, powerhouse or
generating station, power plant, powerhouse or
generating plant) is an industrial facility for
generating plant) is an industrial facility for
the generation of electric power.
the generation of electric power.
Hydraulic Energy / Thermal Energy -> Mechanical Energy -> Electrical Energy
Hydraulic Energy / Thermal Energy -> Mechanical Energy -> Electrical Energy

3. Unit collection of Power Plant
Unit collection of Power Plant
 There may be several units which are
There may be several units which are
described below –
described below –
1.
1. Energy source (Heat, wind, water etc.)
Energy source (Heat, wind, water etc.)
2.
2. Turbine
Turbine
3. Generator (
3. Generator (a rotating machine that converts
a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electrical power by
mechanical power into electrical power by
creating relative motion between a magnetic
creating relative motion between a magnetic
field and a conductor
field and a conductor)
)

4. Types of Power Plant
Types of Power Plant
1. On the Basis of Primary Source / Fuel –
1. On the Basis of Primary Source / Fuel –
(a.) Nuclear Power Plants
(a.) Nuclear Power Plants
(b.) Geothermal Power Plants
(b.) Geothermal Power Plants
(c.) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants
(c.) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants
(d.) Biomass-Fuelled Power Plants
(d.) Biomass-Fuelled Power Plants
(e.) Solar Thermal Power Plants
(e.) Solar Thermal Power Plants

5. 2.On the Basis of Prime Mover
2.On the Basis of Prime Mover
(a.) Steam Turbine Power Plants
(a.) Steam Turbine Power Plants
(b.) Gas Turbine Power Plants
(b.) Gas Turbine Power Plants
(c.) Combined Cycle Power Plants
(c.) Combined Cycle Power Plants
(d.) Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used for small
(d.) Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used for small
cogeneration plants likes - Hospitals, office buildings,
cogeneration plants likes - Hospitals, office buildings,
industrial plants, and other critical facilities.
industrial plants, and other critical facilities.
(e.) Micro turbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion
(e.) Micro turbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion
reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using
reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using
opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water
opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water
treatment plants and waste gas from oil production
treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.
.

6. 3. On the Basis of Duty
3. On the Basis of Duty
(a.) Base Load Power Plants
(a.) Base Load Power Plants -
- Base Load Power Plants run nearly
Base Load Power Plants run nearly
continually to provide that component of system load that doesn't vary
continually to provide that component of system load that doesn't vary
during a day or week.
during a day or week.
(b.) Peaking Power Plants
(b.) Peaking Power Plants -
- Peaking power plants meet the daily peak
Peaking power plants meet the daily peak
load, which may only be for a one or two hours each day. While their
load, which may only be for a one or two hours each day. While their
incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants
incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants
(c.) Load Following Power Plants
(c.) Load Following Power Plants -
- Load following power plants can
Load following power plants can
economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load, at lower
economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load, at lower
cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than base load plants.
cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than base load plants.

7. Performance Efficiencies
Performance Efficiencies
 All thermal power plants produce waste heat
All thermal power plants produce waste heat
energy as a by product of the useful electrical
energy as a by product of the useful electrical
energy produced. The amount of waste heat
energy produced. The amount of waste heat
energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy
energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy
converted into useful electricity .
converted into useful electricity . Gas-fired
Gas-fired
power plants
power plants can achieve
can achieve “50%”
“50%” conversion
conversion
efficiency while
efficiency while coal and oil plants
coal and oil plants achieve
achieve
around
around “30–49%”.
“30–49%”.

8. Cooling Process / Cooling Tower
Cooling Process / Cooling Tower
(a.) Water Cooled
(a.) Water Cooled
(b.) Mechanical Induced
(b.) Mechanical Induced
Draft Wet Cooling
Draft Wet Cooling
(c.) Air Cooled
(c.) Air Cooled
Natural draft wet cooling tower

9. (a.) Water Cooled -
(a.) Water Cooled - many nuclear power plants and large fossil
many nuclear power plants and large fossil
fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney - like structures that
fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney - like structures that
release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water.
release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water.
(b.) Mechanical Induced Draft Wet Cooling -
(b.) Mechanical Induced Draft Wet Cooling - Many power
Many power plants use
plants use
fans to provide air movement upward through down coming water, and are not
fans to provide air movement upward through down coming water, and are not
hyperboloid chimney-like structures.
hyperboloid chimney-like structures.
(c.) Air Cooled
(c.) Air Cooled –
– In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or
In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or
directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary. These coolers have lower
directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary. These coolers have lower
efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical
efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical
wet, evaporative cooling tower.
wet, evaporative cooling tower.

