This chapter discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Proper matching of blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
This document discusses the cardiovascular system, including blood vessel types and structure, hemodynamics, fluid exchange, blood pressure regulation, and shock. It covers the key components of arteries, veins, and capillaries, how fluid moves across capillary walls via Starling forces, the factors that influence blood flow and resistance, and the critical process of autoregulation to maintain homeostasis. It also addresses alterations in blood pressure like hypertension and hypotension, the different types of shock, and the body's compensatory responses to shock to restore hemodynamic balance.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. When blood vessels are damaged, hemostasis occurs through platelet plug formation, vascular constriction, and coagulation to stop blood loss. Blood typing involves determining the presence of antigens on red blood cells to ensure safe transfusions.
The document summarizes key points about circulation and the cardiovascular system from Chapter 23 of Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses how circulatory systems facilitate exchange between tissues and the environment. Both open and closed circulatory systems are described. The evolution of the vertebrate heart from two-chambered to four-chambered designs is covered. Key aspects of the human cardiovascular system like blood flow through the heart and blood vessel structure and function are summarized.
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis, the process of stopping blood loss from damaged blood vessels. They adhere to sites of injury and aggregate to form a platelet plug during primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis involves blood coagulation and reinforcement of the platelet plug with a fibrin mesh. Disorders of hemostasis can cause excessive bleeding from thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction (primary hemostasis) or coagulation factor deficiencies (secondary hemostasis). Laboratory tests are used to assess platelet count and function as well as coagulation factor levels.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including the structure and function of the GI tract and associated organs. It describes the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in digestion, absorption, and elimination. Key functions include ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste. The autonomic nervous and enteric nervous systems help coordinate GI movement and secretions.
Blood coagulation cascade. Brief outline of blood clotting cascade with information on tests. Over view for medical laboratory scientist program and for ASCP certification test
This chapter discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Proper matching of blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
This document discusses the cardiovascular system, including blood vessel types and structure, hemodynamics, fluid exchange, blood pressure regulation, and shock. It covers the key components of arteries, veins, and capillaries, how fluid moves across capillary walls via Starling forces, the factors that influence blood flow and resistance, and the critical process of autoregulation to maintain homeostasis. It also addresses alterations in blood pressure like hypertension and hypotension, the different types of shock, and the body's compensatory responses to shock to restore hemodynamic balance.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. When blood vessels are damaged, hemostasis occurs through platelet plug formation, vascular constriction, and coagulation to stop blood loss. Blood typing involves determining the presence of antigens on red blood cells to ensure safe transfusions.
The document summarizes key points about circulation and the cardiovascular system from Chapter 23 of Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses how circulatory systems facilitate exchange between tissues and the environment. Both open and closed circulatory systems are described. The evolution of the vertebrate heart from two-chambered to four-chambered designs is covered. Key aspects of the human cardiovascular system like blood flow through the heart and blood vessel structure and function are summarized.
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis, the process of stopping blood loss from damaged blood vessels. They adhere to sites of injury and aggregate to form a platelet plug during primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis involves blood coagulation and reinforcement of the platelet plug with a fibrin mesh. Disorders of hemostasis can cause excessive bleeding from thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction (primary hemostasis) or coagulation factor deficiencies (secondary hemostasis). Laboratory tests are used to assess platelet count and function as well as coagulation factor levels.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including the structure and function of the GI tract and associated organs. It describes the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in digestion, absorption, and elimination. Key functions include ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste. The autonomic nervous and enteric nervous systems help coordinate GI movement and secretions.
Blood coagulation cascade. Brief outline of blood clotting cascade with information on tests. Over view for medical laboratory scientist program and for ASCP certification test
The document summarizes the structure and function of the digestive system. It describes the digestive tract, which includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also describes the accessory organs that aid in digestion, such as the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas. Finally, it provides details on the histology and functions of the stomach, including the layers of the stomach wall, the cells that produce digestive juices, and how stomach secretions are regulated.
mcgraw hill chapter 19 blood power pointtaybarjohn
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood, including transport, regulation, protection, and clot formation. It describes the composition of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It covers hematopoiesis, hemoglobin, blood groups, hemostasis, diagnostic blood tests, and more. The key topics covered include the various cell types in blood, how they are produced and what roles they serve, and testing methods used to analyze blood components.
This document contains lecture slides about the endocrine system from a textbook on anatomy and physiology. It includes information on the major endocrine glands like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and the hormones they secrete. It also discusses the functions of hormones, types of hormones, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone secretion. Key endocrine concepts like the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and control of calcium levels are explained through diagrams and figures.
