This document discusses post inflammatory scarring, specifically acne scarring. It defines different types of scarring such as hypertrophic, keloid, and atrophic scarring. It further classifies atrophic scarring into icepick, boxcar, and rolling scars. The document then discusses various treatment options for acne scarring including chemical peels, microdermabrasion, subcision, and skin needling. It provides details on how these procedures work and reviews studies showing their effectiveness in improving acne scarring.
Scar Revision in oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryPunam Nagargoje
A scar can be defined as a fault or blemish resulting from some former condition, wound, sore or burn. Scar formation is an inevitable consequence of wound healing in which the normal skin is replaced by a fibrous tissue.
• Mechanism
– Trauma
– Surgical
• Location & orientation
– Cosmesis
– Function.
Ideal Scar
• Flat
• Narrow
• Good color match
• Parallel to or within skin crease, folds and RSTLs
The ideal scar is level with the surrounding tissues, has a favorable color match, is narrow, parallel to or lying within a RSTL, and sinuous without long straight unbroken lines. Not all scars are able to be improved by revision techniques and those that are already optimal may be made much worse if a poorly thought out attempt at revision is undertaken. Patients should be carefully counseled to assure that their expectations are realistic – if they expect the scar to be completely gone - I.e invisible – they need education or they are likely to be displeased
Strategies
• Prevention
– Incision planning
• Relaxed skin tension lines
• Facial subunits
– Careful surgical technique
Postop Wound care
• Steroid injection
• Antitension taping
• Excision
– Irregularization
– Reorientation
• Camouflage
– Cosmetics
– Dermabrasion
Timing
• Traditionally 6 to 12 months
• Perhaps earlier for those perpendicular to tension lines
• Dermabrasion 6 to 9 weeks
– High fibroblast activity
The timing of scar revision has traditionally been after the scar has had a period of maturation of 6 to 12 months.
This allows time for scar maturation and better defines what needs to be accomplished in the revision.
Many would argue that scars lying outside RSTLs and especially those perpendicular to RSTLs are likely to have a poor cosmetic outcome and early revision and reorientation can be considered.
Dermabrasion is frequently performed at 6-9 weeks post injury utilizing the high fibroblastic activity in the wound at that time to aid in favorable wound healing.
Wound Healing
• Inflammatory phase – hours
• Proliferative phase – days
• Remodeling phase – months
Cellular Activity in Wound
Healing
Wound Healing.
TYPES OF SCARS
Mature scar
Imature scar
Contractures
Linear hypertrophic scar
Widespread hypertrophic scar
Minor keloid
Major keloid
Ice pick scar
Rolling scars
Boxcar scars
Hypertrophic scar
Can regress
Oriented collagen
Confined to wound
Scant mucin No myofibroblasts
Scars to consider revision
Longer than 20 mm
• Wider than 1-2 mm
• Disturbing function
• Poor match to surrounding tissue
– Colour
– Depth
• Against RSTLs
Timing of Scar Revision
Generally, every scar will show improvement without revision for up to 1 – 3 years
Traditionally we wait 6 to 12 months
Allows time for the scar to mature
Perhaps earlier for those poorly positioned (perpendicular to tension lines) or those that are markedly uneven
Relevant anatomy
Hide i
Acne is one of the most common diseases with a point prevalence of up to 100% among adolescents and often persists into adulthood, with detrimental effects on self-esteem. Sixty percent of all acne cases are so-called ‘physiologic acne’, the other 40% are those that need continuous help by a specialist to prevent physical or psychological scarring
Know All About Microdermabrasion Treatment for Flawless Skinthenewyousocial
Nothing can prevent the signs of aging like pigmentation, age spots, scars. But these can be lighten effectively with advanced microdermabrasion treatment. For more details: http://goo.gl/M2PMQG
New modalities in antiaging by Dr. Juliana Ghaben Specialist Dermatologist . ...Spectronix Group
DR Juliana Ghaben http://www.drjulianaghaben.com spoke on new modalities on antiaging at CME for KAYA skin CLinics . She is Board certified in Aesthetic Medicine and a trainer with SPECTRONIX . She spoke on Carboxytherapy , SECRET MICROFRACTIONAL RF AND Q SWITCH ND YAG , ALL MACHINES COURTSEY ; SPECTRONIX . http://spectronixglobal.com/
Acne is a common skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is caused by the clogging of hair follicles by dead skin cells and oil, leading to the development of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. While acne can be distressing, the scars it leaves behind can be even more frustrating.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Scar Revision in oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryPunam Nagargoje
A scar can be defined as a fault or blemish resulting from some former condition, wound, sore or burn. Scar formation is an inevitable consequence of wound healing in which the normal skin is replaced by a fibrous tissue.
• Mechanism
– Trauma
– Surgical
• Location & orientation
– Cosmesis
– Function.
