Microbial and chemical analysis of potable waterRajpal Choudhary
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the microbial and chemical composition of potable water sources within Lagos University in Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four tap sources on campus and tested for various microbes using membrane filtration and agar plating. Tests found generally acceptable chemical quality according to WHO standards, with the mean numbers of microbial species and selected chemical properties reported for the water distribution system. The study aimed to evaluate water safety and suggest methods for reducing water-borne disease incidence on campus.
Microbial pigments can be produced by microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi through solid substrate or submerged fermentation. These natural pigments are promising alternatives to synthetic colors which are toxic. Various screening methods like Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can be used to identify pigment-producing microbial strains. Microbial pigments have advantages like stability, potential health benefits, and ability to be produced sustainably. Future research focuses on genetic engineering to improve pigment yields and utilizing waste materials as substrates.
Bacteriological analysis of drinking water by MPN method.prakashtu
This document describes the MPN (Most Probable Number) method for analyzing drinking water bacteriologically. The MPN method involves inoculating water samples in multiple dilutions into lactose broths to detect coliform bacteria presence. Positive samples are then cultured on EMB agar to isolate and identify E. coli. Confirmed E. coli colonies produce acid and gas when cultured in lactose broth at 44.5°C. The number of positive samples at each dilution level is used with statistical tables to estimate the MPN of coliform bacteria per 100ml of water. This provides a statistical analysis of bacteria levels in drinking water samples.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
WATER ANALYSIS /Water quality testing p.k.kPUSHPA KHOLA
This document discusses water quality testing parameters and methods. It notes that water contains contaminants and periodic testing is needed to ensure safety. Key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are examined, including odor, temperature, pH, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, oil and grease, and dissolved oxygen. Methods like titration, spectrophotometry, and incubation are described. Indian drinking water standards provide guidelines for parameters like TDS, pH, and hardness. Equipment used in analysis includes spectrophotometers, pH/TDS meters, COD digesters, and TSS filter assemblies. Regular water testing
This document provides an overview of various water quality parameters that are tested in laboratories. It discusses turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrates, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. It also describes different methods for measuring these parameters, including through field testing and laboratory analysis using chemical and microbiological techniques. The goal of the testing is to monitor water quality by understanding characteristics like acidity, nutrient levels, and presence of microorganisms.
This document outlines a procedure to determine the total phosphate content of a water sample. Phosphorus plays an important role in biochemical processes and eutrophication of surface water. The main sources of phosphorus in wastewater are human excreta, household detergents, and some industrial effluents. The procedure involves preparing a calibration curve using standard phosphate solutions, then measuring the absorbance of the water sample reacted with ammonium molybdate and stannous chloride reagents to determine its phosphate concentration based on the calibration curve. The total phosphate content is calculated based on the volume of the water sample. The results will help assess eutrophication levels in surface waters affected by wastewater discharges.
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
This document discusses microbial biomass as a renewable energy source for the future. It defines microbial biomass as the total organic matter present in microorganisms, which can decompose plant and animal residues. Microbial biomass includes bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, and can be used to produce biofuels through microbial fuel cells, biodiesel production, and biogas production. While microbial biofuels have advantages like being renewable and causing less environmental impact than fossil fuels, they also have disadvantages including higher costs and needing specialized equipment and skilled personnel. The document concludes that microbial biomass can serve as an alternative to depleting fossil fuel reserves.
Microbial and chemical analysis of potable waterRajpal Choudhary
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the microbial and chemical composition of potable water sources within Lagos University in Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four tap sources on campus and tested for various microbes using membrane filtration and agar plating. Tests found generally acceptable chemical quality according to WHO standards, with the mean numbers of microbial species and selected chemical properties reported for the water distribution system. The study aimed to evaluate water safety and suggest methods for reducing water-borne disease incidence on campus.
Microbial pigments can be produced by microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi through solid substrate or submerged fermentation. These natural pigments are promising alternatives to synthetic colors which are toxic. Various screening methods like Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can be used to identify pigment-producing microbial strains. Microbial pigments have advantages like stability, potential health benefits, and ability to be produced sustainably. Future research focuses on genetic engineering to improve pigment yields and utilizing waste materials as substrates.
