The document outlines the history and importance of poultry production, emphasizing its potential to improve animal protein consumption, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. It discusses the phases of the Ethiopian poultry industry’s development, current trends in production and consumption, and the challenges and opportunities faced in the sector. Additionally, it highlights government strategies to enhance poultry's role in food security and economic empowerment while addressing existing constraints and the need for investment in the industry.

1. Status and importance of poultry
production

2. Origin and domestication of poultry
– Archaeopteryx (an ancient winged creature) 160
million years ago
– Domestication in China as early as 1400 B.C.
– Till the beginning of 19th
century used for sacrifice
and recreation
– Then in America for their color
– During world war II for egg and meat

3. • What are sources of meat for human food in
Ethiopia and the world?
• How much (in percentage) could be
contribution of poultry meat as food for
humans in Ethiopia and the world?

4. • Now plays leading role in agriculture
• Potential is also good
• Therefore, development of poultry industry is
indispensable in view of improving animal
protein consumption in developing countries
• Development of the poultry industry
• started during the 1930’s and the production
is revolutionized
• It was scavenging system like rural Ethiopia

5. Development of poultry industry in Ethiopia
and world
• Current Issues and Prospects of Commercial
Layer and Broiler Poultry Farms in the Tropics
with particular emphasis to Ethiopia
– Poultry has influenced man’s civilization in many
ways
– so many people in the world eat egg and poultry
meat
– Adds to its popularity as a food for human in all
geographical location of the earth.

6. • The term poultry’ refers to all those species of
birds which are reared for economic benefits
and they should be able to reproduce freely
under captivity
• Poultry includes chickens, turkeys, ducks,
quails, pheasants, pea-fowls, etc. whether
they are alive or dressed
• poultry science
• The study of other species of birds not
classified as poultry is called “oriontology

7. • Poultry is believed to fill the shortage of
animal protein in the poor developing
countries because
– short generation interval,
– their adaptation to different environments
– and farming system

8. Historical development of the Ethiopian Poultry Industry
• Phase 1: The introductory period (1952 –
1962): agricultural education, research and
extension were started
• Phase 2: Commencement of private initiatives
in commercial poultry farming and
establishment of government institution that
cater research and extension activities in
poultry production (1962 –1975): Shola,
Lemlem, NVI and IAR

9. • Phase 3: Lag phase in private endeavors
(1975 -1992): Private initiatives suppressed
due to the socialist policy , Lemlem and Shola
farms nationalized and change into Poultry
Development Enterprise (PDE).
• Phase 4: The revival phase (1992 - Present):
Private poultry farms, EIAR, The PDE was
privatised in April 1998 and changed to
ELFORA
• Is there Phase 5: ............????

10. Egg and meat production and consumption
trend
• Today, poultry breeding, nutrition and physiology
– are taking lead positions in animal production and
serve as models for the development of other
branches
• Developments in poultry which led to modern
poultry production systems
• Nutrition: requirement of poultry is very well
known, even better than we know about human
nutrition

11. • Genetic improvement: Selection and
crossbreeding for egg production, feed
efficiency and growth
– From 60 egg to more than 300 eggs per year
– What is conversion efficiency?
– 1930s, 10 kg of feed to reach 2kg in 98 days
– over 2 kg at six weeks of age, having been fed
only 3.5 kg of a balanced diet

12. • Disease control: disease was controlled more
often based on individual bird basis
– Now control of disease in a whole flocks, flock
disease prevention and vaccination
– Is preventive or curative disease control method is
efficient? Why?
• Organization: different stages of production
were controlled by different individuals
– Now vertical integration which has resulted in
much larger and more efficient operation in the
poultry industry

13. • Improvement in management and poultry
house equipment:
– Development of incubator that makes large scale
poultry production possible How?
– Development of vent sexing of chicks
– Advances in feed milling and transportation
– The use of intensive housing
– Automatic/mechanized feeding, watering, egg
collection and cleaning out
– The use of artificial lighting

14. Trends of Poultry Resource
• A growing demand for chicken products, especially in
developing countries – Is that true in Ethiopia??
• In developing countries, the large part of produced chicken
meat and eggs come from small scale production systems
raising indigenous dual-purpose poultry
• In sub-Saharan countries
–64% of the chicken population are raised in
backyard systems (>90% in Ethiopia)
–backyard systems provide 37% of the egg
production (>95% in Ethiopia)

15. • Poultry also contribute to the reduction of
malnutrition,
• What is stunted growth?
• Provide a source of income and
• Contributes to the empowerment of women
• Chicken compute with human for grain

16. Government Policy and Strategy
• 1. Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy
Strategy (2011),
• A partial shift towards lower-emitting sources of protein –
e.g., poultry –
• (could yield) An emission reduction of nearly 17.7 Mt
CO2e, assuming the share of chicken in the protein mix will
change from 5 to 30%.
• This initiative has the largest abatement potential in the
Livestock sector – results in reduction of the number of
ruminant animals in the country