Human physiology studies the structure and function of the human body. It focuses on homeostasis, the process by which organisms regulate conditions to maintain life. The basic units of life are cells, which make up tissues and organs. Tissues are grouped into organs, which perform specific functions. Organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and allow cells to live in a constant environment. A failure of homeostasis can lead to illness and death.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the organs and their functions. It discusses the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs that empty into the alimentary canal include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It then provides more detailed descriptions of the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus and stomach.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. It describes the main organs involved, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It explains the processes of digestion that occur at each stage, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key points covered include the roles of saliva, enzymes, and movements like peristalsis in breaking down ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
The document describes the structure and function of the digestive system. It discusses the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. It explains how food is ingested, digested, and absorbed through mechanical and chemical processes involving these organs. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body through a series of steps including ingestion, secretion, digestion, absorption and defecation.
A2 - Unit 4 - Module 2 - OCR - Excretion - All Notes Final Pırıl Erel
Slides specifically for OCR syallbus during A-Levels, this is for A2 - Unit 4 - Module 2 - 1.2.1 - 1.2.8. I have made these for my students and they have found them very useful.
Includes Summary Questions, Further Application questions and key definitions at the end of the slides
Slides aimed for teachers, but can be used as revision slides for students also.
More than welcome to download, good luck with exams!
The liver is the largest internal organ, located in the upper right abdomen. It performs over 200 functions including storing nutrients, secreting bile, and synthesizing proteins and cholesterol. The liver creates bile which is composed of water, ions, bile acids, and organic molecules. Bile emulsifies fats during digestion so they can be absorbed by the small intestine. The liver also processes waste from red blood cell breakdown and other metabolic activities.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and anatomy of the heart. It contains the following key points:
1. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body via blood vessels.
2. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It also contains valves that prevent backflow of blood.
3. Blood circulation occurs via two loops - pulmonary circulation oxygenates blood in the lungs, while systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the entire body from the heart.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
The document summarizes chapter 20 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook on the urinary system. It describes the key components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It explains the location and structure of the kidneys and nephrons, and how they function to filter blood and produce urine through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. It also briefly discusses how glomerular filtration rate is regulated to maintain homeostasis.
The document describes the major human body systems and their basic functions. It explains that the muscular system works with bones to help movement and maintains homeostasis by regulating body temperature. The skeletal system provides structure, allows movement, and protects organs. It supplies blood cells and calcium. The digestive system ingests food, digests it, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste, interacting with the muscular and excretory systems. The excretory system removes waste from the blood and body. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, interacting with the muscular and circulatory systems. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, waste and more throughout the body by interacting with several other systems. The lymphatic system maintains fluid levels and
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains the functions of the kidneys in filtering waste and regulating fluid balance. It also details the structure and function of nephrons as the functional units of the kidney that form urine.
This document provides information on platelets (thrombocytes), including their morphology, ultrastructure, functional organization, metabolism, and functions in hemostasis and thrombosis. It discusses qualitative and quantitative platelet disorders and their causes. Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that circulate in the blood. They have a discoid shape and contain granules. Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and wound healing through adhesion, aggregation, and secretion of various factors. Qualitative platelet disorders can be hereditary or acquired and involve defects in platelet structure, number, or function.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and assists the immune system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and lymphatic cells. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported through a series of vessels, nodes, and ducts where it is filtered for pathogens. The system's immune cells help fight infection and disease. As the body ages, the thymus and immune response decline, making elderly people more susceptible to illness.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including its classification, anatomy, functions, and related diseases. The skeletal system consists of both the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones provide structure, allow movement through joints, protect organs, produce blood cells in the bone marrow, and store minerals. Diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis affect the skeleton and its functions.
Blood is a transport fluid that carries nutrients, waste products, gases, and blood cells throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90% water and contains proteins, salts, and other dissolved substances. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood volume varies based on factors like age, sex, and body composition. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies.
This document summarizes two current estate planning topics - tools for mental incapacity planning like enduring powers of attorney and representation agreements, and what happens to registered education savings plans (RESPs) at the death of the subscriber. It discusses the key features and considerations for each of these tools, such as who to appoint as an attorney or representative, when their powers become effective, and how to structure RESPs to avoid termination upon death through strategies like naming a successor subscriber or placing the RESP in a testamentary trust.
Igor Ellyn, QC, CS is a leading Toronto litigation lawyer, chartered arbitrator and mediator, who specializes in shareholders disputes and arbitration. In this highly informative presentation, Mr. Ellyn discusses litigation and arbitration of shareholder oppression cases.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the digestive system. It describes the digestive tract, which includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also describes the accessory organs that aid in digestion, such as the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas. Finally, it provides details on the histology and functions of the stomach, including the layers of the stomach wall, the cells that produce digestive juices, and how stomach secretions are regulated.
mcgraw hill chapter 19 blood power pointtaybarjohn
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood, including transport, regulation, protection, and clot formation. It describes the composition of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It covers hematopoiesis, hemoglobin, blood groups, hemostasis, diagnostic blood tests, and more. The key topics covered include the various cell types in blood, how they are produced and what roles they serve, and testing methods used to analyze blood components.