Bacteriological analysis of drinking water by MPN method.prakashtu
This document describes the MPN (Most Probable Number) method for analyzing drinking water bacteriologically. The MPN method involves inoculating water samples in multiple dilutions into lactose broths to detect coliform bacteria presence. Positive samples are then cultured on EMB agar to isolate and identify E. coli. Confirmed E. coli colonies produce acid and gas when cultured in lactose broth at 44.5°C. The number of positive samples at each dilution level is used with statistical tables to estimate the MPN of coliform bacteria per 100ml of water. This provides a statistical analysis of bacteria levels in drinking water samples.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
WATER ANALYSIS /Water quality testing p.k.kPUSHPA KHOLA
This document discusses water quality testing parameters and methods. It notes that water contains contaminants and periodic testing is needed to ensure safety. Key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are examined, including odor, temperature, pH, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, oil and grease, and dissolved oxygen. Methods like titration, spectrophotometry, and incubation are described. Indian drinking water standards provide guidelines for parameters like TDS, pH, and hardness. Equipment used in analysis includes spectrophotometers, pH/TDS meters, COD digesters, and TSS filter assemblies. Regular water testing
This document provides an overview of various water quality parameters that are tested in laboratories. It discusses turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrates, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. It also describes different methods for measuring these parameters, including through field testing and laboratory analysis using chemical and microbiological techniques. The goal of the testing is to monitor water quality by understanding characteristics like acidity, nutrient levels, and presence of microorganisms.
This document outlines a procedure to determine the total phosphate content of a water sample. Phosphorus plays an important role in biochemical processes and eutrophication of surface water. The main sources of phosphorus in wastewater are human excreta, household detergents, and some industrial effluents. The procedure involves preparing a calibration curve using standard phosphate solutions, then measuring the absorbance of the water sample reacted with ammonium molybdate and stannous chloride reagents to determine its phosphate concentration based on the calibration curve. The total phosphate content is calculated based on the volume of the water sample. The results will help assess eutrophication levels in surface waters affected by wastewater discharges.
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
This document discusses microbial biomass as a renewable energy source for the future. It defines microbial biomass as the total organic matter present in microorganisms, which can decompose plant and animal residues. Microbial biomass includes bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, and can be used to produce biofuels through microbial fuel cells, biodiesel production, and biogas production. While microbial biofuels have advantages like being renewable and causing less environmental impact than fossil fuels, they also have disadvantages including higher costs and needing specialized equipment and skilled personnel. The document concludes that microbial biomass can serve as an alternative to depleting fossil fuel reserves.
fecal indicator bacteria are those who indicate the fecal contamination in water bodies, recreational water, etc. They used to assess the microbiological quality of water. There are many type of indicator bacteria like total, fecal streptococci, enterobacteria etc.
Everyone knows water activity is related to microbial growth. But how can you use that knowledge to your advantage in formulation, specification, production, and packaging? In this 30 minute webinar, learn:
-what you need to know about how water activity predicts microbial growth
-how to use specific organism aw limits relevant to your industry in setting your specs
-how to use different formulation techniques (including humectants, films, coatings) to hit the water activity you need
-why you should consider hurdle technology to address certain challenges
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
The document discusses pasteurization, which involves heating food or liquids to reduce microbes and extend shelf life. It describes various pasteurization techniques like low-temperature long-time (LTLT), high-temperature short-time (HTST), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing. Pasteurization has benefits like preventing disease and spoilage but also has negatives like loss of vitamins and changes to taste. The document concludes that pasteurization protects health while meeting demands, though some nutrients are reduced.
The document describes several methods for enumerating and identifying microorganisms in foods:
1) Total plate count, coliform test, and tests for mesophilic bacteria, staphylococci, and pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella and Shigella are discussed.
2) Culture-based techniques like streak plating, spread plating, and pour plating on agar plates are used to determine microbial numbers.
3) The coliform test involves presumptive, confirmation, and completed stages to identify coliform bacteria. Testing for specific microorganisms like Salmonella involves enrichment and plating followed by screening and confirmation tests.
