Potassium algorithm
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Potassium is an essential mineral that plays several important roles in the body. It helps regulate heart rhythm, muscle function, and water balance. As an electrolyte, potassium also helps transmit nerve impulses, contract muscles, and maintain normal blood pressure.
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1) The document discusses alterations in water and sodium metabolism, including reductions or increases in extracellular volume that can cause edema, and alterations in sodium levels like hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
2) It describes the distribution of body water normally and how water moves between intracellular and extracellular spaces based on solute concentrations. Renal regulation of water and sodium balance is also covered.
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2. Symptoms include acute pain known as nephritic colic as stones move through the urinary tract, as well as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and hematuria.
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Alterations of-potassium-metabolism
Potassium is the most abundant cation in the human body, located mainly intracellularly. Serum potassium levels are tightly regulated between 3.5-5 mEq/L through hormones like insulin and mechanisms in the kidneys and digestive tract. Alterations in potassium levels can cause neuromuscular and cardiac issues due to potassium's role in cell excitability. Hypokalemia is a serum potassium below 3.5 mEq/L and can be caused by excessive losses or intracellular shifts, presenting as muscle weakness. Hyperkalemia, above 5 mEq/L, is more serious as it can cause fatal arrhythmias and is due to excess intake or intracellular shifts, initially showing peaked T waves on ECG.
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This document summarizes key information about alterations in phosphorus and magnesium levels. It discusses hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia, their causes, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches. It also covers hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia, defining them, outlining common etiologies like renal failure or malabsorption, associated signs and symptoms, and general treatment strategies. The document provides an educational overview of phosphorus and magnesium metabolism and related disorders.
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This document summarizes alterations in calcium metabolism, including hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia is defined as elevated serum calcium levels and can be caused by increased bone resorption, as seen in primary hyperparathyroidism, or increased intestinal calcium absorption. Hypocalcemia is defined as low serum calcium levels and can be caused by calcium exiting the blood compartment, or by decreased calcium flow from intestines or bones into the blood, as seen in hypoparathyroidism. The document outlines the clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluations, and treatments for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
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1) The document discusses alterations in water and sodium metabolism, including reductions or increases in extracellular volume that can cause edema, and alterations in sodium levels like hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
2) It describes the distribution of body water normally and how water moves between intracellular and extracellular spaces based on solute concentrations. Renal regulation of water and sodium balance is also covered.
3) Specific conditions are explained like reduced extracellular volume causing weakness and hypotension, and increased volume manifesting as edema that can be diffuse or localized depending on the cause. Treatment options for restoring volume are also mentioned.
Secondary nephropathy algorithm
Secondary nephropathy is kidney damage caused by another medical condition rather than a primary kidney disease. Common causes of secondary nephropathy include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying condition causing damage to the kidneys.
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Primary nephropathy refers to kidney diseases that originate in the kidneys themselves rather than from other organs. The kidneys can become damaged or diseased from a variety of causes such as genetic factors, infections, autoimmune disorders, toxic exposures, and certain medications. When the kidneys are primarily affected, it is called a primary nephropathy.
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All info about Diabetes and how to control it.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
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• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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