This document contains lecture slides about the endocrine system from a textbook on anatomy and physiology. It includes information on the major endocrine glands like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and the hormones they secrete. It also discusses the functions of hormones, types of hormones, and feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone secretion. Key endocrine concepts like the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and control of calcium levels are explained through diagrams and figures.
Human physiology studies the structure and function of the human body. It focuses on homeostasis, the process by which organisms regulate conditions to maintain life. The basic units of life are cells, which make up tissues and organs. Tissues are grouped into organs, which perform specific functions. Organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and allow cells to live in a constant environment. A failure of homeostasis can lead to illness and death.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the organs and their functions. It discusses the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs that empty into the alimentary canal include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It then provides more detailed descriptions of the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus and stomach.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. It describes the main organs involved, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It explains the processes of digestion that occur at each stage, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key points covered include the roles of saliva, enzymes, and movements like peristalsis in breaking down ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
The document describes the structure and function of the digestive system. It discusses the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. It explains how food is ingested, digested, and absorbed through mechanical and chemical processes involving these organs. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body through a series of steps including ingestion, secretion, digestion, absorption and defecation.
A2 - Unit 4 - Module 2 - OCR - Excretion - All Notes Final Pırıl Erel
Slides specifically for OCR syallbus during A-Levels, this is for A2 - Unit 4 - Module 2 - 1.2.1 - 1.2.8. I have made these for my students and they have found them very useful.
Includes Summary Questions, Further Application questions and key definitions at the end of the slides
Slides aimed for teachers, but can be used as revision slides for students also.
More than welcome to download, good luck with exams!
The liver is the largest internal organ, located in the upper right abdomen. It performs over 200 functions including storing nutrients, secreting bile, and synthesizing proteins and cholesterol. The liver creates bile which is composed of water, ions, bile acids, and organic molecules. Bile emulsifies fats during digestion so they can be absorbed by the small intestine. The liver also processes waste from red blood cell breakdown and other metabolic activities.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and anatomy of the heart. It contains the following key points:
1. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body via blood vessels.
2. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It also contains valves that prevent backflow of blood.
3. Blood circulation occurs via two loops - pulmonary circulation oxygenates blood in the lungs, while systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the entire body from the heart.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
The document summarizes chapter 20 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook on the urinary system. It describes the key components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It explains the location and structure of the kidneys and nephrons, and how they function to filter blood and produce urine through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. It also briefly discusses how glomerular filtration rate is regulated to maintain homeostasis.
The document describes the major human body systems and their basic functions. It explains that the muscular system works with bones to help movement and maintains homeostasis by regulating body temperature. The skeletal system provides structure, allows movement, and protects organs. It supplies blood cells and calcium. The digestive system ingests food, digests it, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste, interacting with the muscular and excretory systems. The excretory system removes waste from the blood and body. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, interacting with the muscular and circulatory systems. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, waste and more throughout the body by interacting with several other systems. The lymphatic system maintains fluid levels and
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It explains the functions of the kidneys in filtering waste and regulating fluid balance. It also details the structure and function of nephrons as the functional units of the kidney that form urine.
This document provides information on platelets (thrombocytes), including their morphology, ultrastructure, functional organization, metabolism, and functions in hemostasis and thrombosis. It discusses qualitative and quantitative platelet disorders and their causes. Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes that circulate in the blood. They have a discoid shape and contain granules. Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and wound healing through adhesion, aggregation, and secretion of various factors. Qualitative platelet disorders can be hereditary or acquired and involve defects in platelet structure, number, or function.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and assists the immune system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and lymphatic cells. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported through a series of vessels, nodes, and ducts where it is filtered for pathogens. The system's immune cells help fight infection and disease. As the body ages, the thymus and immune response decline, making elderly people more susceptible to illness.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including its classification, anatomy, functions, and related diseases. The skeletal system consists of both the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones provide structure, allow movement through joints, protect organs, produce blood cells in the bone marrow, and store minerals. Diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis affect the skeleton and its functions.
Blood is a transport fluid that carries nutrients, waste products, gases, and blood cells throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90% water and contains proteins, salts, and other dissolved substances. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood volume varies based on factors like age, sex, and body composition. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies.