This document is a report submitted by Mr. E. Mari Karthick, a student at Sri Paramakalyani College in Alwarkurichi, on the topic of oriental fermented foods. The report was submitted for a food microbiology course and overseen by Dr. C. Mariappan, an assistant professor of microbiology at Sri Paramakalyani College.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
The document summarizes the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Alcaligenes eutrophus. Key points:
1. PHB is produced intracellularly by Alcaligenes eutrophus through fermentation of glucose in a nutrient-limited fed-batch process.
2. The process involves cultivation, centrifugation to obtain concentrated biomass, blending with solvents to extract PHB, and spray drying to obtain the final product.
3. Under optimal conditions, the process can produce 48.5 kg of PHB per hour, or 8,246 kg per year from 133 batches.
Biogas is a methane-rich gas produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste. It is generated by the activity of anaerobic bacteria through a process involving four stages: liquefaction by hydrolytic enzymes, acid formation, methane formation, and methane production. The composition of biogas depends on factors like the raw material composition, temperature, and retention time. There are different modes of operating biogas plants, including batch, semi-continuous, and continuous systems. Yield and production of biogas are affected by parameters such as the quantity and type of organic matter, temperature, pH, and flow rate.
This document discusses various techniques for enumerating microorganisms, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly counting microbes under a microscope, such as using a counting chamber (e.g. Petri-Hausser chamber) for direct microscopic count. Indirect methods estimate the number of microbes using other indicators, like standard plate count which counts colonies grown from diluted samples, membrane filtration which filters microbes for colony counting, most probable number which estimates concentrations through liquid broth growth at serial dilutions, turbidity testing using spectrophotometers, and measuring metabolic activity or dry weight.
The Cultivation of Spirulina: An Innovative Geothermal Application in GreeceApostolos Arvanitis
This document summarizes the cultivation of Spirulina using geothermal energy in Greece. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae with many health benefits and is 50-70% protein. Two companies in Therma-Nigrita, Greece cultivate Spirulina using geothermal fluids, which provide heat and carbon dioxide for optimal growth. The cultivation process involves growing Spirulina in production ponds heated by geothermal water, bubbling in CO2 from geothermal fluids, then harvesting, drying and packaging the Spirulina biomass. Using geothermal energy reduces production costs and optimizes the photosynthesis of Spirulina.
Treatment of Aquaculture effluent.
And waste water treatment.waste water managing technics.
Aquaculture effluent treatment as reuse for purpose.Microbial bioremediation of aquaculture effluents:
Bioremediation of aquaculture effluents is performed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Regarding aerobic conditions, some bacteria can perform biological nitrification; considerable amounts of oxygen are required for this.
This document describes a procedure for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter in water. The procedure involves incubating a water sample with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. The COD value is calculated based on the volume of ferrous ammonium sulfate used in the titration. The document provides details on the chemicals, apparatus, procedure, sample readings, and calculations for determining COD and interpreting the results.
The document discusses the definition and requirements for microbial growth. Microbial growth is defined as an increase in the number of cells rather than cell size. The key requirements for microbial growth include physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen, and organic growth factors. Different microbes have different temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure preferences and obtain nutrients from various sources.
Ensuring potable water for public consumption is a major Public Health Concern. This presentation sums up all the necessary and prioritized parameters conducted for water analysis.
The document provides an overview of the brewing process from start to finish. It discusses the key ingredients used - malted barley, hops, water and yeast. It describes the major steps in brewing which include malting, milling, mashing, boiling, fermentation and conditioning. It also compares the differences between ales and lagers in terms of the types of yeast used and fermentation temperatures. Worldwide beer production and consumption statistics are mentioned.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
fecal indicator bacteria are those who indicate the fecal contamination in water bodies, recreational water, etc. They used to assess the microbiological quality of water. There are many type of indicator bacteria like total, fecal streptococci, enterobacteria etc.