Ideal Scar
• Flat
• Narrow
• Good color match
• Parallel to or within skin crease, folds and RSTLs
The ideal scar is level with the surrounding tissues, has a favorable color match, is narrow, parallel to or lying within a RSTL, and sinuous without long straight unbroken lines. Not all scars are able to be improved by revision techniques and those that are already optimal may be made much worse if a poorly thought out attempt at revision is undertaken. Patients should be carefully counseled to assure that their expectations are realistic – if they expect the scar to be completely gone - I.e invisible – they need education or they are likely to be displeased
Strategies
• Prevention
– Incision planning
• Relaxed skin tension lines
• Facial subunits
– Careful surgical technique
Postop Wound care
• Steroid injection
• Antitension taping
• Excision
– Irregularization
– Reorientation
• Camouflage
– Cosmetics
– Dermabrasion
Timing
• Traditionally 6 to 12 months
• Perhaps earlier for those perpendicular to tension lines
• Dermabrasion 6 to 9 weeks
– High fibroblast activity
The timing of scar revision has traditionally been after the scar has had a period of maturation of 6 to 12 months.
This allows time for scar maturation and better defines what needs to be accomplished in the revision.
Many would argue that scars lying outside RSTLs and especially those perpendicular to RSTLs are likely to have a poor cosmetic outcome and early revision and reorientation can be considered.
Dermabrasion is frequently performed at 6-9 weeks post injury utilizing the high fibroblastic activity in the wound at that time to aid in favorable wound healing.
Wound Healing
• Inflammatory phase – hours
• Proliferative phase – days
• Remodeling phase – months
Cellular Activity in Wound
Healing
Wound Healing.
TYPES OF SCARS
Mature scar
Imature scar
Contractures
Linear hypertrophic scar
Widespread hypertrophic scar
Minor keloid
Major keloid
Ice pick scar
Rolling scars
Boxcar scars
Hypertrophic scar
Can regress
Oriented collagen
Confined to wound
Scant mucin No myofibroblasts
Scars to consider revision
Longer than 20 mm
• Wider than 1-2 mm
• Disturbing function
• Poor match to surrounding tissue
– Colour
– Depth
• Against RSTLs
Timing of Scar Revision
Generally, every scar will show improvement without revision for up to 1 – 3 years
Traditionally we wait 6 to 12 months
Allows time for the scar to mature
Perhaps earlier for those poorly positioned (perpendicular to tension lines) or those that are markedly uneven
Relevant anatomy
Hide i
Acne is one of the most common diseases with a point prevalence of up to 100% among adolescents and often persists into adulthood, with detrimental effects on self-esteem. Sixty percent of all acne cases are so-called ‘physiologic acne’, the other 40% are those that need continuous help by a specialist to prevent physical or psychological scarring
Know All About Microdermabrasion Treatment for Flawless Skinthenewyousocial
Nothing can prevent the signs of aging like pigmentation, age spots, scars. But these can be lighten effectively with advanced microdermabrasion treatment. For more details: http://goo.gl/M2PMQG
New modalities in antiaging by Dr. Juliana Ghaben Specialist Dermatologist . ...Spectronix Group
DR Juliana Ghaben http://www.drjulianaghaben.com spoke on new modalities on antiaging at CME for KAYA skin CLinics . She is Board certified in Aesthetic Medicine and a trainer with SPECTRONIX . She spoke on Carboxytherapy , SECRET MICROFRACTIONAL RF AND Q SWITCH ND YAG , ALL MACHINES COURTSEY ; SPECTRONIX . http://spectronixglobal.com/
Acne is a common skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is caused by the clogging of hair follicles by dead skin cells and oil, leading to the development of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. While acne can be distressing, the scars it leaves behind can be even more frustrating.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
2. POST INFLAMMATORY SCARRING
The term scarring refer to a fibrous process in which
new collagen is laid down to heal a full thickness injury.
It affects 30% of those with moderate or severe acne
vulagaris.
It is particulary common in nudolocystic acne, acne
conglobata or acne vulgaris.
It may also be a long term consequence of infantile
acne.
Acne has a prevelance of over 90% among adolescents
and persists into adulthood in approximatel 12-14% of
cases with psychological and social implication.
3. ACNE SCAR
Acne scars are permanent textural changes and indentations that
occur on the skin as a result of severe acne. The term scarring is not
used for the temoparary red and brown marks left early after acne
has occurred as these marks will almost improve without treatment.