This document summarizes two current estate planning topics - tools for mental incapacity planning like enduring powers of attorney and representation agreements, and what happens to registered education savings plans (RESPs) at the death of the subscriber. It discusses the key features and considerations for each of these tools, such as who to appoint as an attorney or representative, when their powers become effective, and how to structure RESPs to avoid termination upon death through strategies like naming a successor subscriber or placing the RESP in a testamentary trust.
Igor Ellyn, QC, CS is a leading Toronto litigation lawyer, chartered arbitrator and mediator, who specializes in shareholders disputes and arbitration. In this highly informative presentation, Mr. Ellyn discusses litigation and arbitration of shareholder oppression cases.
Risks and Liabilities ofLoan Participations, Part IIKaufman & Canoles
This document discusses the risks and liabilities of loan participations. It provides tips for originating lenders and participating credit unions to avoid risks, such as performing independent underwriting. Proposed regulatory changes may include limits on loan participations from a single originator or borrower. New regulations are predicted to require conforming underwriting standards and purchasing from eligible organizations.
This document provides an overview of private lending, which involves individuals making loans secured by real estate. Some key points:
- Private lending offers higher returns than traditional investing with relatively low risk since loans are secured by tangible real estate collateral.
- Loans are typically made for construction, rehab, or refinance projects and range from 6-36 months at 60% loan-to-value.
- The process involves a borrower submitting a request, verification of the deal, the lender committing funds into an escrow account, and then receiving monthly payments.
- Protections for lenders include title insurance, property liens, licensed appraisals, and foreclosure companies to handle any del
Small and medium sized businesses are the engines which drive the North American economy. Increasingly, people go in to their own business. Often spouses and other family members are in business together. Because of mutual trust and sharing which exists at the start of these arrangements, spouses tend not to make agrements about what will happen if the marriage breaks down.
When spouses who are in business together divorce, there are also consequences for the business. Who will keep the business? What will the spouses be able to work together? How much is the business worth? Who should buy the business? How will a buyout be funded? These questions are just the tip of the iceberg.
In this PowerPoint slide presentation, we provide useful information about the legal problems confronting separating or divorcing couples who are in business together. By reviewing these slides you will gain important insights about the issues lawyers have to deal with in these situations. What law applies? What other kinds of experts do you need? What legal advice will you need to find a workable resolution? What evidence will you need if the case has to go to trial? What procedure must be followed? If you are in business with your spouse or life partner, the information in these slides provides a few pointers about Ontario law even if the relationship is continuing. Sometimes, a unanimous shareholders’ agreement or some strategic advice can help avoid expensive litigation down the road.
These slides were part of a presentation at a lawyers conference conducted by Osgoode Professional Development in Toronto on March 27, 2012. They are intended as information only and not legal advice.
The authors are experienced litigation and arbitration lawyers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who act on complex shareholder disputes, typically involving closely-held corporations.
A Licensed Insolvency Trustee is an individual licensed by the OSB to administer bankruptcies and consumer proposals. They guide individuals through the bankruptcy process, ensuring both the individual's and creditors' rights are protected. They are responsible for submitting necessary paperwork, dealing with creditors, selling assets, distributing funds to creditors, and providing counseling. Licensed Insolvency Trustees are regulated professionals who can be trusted to fairly administer the bankruptcy process.
This document provides an overview of collection procedures and policies for a credit union collections department. It covers topics such as determining collection priorities, conducting phone calls and letters, skip tracing, pursuing modifications, repossessions, foreclosures, and legal options. Resources and guidelines from the NCUA and state laws are referenced. The importance of loan documents and identifying defects is also discussed.
The document outlines an agenda for a Mortgage Delinquency & Collections Conference on June 9, 2011 presented by attorneys E. Andrew Keeney and Saundra R. Hirth of Kaufman & Canoles, P.C. The agenda includes discussions on workout agreements, lender liability, foreclosures as seen by NCUA, foreclosure procedures, deeds in lieu, short sales, and REO (real estate owned).
Litigation About Wills Trusts And Probate Seminar 6/11/12n1ghtf4ll
This document provides an overview of common issues that arise regarding wills, trusts, probate, and estate litigation. It discusses the types of disputes that can occur due to failures in will preparation or failing to provide for the right beneficiaries. It also outlines the steps people can take if they are unhappy with a will or estate administration, including citations, caveats, and claims under the Inheritance Act. Throughout, it provides examples of specific issues like lack of testamentary capacity or knowledge/approval, as well as factors courts consider in determining reasonable financial provision in inheritance claims.