Everyone knows water activity is related to microbial growth. But how can you use that knowledge to your advantage in formulation, specification, production, and packaging? In this 30 minute webinar, learn:
-what you need to know about how water activity predicts microbial growth
-how to use specific organism aw limits relevant to your industry in setting your specs
-how to use different formulation techniques (including humectants, films, coatings) to hit the water activity you need
-why you should consider hurdle technology to address certain challenges
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
The document discusses pasteurization, which involves heating food or liquids to reduce microbes and extend shelf life. It describes various pasteurization techniques like low-temperature long-time (LTLT), high-temperature short-time (HTST), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing. Pasteurization has benefits like preventing disease and spoilage but also has negatives like loss of vitamins and changes to taste. The document concludes that pasteurization protects health while meeting demands, though some nutrients are reduced.
The document describes several methods for enumerating and identifying microorganisms in foods:
1) Total plate count, coliform test, and tests for mesophilic bacteria, staphylococci, and pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella and Shigella are discussed.
2) Culture-based techniques like streak plating, spread plating, and pour plating on agar plates are used to determine microbial numbers.
3) The coliform test involves presumptive, confirmation, and completed stages to identify coliform bacteria. Testing for specific microorganisms like Salmonella involves enrichment and plating followed by screening and confirmation tests.
This document is a report submitted by Mr. E. Mari Karthick, a student at Sri Paramakalyani College in Alwarkurichi, on the topic of oriental fermented foods. The report was submitted for a food microbiology course and overseen by Dr. C. Mariappan, an assistant professor of microbiology at Sri Paramakalyani College.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
The document summarizes the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Alcaligenes eutrophus. Key points:
1. PHB is produced intracellularly by Alcaligenes eutrophus through fermentation of glucose in a nutrient-limited fed-batch process.
2. The process involves cultivation, centrifugation to obtain concentrated biomass, blending with solvents to extract PHB, and spray drying to obtain the final product.
3. Under optimal conditions, the process can produce 48.5 kg of PHB per hour, or 8,246 kg per year from 133 batches.
Biogas is a methane-rich gas produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste. It is generated by the activity of anaerobic bacteria through a process involving four stages: liquefaction by hydrolytic enzymes, acid formation, methane formation, and methane production. The composition of biogas depends on factors like the raw material composition, temperature, and retention time. There are different modes of operating biogas plants, including batch, semi-continuous, and continuous systems. Yield and production of biogas are affected by parameters such as the quantity and type of organic matter, temperature, pH, and flow rate.
This document discusses various techniques for enumerating microorganisms, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly counting microbes under a microscope, such as using a counting chamber (e.g. Petri-Hausser chamber) for direct microscopic count. Indirect methods estimate the number of microbes using other indicators, like standard plate count which counts colonies grown from diluted samples, membrane filtration which filters microbes for colony counting, most probable number which estimates concentrations through liquid broth growth at serial dilutions, turbidity testing using spectrophotometers, and measuring metabolic activity or dry weight.
The Cultivation of Spirulina: An Innovative Geothermal Application in GreeceApostolos Arvanitis
This document summarizes the cultivation of Spirulina using geothermal energy in Greece. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae with many health benefits and is 50-70% protein. Two companies in Therma-Nigrita, Greece cultivate Spirulina using geothermal fluids, which provide heat and carbon dioxide for optimal growth. The cultivation process involves growing Spirulina in production ponds heated by geothermal water, bubbling in CO2 from geothermal fluids, then harvesting, drying and packaging the Spirulina biomass. Using geothermal energy reduces production costs and optimizes the photosynthesis of Spirulina.
Treatment of Aquaculture effluent.
And waste water treatment.waste water managing technics.
Aquaculture effluent treatment as reuse for purpose.Microbial bioremediation of aquaculture effluents:
Bioremediation of aquaculture effluents is performed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Regarding aerobic conditions, some bacteria can perform biological nitrification; considerable amounts of oxygen are required for this.
This document describes a procedure for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter in water. The procedure involves incubating a water sample with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. The COD value is calculated based on the volume of ferrous ammonium sulfate used in the titration. The document provides details on the chemicals, apparatus, procedure, sample readings, and calculations for determining COD and interpreting the results.
The document discusses the definition and requirements for microbial growth. Microbial growth is defined as an increase in the number of cells rather than cell size. The key requirements for microbial growth include physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen, and organic growth factors. Different microbes have different temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure preferences and obtain nutrients from various sources.