Two main cause of acne scar formation:
Increase tisssue formation
• Eg. Hypertropic scars, keloids
Loss or damage of tissue
• 3 primary acne scar-icepick, rolling, boxcar
4. HYPERTROPHIC SCARS
Hypertrophic and keloidal scars are associated with excess collagen
deposition and decreased collagenase activity
Hypertrophic scars are typically pink, raised and firm, with thick
hyalinized collagen bundles that remain within borders of the original site
of injury
Keloids form a reddish-purple papules and nodules that proliferate
beyond the borders of the original wound. Histologically, they are
characterized by thick bundles of hyalinized acellular collagen arranged
in whorls.
Hypertrophic scars and keloids appear predominantly on the back,
shoulders, sternal region and over the jaw angles
5.
6. ATROPHIC SCARS
Atrophic scars occur predominantly on the face. Atrophic acne
scars are more common than keloids and hypertrophic scars with
a ratio 3 : 1. They have been subclassified into ice pick, boxcar,
and rolling scars . With atrophic scars, the ice pick type represents
60%–70% of total scars, the boxcar 20%–30%, and rolling scars
15%–25% .
7.
8. ACNE SCAR MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Acne Scars Subtype Clinical Features
Icepick Icepick scars are narrow (<2mm), deep, sharply marginated
epithelial tracts that extend vertically to the deep dermis or
subcutaneous tissue.
Rolling Rolling scars occur from dermal tethering of otherwise
relatively normal-appearing skin and are usually wider than 4
to 5mm. Abnormal fibrous anchoring of the dermis to the
subcutis leads to superficial shadowing and a rolling or
undulating appearance to the overlying skin.
Boxcar
Shallow <3mm diameter
>3mm diameter
Boxcar scars are round to oval depressions with sharply
demarcated vertical edges, similar to varicella scars. They
are clinically wider at the surface than icepick scars and do
not taper to a point at the base.
Deep
<3mm diameter
>3mm diameter
They may be shallow (0.1–0.5mm) or deep (≥0.5mm) and
are most often 1.5 to 4.0mm in diameter.
9. QUALITATIVE SCARRING GRADING SYSTEM
Grades of
Post Acne
Scarring
Level of
disease
Clinical features
1 macualr These scars can be erythematous, hyper- or hypopigmented flat marks.
They do not represent a problem of contour like other scar grades but of
color.
2 mild
3 moderate Moderate atrophic or hypertrophic scarring that is obvious at
social distances of 50cm or greater and is not covered easily by
makeup or the normal shadow of shaved beard hair in men or
body hair if extrafacial, but is still able to be flattened by manual
stretching of the skin (if atrophic).
4 severe Severe atrophic or hypertrophic scarring that is evident at social
distances greater than 50cm and is not covered easily by makeup
or the normal shadow of shaved beard hair in men or body hair if
extrafacial and is not able to be flattened by manual stretching of
the skin.
Mild atrophy or hypertrophy scars that may not be obvious at social
distances of 50cm or greater and may be covered adequately by makeup
or the normal shadow of shaved beard hair in men or normal body hair if
extrafacial.
12. CHEMICAL PEELING
Effective therapeutic for scars treatment.
Chemical peeling is recommended to treat skin aging, dyschromias,
wrinkles, and acne scars are the major clinical indications for facial
chemical peeling . (Ghersertieh et al, 2003).
Salicylic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, trichloroacetic acid are all
hydroxy acid used as peeling agents.
The choice of concentration depends on :
peeling agent used
On the skin areas treated
Severity of the acne scaring
13. dhudu
dj
• Best peeling agent.
• It is β-hydroxy acid agent has a lipophilicity.
• Combination of salicylic acid with resorcinol and lactic acid in 95% ethanol is
known as Jessner’s peels.
• The most efficacious concentration for acne scars is 30% in multiple
sessions, 3–5 times, every 3-4 weeks
Salicylic acid
• Glycolic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid,
• It increases dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression by
increasing secretion of IL-6.
Glycolic acid
• Pyruvic acid is an alpha-ketoacid
• Strong antimicrobial effect.
• 40-70% pyruvic acid used to treat moderate acne scar.
• promote collagen synthesis and formation of elastic fibers.
Pyruvic acid
• it causes protein denaturation, well-known as keratocoagulation
• It is mixed with 100 mL of distilled water to create the desired concentration.
• TCA in a percentage of 10%–20% results in a very light superficial peel with
no penetration below the stratumgranulosum
• use of highconcentration (65% and 100%) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) applied
locally in the atrophic acne scars, known as Chemical Reconstruction Of
Skin Scars (CROSS)
Trichloroacetic
acid
• Iontophoresis is a non invasive method able to enhance transdermal drug
delivery using a small electrical current applied by a iontophoretic chamber
containing a similarly charged active agent and its vehicle
• iontophoresis with 0.025% tretinoin gel in atrophic acne scars
Tretinoin-
iontophoresis
CHEMICAL PEELING AGENTS
14. RESULT
• Philip et al., found that high concentration
trichloroacetic acid (TCA), icepack scar may respond
well.