Founders' agreement - A critical start for a start-up (Naina Krishnamurthy K ...Kartik Sarwade
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on founders' agreements for startups. It discusses why such agreements are important to establish expectations and avoid future disputes between founders. The constituents of an effective agreement are outlined, including standard terms, board structure, contributions, vesting, intellectual property, and termination. Issues like ownership and transfer of shares, jurisdiction, and non-compete clauses are also addressed. The presentation emphasizes that founders' agreements should be in writing and properly executed to be legally enforceable.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place - When Criminal Law Overlaps Administrative LawJustin Hein
Presentation by Steven L. Simas, Justin D. Hein, and Jon-Paul Valcarenghi on the intersection of Administrative Law and Criminal Law. Before the Sacramento County Bar Association, Administrative Law Section.
The LLC now leads as the most popular statutory business entity in the United States. If you manage business formations and compliance, chances are you’re looking at a lot of LLCs. But with only 30 years of LLC law — compared to 100+ years of corporation law — you can also be facing some uncertainty.
Whether you’re managing just a few LLCs or many, accuracy is essential. Learn the basics of LLC law from CT’s expert staff attorneys. With a solid grounding in current LLC state laws, you can confidently make better-informed decisions for forming, qualifying, and maintaining LLCs.
This document provides tips on how to avoid legal scams and rip offs. It recommends individuals research potential lawyers by checking credentials, reviews on sites like Avvo.com and BBB.org, as well as complaints on Ripoffreport.com. While these sites can offer insight, they should not be the sole sources of evaluation given considerations like some lawyers choosing not to engage with sites and possibility of fraudulent reports. The document outlines steps to take if individuals encounter issues, like reporting lawyers to state bar associations or the FBI for major scams.
Equity Crowdfunding Comes of Age: Learn the New Rules for Success. A webinar ...EarlyShares
With the ban lifted on general solicitation, the SEC's new rules advance 80-year-old securities laws to take advantage of technology and modern capabilities, setting the stage for Accredited Equity Crowdfunding.
Now, the game-changing possibilities unlocked by the JOBS Act enable start-ups, small businesses and entrepreneurs to raise capital in an entirely new way from Accredited Investors.
Learn what the new rules mean for businesses and investors, along with the important regulation updates you need to know about Accredited Equity Crowdfunding. Discover what steps to take next, the available investment vehicles, how the accreditation process works -- and the benefits of an online platform that puts it all together. Hear from industry and legal experts who have been at the forefront of the discussion and progress in Equity Crowdfunding.
Speakers:
Joanna Schwartz, CEO of EarlyShares.com
Douglas S. Ellenoff, Partner at Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP
This webinar was hosted on September 24th, 2013.
This document discusses payday lending and its alternatives. It defines payday loans as short-term loans where a borrower receives cash in exchange for writing a post-dated check or authorizing electronic access to their bank account. The document outlines that most federal consumer credit laws apply to payday lending and notes some unique issues these loans raise. It also discusses the various state laws that regulate payday lending. Finally, the document lists some alternatives to payday loans, including longer-term loans, borrowing from friends or family, pawn shops, and selling possessions.
This document summarizes a presentation on finding money owed from tenants. The presentation covered pre-lease investigations of tenants, proper lease documentation, handling tenant defaults, the eviction process, post-judgment collection options, and common mistakes to avoid. Topics included conducting thorough background checks, using personal guarantees, promptly serving default notices, enforcing judgments against tenants and guarantors, and developing a consistent collection strategy.
This document summarizes Jim Cronin's presentation on asset and encumbrance investigations to the Whatcom County Bar Association. Cronin has over 20 years of experience in law enforcement and private investigations. He outlined the steps of an asset investigation, including identifying the debtor, developing an address history, searching for assets and encumbrances, determining net attachable equity, and assessing feasibility of recovery. Cronin emphasized the importance of experience and provided tips for conducting thorough investigations into various asset types like real property, vehicles, and businesses.
Similar to Powers of Attorney & Subpoenas, the Mistakes, Abuses & Potential Liability to Credit Unions (20)
This document discusses the importance of conducting due diligence on vendors for credit unions. It notes that credit unions now rely more on third parties for member services, so existing agreements may be outdated or not protective of credit unions. The NCUA also mandates that credit unions properly manage risks from third party relationships. The document provides examples of vendor management risks and horror stories from 2009 to emphasize the need for thorough due diligence. It offers tips for developing vendor management policies, conducting legal reviews of contracts, monitoring vendor relationships on an ongoing basis, and using software programs to help track third party risks.
Ceo, Director and Officer Liabilities and the Risks of Being SuedKaufman & Canoles
This document discusses various types of liabilities and risks that CEOs, directors, and officers of organizations may face. It covers their basic roles and responsibilities, including standards of conduct around good faith, reasonable belief, and acting in the best interests of the organization. It also discusses defenses like the business judgment rule. The document notes increasing risks from regulations, litigation, cyber threats, and other influences. It provides examples of management liability insurance options and coverage types that can help protect personal assets from lawsuits.