Ensuring potable water for public consumption is a major Public Health Concern. This presentation sums up all the necessary and prioritized parameters conducted for water analysis.
The document provides an overview of the brewing process from start to finish. It discusses the key ingredients used - malted barley, hops, water and yeast. It describes the major steps in brewing which include malting, milling, mashing, boiling, fermentation and conditioning. It also compares the differences between ales and lagers in terms of the types of yeast used and fermentation temperatures. Worldwide beer production and consumption statistics are mentioned.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
2. Uzorkovanje vode iz slavine za mikrobiološku analizu:
1) Označiti bocu za uzorkovanje vode za piće.
2) Prije uzorkovanja ukloniti nastavke sa slavine ukoliko postoje (npr. gumeno crijevo, metalnu
mrežicu...).
3) Spaliti plamenom otvor slavine.
4) Pustiti da hladna voda teče 5-10 minuta.
5) Skinuti čep sa sterilne staklene boce (250 ml) pazeći da ne dođe do sekundarnog onečišćenja: boce,
poklopca i slavine (ne dirati rukama grlo boce, unutrašnji dio poklopca boce ili čepa i otvor slavine).
6) Grlić boce izložiti dejstvu plamena.
7) Postaviti bocu neposredno ispod izljevnog mjesta (slavine) i napuniti je 2/3 zapremine – ne
napuniti do vrha boce.
8) Uzorak transportovati i čuvati u rashladnim uređajima do laboratorije.
9) Uzorak dostaviti u laboratoriju u roku od 6 sati nakon uzimanja, kako bi se uzorak obradio isti
dan.
10) Popuniti zapisnik o uzorkovanju vode za piće.
3.
4.
5. Pošto su vodovodske vode prečišćene, u cilju vezivanja
slobodnog hlora, u sterilnu bocu za uzorkovanje dodaje se
0,1 ml 3% Na-tiosulfata.
Uzorkovanje bunarske vode:
- u hemijski čiste i sterilne staklene boce, u količini od 500
ml, uzorkovanje se vrši na dubini od 0,5 m od površine vode
u bunaru.
Uzorkovanje vode iz rijeka:
- u hemijski čiste i sterilne staklene boce količina od 500
ml na 1,5 – 2 m udaljenosti od obale, na dubini od 1,5 m od
površine rijeke.
6. PARAMETAR
PREČIŠĆENA I
DEZINFIKOVANA VODA
(n/100 ml)
Bakterije vrsta salmonela, šigela,
vibrio kolere, i drugi patogeni
mikroorganizmi, termotolerantne
koliformne bakterije, enterokoke,
proteus vrste, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ( n/100 ml)
0
Ukupne koliformne bakterije(n/100
ml)
0
Escherichia coli (n/100 ml) 0
Sulfitoredukujuće klostridije
(Clostridium perfrigens, uključujući
spore (n/100 ml)
0
Broj kolonija 22 ºC +/- 2 ºC 100
Broj kolonija 36 ºC +/- 2 ºC 20
Crijevne protozoe,crijevni helminti,
njihovi razvojni oblici (n/100 ml)
0
Broj infektivnih jedinica
enterovirusa u 10 l vode
0
Vibrioni (n/100 ml) 0
Bakteriofagi (n/100 ml) 0
7. Svaki uzorak vode koji se šalje na analizu u
laboratoriju mora da prati propratni list sa sledećim
podacima:
- porijeklo vode ( objekat...),
- adresa, datum i vrijeme uzimanja,
- cilj uzimanja ( redovna kontrola, epidemiološke
indikacije, kvar na vodovodnoj mreži, obilne
padavine i sl.).
8. Zašto je prilikom uzorkovanja vode potrebno
slavinu izložiti dejstvu plamena, a prve količine
vode koje poteku po otvaranju slavina ne
uzorkovati?
Zbog čega punimo samo 2/3 boce, uzorkom vode?
Zbog čega koristimo foliju za prekrivanje
zatvarača, kao što možete vidjeti na slikama?
Spremiti i uzorkovanje hrane, vježba XII (str. 140).