17. • 2. Ethiopian Livestock Master Plan (LMP)
(2015/16–2019/20)
– Total chicken meat production (2015): 48, 900 tones
• Projected to increase to 164,000 tones in the year
2020,
– 235% increase
– Total egg production (2015): 419 million tone
• Projected to increase to 3889 million tones in the
year 2020,
– 828% increase

18. • 3. Growth and transformation Plan two (GTP-
2)
• Chicken are essential to achieve the GTP-2 and
other development strategies in Ethiopia:
which are now the currency of development
across the whole strategy
• And plan of the Gov. of Ethiopia’s Liv.
Development plan

19. • Government policy direction (the Livestock
Master Plan) emphasized
– the substantial contributions of chicken meat and
egg in protein Consumption,
– income generation,
– employment creation
• The poultry sub-sector will move away from
the traditional backyard family system (TFP) to
improved family poultry (IFP) ???

20. • Ethiopia will meet its chicken meat and egg
demand for its growing population and
produces surplus for export.
• This transformation makes substantial
contributions to reducing poverty and
malnutrition among rural and urban poor

21. • Benefits -Chicken build national and household
economies
• The share of chicken meat consumption to total
meat consumption expected to rise from the
current 5% to 30% by 2030 by substituting red meat
• Huge employment opportunity -Chicken value
chains provide
large numbers of jobs
– 60, 000 eggs/year = 1 full time employment
– 10 to 20, 000 broilers/year = 1 full time employment
• Emission reduction through substitution of red
meat

22. • Women’s economic empowerment
• Reduction of malnutrition
• Stimulates other investments e.g. cosmetics
industry (shampoos and conditioners and,
high value soaps), medical and
pharmaceutical, even lipstick etc

23. • The realities on the ground –opportunities
and challenges
• The country’s chicken industry, which is still in its infancy,
holds considerable potential for growth –opportunity
• The majority of poultry products come from the village
system based on scavenging and indigenous chicken
• Very low and only periodical demand for products- challenge
– may be one of the reasons for not attracting private
investment
• The demand for chicken meat and eggs is characterized by
its seasonality, and knowledge gap on different ways of
consuming it

24. • Very high input and output cost/price –
challenge/opportunity
• Absences of reliable input suppliers and
service providers – genetics, feed, health,
equipment's, packaging materials,
appropriate transport, cold storage – quality
is an issue

25. Constraints of the poultry industry
• Technical constraints
– Diseases
– Feeds and feeding
– Husbandry and management related constraints
– Genotype/breed of birds
• Infrastructure, Market and marketing
– Infrastructure and facilities, Transportation
– Small size of operation, less opportunity for
expansion, Less competitive
– Inadequate institutional support

26. • Socio-Cultural Contraints
– Eating habits of the population
– preference for local chicken meat and eggs
– Preference for live birds over frozen meats
– Preference for local birds with specific plumage
colors, large communities not consuming poultry
– Long fasting period of orthodox Christians
• Socio-economic and institutional constraints
– Subsistence life & low purchasing power
– Capital limitations & low investment in the
livestock sector

27. – Lack of institutional support
– Inadequate support services such as health
services, credit
– Inadequate training and technical advisory
services
– Lack of mandatory quality control and lab support
services
– Weak quarantine, feed and product quality control
services
– Inadequate feed analytical services and disease
diagnostic laboratories

28. • Potentials of the poultry industry in Ethiopia
– The importance of balanced diet cannot be over
emphasized in Ethiopia
– Per capita consumption is 57 eggs and 2kg poultry
meat at present Recommended=180 eggs and
10.8 Kg poultry meat
– Expected growth of income
– Feed production potential
– Capacity for vaccine production
– Investment atmosphere, Poultry research, Effort
to supply the requisite specialized manpower

29. • Importance/advantages of poultry industry
for development as compared with other
livestock
– Source of food cheapest sources of protein
• little requirement for preservation
• Vegetarians consume eggs
– High efficiency High reproductive rate/unit time
• resource utilization through scavenging
• Low investment to start poultry activity
• Low space requirement
• Breeding material available
• High feed efficiency

30. • Easy to adapt to a number of feed available
• products are relatively inexpensive
• Manure can be used as fertilizer/feed for ruminants
• Play important role in insect/worm control
– Source of income
• jobs to all categories of people
• Spreading family income through-out the year
– Industrial use
• vaccine preparation, animal feed and fertilizer,
pharmaceutical preparations, paints, varnishes,
adhesives, Egg shell as mineral mixture, Endocrine
glands for preparation of hormones and other
biological products

31. – Research work
• Poultry can be used as good laboratory animals because
of their small size, low feed intake, ease in handling, fast
and sensitive metabolism etc
• Poultry production has some disadvantages
– Serious problems with disease and parasite
– Need high level of management ability, especially for
large commercial flocks
– Death lose may be high due to predators and
stampeding
– Quality of product must be carefully controlled and
careful marketing is required
– Problems of waste disposal and odor