The threat of fraud against your members continues to grow. Criminals will continue to find new ways to breach information technology systems and seek access to money and sensitive information from credit union members. This session covered the latest state-of-the-art ways to better manage fraud.
E. Andrew Keeney presented NCUA’s Examinations and Your Credit Union’s Rights at the NAFCU Annual Conference and Annual Solutions Expo on June 26, 2015.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
E. Andrew Keeney presented Social Media Compliance Risks at The Credit Union League of Connecticut's Compliance Series: Social Media Compliance Risks on February 10, 2015.
E. Andrew Keeney presented CyberSecurity (Emerging Threats) at The Credit Union League of Connecticut's Compliance Series: Social Media Compliance Risks on February 10, 2015.
This document summarizes the key points from a cybersecurity workshop presented by E. Andrew Keeney. The workshop covered the value of electronically stored data, common cybersecurity threats like hackers and rogue employees, best practices for prevention and response, and insurance options. Major data breaches are occurring almost weekly, costing companies hundreds of thousands of dollars on average. While many organizations remain complacent about cybersecurity, the consequences of a breach include loss of goodwill, reputation damage, and regulatory fines. The workshop emphasized employee training, strong access controls, encryption, insurance, and having an incident response plan to mitigate risks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
NAFCU Regulatory Compliance Seminar - Required Policies and Risk Assessments:
The Good News; Policy Generally Defined; Policy as Defined by NCUA; Master List of Policies; Required Policies
Understanding the Fundamentals of Credit Union Third-Party Vendor Due DiligenceKaufman & Canoles
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Powers of Attorney & Subpoenas, the Mistakes, Abuses & Potential Liability to Credit Unions
1. Powers of Attorney and Subpoenas –
The Risks, Abuses and Potential
Liabilities to Credit Unions
NAFCU
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2. E. Andrew Keeney, Esq.
Kaufman & Canoles, P.C.
150 West Main Street, Suite 2100
Norfolk, VA 23510
(757) 624-3153
eakeeney@kaufcan.com
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3. Demographics
• U.S. population over the age of 65 is expected to
double within the next few decades
• Some studies report that as many as 40% of the
individuals aged 85 and older will develop
Alzheimer’s
• With improvements in medical treatment, patients
often survive strokes, but not always with their
faculties intact
• A power of attorney provides a form of “insurance”
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4. What is a
Power of Attorney?
• A writing to an agent to “stand in the shoes” or to act
in the place of the principal for financial matters
• Not necessary to use the term power of attorney
• Typically see spouse to spouse, parent to child or
other family relationship
• Previously, powers of attorney became ineffective
upon principal’s incapacity or death
• Powers of attorney that survive principals’ incapacity
become known as durable powers of attorney
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5. Why Use a
Power of Attorney?
• Incapacity or disability
• Aging
• Illness
• Foreign travel (i.e. deployment)
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6. What Does a Credit Union Do
When Presented With a
Power of Attorney?
• Uniform Power of Attorney Act – credit union can
accept a power of attorney, in good faith, as long as
the credit union has:
– No knowledge that the power of attorney has been forged,
void, invalid and terminated; and
– No knowledge that agent’s authority is void, invalid or
terminated; and
– No knowledge that agent is exceeding the authority granted
in the power of attorney
• Practical considerations – credit union due diligence
is a good business practice
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7. Types of Durable
Power of Attorney
• A general durable power of attorney grants
the agent the authority to do virtually anything
• A special durable power of attorney limits the
authority of the agent to one or more specific
transactions
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8. How to Create a Durable
Power of Attorney
• Must be in writing
• Most states require language similar to: “This
power of attorney shall not be affected by
subsequent disability or incapacity of the
principal or lapse of time”
• There are exceptions – check your state law
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9. Does the Member Have the Legal
Capacity to Execute a Durable
Power of Attorney?
• Principal must have the capacity to delegate an act or
a transaction
• Many adults believe or have the legal presumption
that all adults are presumed to have legal capacity
• Definition of incapacity varies from state to state
• Potential questions to ask:
– Does the member know who his or her agent is?
– Does the member know the names of their family members?
– Does the member understand the consequences of his
actions?
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10. What If the Durable Power of
Attorney Appoints Co-Agents?
• Common practice since parents want to name
all their children as co-agents to avoid
showing favoritism
• Potential conflicts when co-agents act in
perhaps different directions
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11. Form and Execution
• Contains words to show the principal’s intent – no termination
upon disability
– Some states only require a signature
– Other states allow for an individual directed by the principal to sign
the principal’s name
– In some states, there is no requirement for a notary
• Presumption of genuineness if the signature is acknowledged
before a notary
– Some states require an agent execute an acknowledgement before
he will have authority to act under the durable power of attorney
– Some states require that the durable power of attorney be
witnessed or executed in the same manner as a will or deed
– Sometimes states prohibit the witnesses from being related
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12. Form and Execution (cont.)