10. Thermal Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant

11. Thermal Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant
A thermal power station is a
A thermal power station is a
power plant in which the
power plant in which the
prime mover is steam
prime mover is steam
driven. Water is heated,
driven. Water is heated,
turns into steam and spins a
turns into steam and spins a
steam turbine which drives
steam turbine which drives
an electrical generator. After
an electrical generator. After
it passes through the turbine,
it passes through the turbine,
the steam is condensed in a
the steam is condensed in a
condenser and recycled to
condenser and recycled to
where it was heated; this is
where it was heated; this is
known as a
known as a Rankine cycle
Rankine cycle.
.
T – S diagram of Rankine Cycle

12. Components of a Thermal Power Plant
Components of a Thermal Power Plant

1. Cooling tower
1. Cooling tower

2. Cooling water pump
2. Cooling water pump

3. transmission line (3-phase)
3. transmission line (3-phase)

4. Step-up transformer (3-phase)
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase)

5. Electrical generator (3-phase)
5. Electrical generator (3-phase)

6. Low pressure steam turbine
6. Low pressure steam turbine

7. Condensate pump
7. Condensate pump

8. Surface condenser
8. Surface condenser

9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine
9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine

10. Steam Control valve
10. Steam Control valve

11. High pressure steam turbine
11. High pressure steam turbine

12. De aerator
12. De aerator

13. Feed water heater
13. Feed water heater

14. Boiler steam drum
14. Boiler steam drum

15. Super heater
15. Super heater

16. Forced draught (draft) fan
16. Forced draught (draft) fan

17. Re heater
17. Re heater

18. Combustion air intake
18. Combustion air intake

19. Induced draught (draft) fan
19. Induced draught (draft) fan

13. 2.Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
2.Nuclear Thermal Power Plant
 The heat is produced by
The heat is produced by
fission in a nuclear
fission in a nuclear
reactor (a light water
reactor (a light water
reactor). Directly or
reactor). Directly or
indirectly, water vapour
indirectly, water vapour
(steam) is produced.
(steam) is produced.
The pressurized steam is
The pressurized steam is
then usually fed to a
then usually fed to a
multi-stage steam
multi-stage steam
turbine.
turbine.

14. Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Reactors
 A nuclear reactor is a
A nuclear reactor is a
device to initiate and
device to initiate and
control a sustained
control a sustained
nuclear chain reaction.
nuclear chain reaction.
The most common use
The most common use
of nuclear reactors is for
of nuclear reactors is for
the generation of
the generation of
electric energy and for
electric energy and for
the propulsion of ships.
the propulsion of ships.
The nuclear reactor is
The nuclear reactor is
the heart of the plant.
the heart of the plant.

15. Hydraulic Power Plant / Hydroelectricity
Hydraulic Power Plant / Hydroelectricity
 The production of
The production of
electrical power through
electrical power through
the use of the
the use of the
gravitational force of
gravitational force of
falling or flowing water.
falling or flowing water.
It is the most widely
It is the most widely
used form of renewable
used form of renewable
energy.
energy.

16. Generating Methods of Hydroelectricity
Generating Methods of Hydroelectricity
 Conventional ( dams )
Conventional ( dams ) -
- Most hydroelectric power comes from
Most hydroelectric power comes from
the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and
the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and
generator.
generator.
 Pumped-Storage -
Pumped-Storage - This method produces electricity to supply high
This method produces electricity to supply high
peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.
peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.
 Run-of-the-River -
Run-of-the-River - Run of the river hydropower could provide
Run of the river hydropower could provide
potential to drive the turbine.
potential to drive the turbine.
 Tide
Tide -
- A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean
A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean
water due to tides.
water due to tides.
 Underground -
Underground - A
An underground power station makes use of a large
n underground power station makes use of a large
natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or
natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or
mountain lake.
mountain lake.

17. Geothermal Power Plant
Geothermal Power Plant
 Geothermal electricity is
Geothermal electricity is
electricity generated
electricity generated
from geothermal
from geothermal
energy. Technologies in
energy. Technologies in
use include dry steam
use include dry steam
power plants, flash
power plants, flash
steam power plants and
steam power plants and
binary cycle power
binary cycle power
plants.
plants.

18. Types of Geothermal Power Plant
Types of Geothermal Power Plant
(1.) Dry Steam Power Plant -
(1.) Dry Steam Power Plant -They directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or
They directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or
greater to turn turbines.
greater to turn turbines.
(2.) Flash Steam Power Plants -
(2.) Flash Steam Power Plants - Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure
Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure
hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive
hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive
turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually more.
turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually more.
(3.)Binary Cycle Power Plants -
(3.)Binary Cycle Power Plants - The moderately hot geothermal water is
The moderately hot geothermal water is
passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This
passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This
causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the turbines.
causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the turbines.

19. For more visit
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Thank You
Thank You
A Power Point Presentation By
A Power Point Presentation By
Yogendra Singh Shekhawat
Yogendra Singh Shekhawat
B. Tech, Mechanical Engineering
B. Tech, Mechanical Engineering