• Execution requirements can cause problems
where the DPA is drafted and executed in
one state, but must be used in another state
• Safest approach is for the principal’s
signature to be witnessed by two unrelated
and disinterested witnesses and the
signatures of the principal and the witnesses
to be notarized with a seal attached
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13. Revocation or Termination
of an Agent’s Authority
• Inform the agent of revocation
• Destroy all the originals
• No legal or formal requirements
• How does a credit union protect itself?
– How about an affidavit or letter executed by the agent stating
the agent does not have actual knowledge of the termination
of his authority by revocation or the principal’s death?
• The trend in the law is to afford more protection for
financial institutions and other third parties
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14. What Are the Risks
for Credit Unions?
• Although increased acceptance of POAs by the public, an increased
risk of liability if a POA is not recognized by credit union. NEED A
VALID REASON
• Examples
– Fraud
– The agent’s authority has been revoked
– Agent is exceeding the authority granted to him
– Principal not a member
– Request for certification refused
• Standards to refuse include requirement for reasonableness, good
faith
• Internal procedures in place for reviewing and accepting DPAs
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15. Other Suggestions
to Minimize Risk
• Require the POA to be executed on a credit union
form
• Limit the types and amounts of transactions an agent
may engage in at the credit union
• Require additional information
– an affidavit that the POA or the agent’s authority has not
been revoked
– any doubt, the credit union may decide to refer the matter to
their legal counsel for review and comment
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16. Checklist for Review
• Does the POA comply with the POA legal execution
requirements (signature, witnesses, notary
acknowledgement)?
• If the POA must be recorded, does it comply with the
recording rules?
• Was the principal competent to sign the POA?
• Does the DPA comply with “durability requirements”?
• Is the DPA effective immediately?
• Is the principal alive?
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17. Checklist for Review (cont.)
• Whom did the POA name as the agent?
• Has the agent been identified?
• If a successor agent is acting, have the conditions to
the agent’s succession occurred?
• If there are multiple agents, must they act jointly, by
majority decision, or may they act independently of
each other?
• Has the POA been terminated or revoked?
• Does the POA contain a termination date?
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18. Checklist for Review (cont.)
• Would it be advisable to obtain an affidavit from the
agent?
• Does the POA expressly authorize the agent to do
what he seeks to do?
• Are there statutory requirements or restrictions on the
action the agent wishes to undertake?
• Does the POA set out any restrictions, limitations or
exclusions on the agent’s authority to act?
• Are there any unusual facts or matters present that
might indicate the POA should not be accepted?
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19. Effect of Death
• A durable power of attorney is automatically
invalidated by the death of the principal
• Exceptions:
• usually, if the agent does not have actual notice of the death
or revocation of the power of attorney
• good faith
• transaction in process
• Hold harmless and indemnification agreements by
credit union
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21. Subpoenas
• Types of subpoenas
• When and how must a credit union respond
to a subpoena
• Compliance issues
– State law
– Federal law
– Privacy concerns
• Reimbursement for costs and expenses
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22. • Subpoena is an order directed to the credit union or
their agent that requires attendance at a particular
time and place to testify as a witness
OR
• To bring with the credit union’s agent, books,
documents, records or other filings under their
control to produce as evidence
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23. Types of Subpoenas
• Most common – Subpoena duces tecum
– Request for production of documents, records and
other information
• Witness Subpoena
– Summons an individual to testify before a court or
a grand jury
• Garnishment Subpoena
– Either to enforce a garnishment order or to seek to
garnish money from a member’s account
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24. Types of Subpoenas (cont.)
• Subpoena from State’s law enforcement officer
– Criminal proceeding to determine if probable cause exists
• Subpoena from family law attorney
– Seeks documentation regarding adverse party’s financial
information and assets
• Subpoena pertaining to credit union litigation
– Discovery process in litigation
• Subpoena for attendance of a witness or custodian of
records
• Other – Department of Human Services
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25. Receipt of a Subpoena
• Issued by:
– Judge
– Clerk
– Magistrate
– State’s Attorney
– Attorney for a party
• Named Party, Individual or Custodian of
Records
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26. Receipt of a Subpoena (cont.)
• Service of a Subpoena/Service of Process
(often personal or physical delivery)
– Individual State laws describe service of process
and what a credit union can expect
– Federal Rules of Civil Procedure – Rule 45
• Service by any person 18 years or older and not a party
• Delivering a copy of the written document to named
person AND if attendance payment required for 1 day’s
attendance and mileage
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27. Receipt of a Subpoena (cont.)
– Who can be served:
• Credit union should establish procedures
• President/CEO vs. Receptionist
• BB&T Garnishment Example
• IRS Example
• Power of Attorney Litigation Example
• Bank of America Litigation Example
• If issuer of subpoena does not designate an
individual, credit union may select an agent to testify
on their behalf
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28. Response to a Subpoena
• If a subpoena from a government agency
• If a subpoena from a court in the state where the credit union is
headquartered
• If a subpoena from a court in a state where the credit union has
a branch
• If a subpoena from a court that is in a state where credit union
is neither headquartered nor has a branch
• Other
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29. Response to a Subpoena (cont.)
• If a subpoena from a government agency
– Federal Law
– Right to Financial Privacy
• Government may subpoena the disclosure of
financial records if
• legitimate law enforcement inquiry;
• copy of subpoena served on member on or before date
subpoena served on credit union; and
• 10 days expired from date of service or 14 days from date of
government’s mailing notice to member – no timely legal
objection by member
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30. Strict Compliance
by Credit Union
• Violation =
– Civil penalties equal to $100 plus actual damages
to member plus punitive damages if willful or
intentional breach plus costs of litigation and
reasonable attorneys’ fees
• Not a violation to prepare to comply and
assemble the records and be prepared to
deliver to Government
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31. Exceptions to Strict
Compliance by Credit Union
• Federal Grand Jury Subpoena
– Credit union prohibited from notifying any person
named in grand jury subpoena
– Potential penalties
• Loss of NCUA insurance
• Civil penalties from $5,000 to $1,000,000
• USE EXTREME CAUTION
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32. Gramm Leach Bliley
• Annual Credit Union Privacy Notice explains
information collected by member and ways in
which credit union shares information
• Does NOT apply to disclosure made to
comply with properly authorized
investigations or subpoenas
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33. State Laws Vary
• Credit union headquartered in Virginia receiving subpoena
issued by a Virginia court – must respond and comply
– Conducting business in state
– Subjects itself to personal jurisdiction
• Credit union headquartered in Virginia receiving a subpoena
issued by a Virginia licensed attorney (officer of court) – must
respond and comply
• Credit union headquartered in Virginia receiving subpoena
issued by a Florida court – need not comply
– Letter to issuer of subpoena (DOCUMENTATION)
– Comply due to reciprocity laws or savings in time and expense
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34. How to Determine State Law
• Consult an attorney
• Google
– Example: Virginia Code of Laws
– Example: Virginia Rules of Supreme Court
• State statutes and rules detail procedural aspects of
issuing, receiving and answering subpoenas
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35. Examples of Safeguards
• Virginia permits right to object to the subpoena if the issuer
gave less than 14 days to respond
• Oregon provides that a financial institution shall not disclose
the financial records of a customer, in response to a subpoena,
for 10 days after service
• Oregon provides that if a customer challenges the subpoena
(moves to quash) within the 10-day period, no need to comply
with subpoena unless customer consent or court order
• Check with counsel for credit union
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36. Reimbursement
• Generally, credit union can charge issuer of a
subpoena for costs associated with preparing and
copying documents
• Costs of compliance
– Lost personnel time
– Document copying expenses
– Electronic discovery costs
– Attorney fees
• Witness fees
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37. Reimbursement (cont.)
• Mileage
• Re: subpoenas issued by U.S. government
authorities
– Photocopy - 25¢ per page
– Staff time for processing - $22 per hour
• Others – reasonable costs to be reimbursed
• Witness subpoena
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38. Reimbursement (cont.)
• Federal case – fee must accompany
subpoena
– Witness fee/appearance fee - $40 per day
– Mileage – 48.5¢ per mile from place of business
to court
– Recovery of reasonable copying costs
• Non-federal cases – check state law
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39. Reimbursement (cont.)
• New Jersey provides banks (?) not a party to lawsuit
to recover, in advance, costs of complying with a
subpoena
– Search and processing costs
– Transportation costs
– Reproduction costs
• Credit union should contact issuer of the subpoena
and ask for reimbursement – up front
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40. Conclusion
• Risks and liabilities for non-compliance
• Observe federal law and state law
• Establish detailed policy and procedures
• Go slow
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41. E. Andrew Keeney, Esq.
Kaufman & Canoles, P.C.
150 West Main Street, Suite 2100
Norfolk, VA 23510
(757) 624-3153
eakeeney@kaufcan.com
kau fC AN .com
42. Powers of Attorney and Subpoenas –
The Risks, Abuses and Potential
Liabilities to Credit Unions
NAFCU
kau fC AN .com