• 53 adult patients with atrophic acne scars, 70% TCA
applied locally every two weeks using a chemical
reconstruction of skin scars therapy (CROSSS therapy)
resulted in good or excellent.
• 16 patients treated with 100% TCA, showed excellent
result.
• So high-strength TCA is thought to cause remodeling of
the dermal collagen.
15. TCA Cross: patient before
the treatment
TCA Cross: patient after
the treatment
16. MICRODERMABRASION/DERMABRASION
Microdermabrasion and dermabrasion are facial resurfacing
techniques that mechanically ablate damaged skin in order to promote
reepithelialisation
Microdermabrasion removes the outer layer of the epidermis,
accelerating the natural process of exfoliation .
Dermabrasion, with respect to microdermabrasion, completely
removes the epidermis and exposes the papillary or reticular dermis,
inducing remodeling of the skin’s structural proteins
Microdermabrasion is usually painless, it does not require anesthesia
All microdermabraders include a pump that generates a stream of
aluminum oxide crystals with a hand piece and vacuum .
sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, or magnesium oxide crystals are
used.
It shouldn’t be used to treat deep scars
Dermabrasion is performed under local or general anaesthesia. It
usually uses highspeed brush, diamond cylinder, fraise, or manual
17.
18. SUBCISION
Subcision is a nonoperative technique to manage depressed scars
by percutaneously releasing scar bands within the dermis and
subcutaneous tissue.
The entire area to be subcised is marked and local anesthetic is
administered.
a needle is used to release the fibrous septa within the scar,
resulting in the formation of new connective tissue underneath the
scar.
Then sharp hypodermic needles, usually 19 to 21-G, were used.
Bleeding and nodule formation are the main side effects.
Schematic demonstrating subcision. A
hypodermic, tribevelled, or filter needle is
inserted into the subdermal plane and
rotated in a fanning motion to undermine
the scar, disrupting fibrous attachments
19. RESULT
Cunliffe et al., showed that in a study of 40 patients
undergoing subcision for rolling scars, the overall degree of
improvement was rated 51%.
Subcision is adequate stand-alone treatment, improved
result was achived when it is combined with other
modalities. In a split-face, single-patient trial of subcision
alone versus subcision and the nonablative 1320nm
neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser
at two week intervals, the combination treatment was
superior.
21. PERCUTANEOUS COLLAGEN
INDUCTION BY SKIN
NEEDLING
Skin needling is a recently proposed technique that involves using a
sterile roller comprised of a series of fine, sharp needles to puncture
the skin.
facial skin must be disinfected, and then a topical anaesthetic is
applied. 90 minutes after anaesthetic cream application, patients can
undergo the skin needling session.
The procedure consists of rolling a performing instrument on the
cutaneous areas affected by acne scars, several times, at least four-six
times, in four directions: horizontally, vertically and diagonally right and
left.
The needles penetrate about 1.5 to 2mm into the dermis.
More recently, Fabbrocini et al. have proposed the combined use of
skin needling and PlateletRich Plasma (PRP).
the combined use of skin needling and PRP is more effec tive in
improving acne scars than skin needling alone .
22. RESULT
Fabbrocini et al.,2009 found that eight week after the first session of skin
needling, all patients had smoother facial skin and slight reduction in
lesion severity. Eight week after the second session of skin needing, the
improvement in the acne rolling scar was evident. In total patients (20
female, 12 male) patient with acne rolling scars were enrolled.
Conclusion
Study confirms that skin needling has an immediate effect in improving
acne rolling scars and have advantage over other procedures.
24. Application of PRP on the skin immediately
before the treatment with the microneedles.
25. PUNCH EXCISION TECHNIQUES
Punch excision is mainly indicating for ice-pick or
boxcar scars.
According to diameter, depth and shape of scar, a
biopsy punch of appropriate size is used to excise
the scar and, then, closure or elevation or grafting
is possible options to perform.
26. RESULT
Grevelink et al demonstrated that excellent result may be
achived when punch excision is combined with concurrent
co2 laser resurfacing.
21 patients with skin type i-iii with mild to severe facial acne
scarring were treated with a combination off laser skin
resurfacing and punch excision of acne scars.
There was a range of clinical improvement by the
independent assessor of 25-50% in skin type I, 50-70% in
skin type II, and 50-75% in skin type III. There was a patient
subjective improvement of 25-50% for skin type I, 50-75%
for skin type II and75-100% for skin type III.
27. TISSUE AUGMENTING AGENTS
Augmentation is a further alternative for management of acne
scarring.
Several filler materials used.
An ideal filler material has to be hypoallergenic and safe, painless
and easy to inject, inexpensive and long lasting.
Hyaluronic acid is the recommended one.
Dermal filler classification
Filler class Average clinical
efficacy
Examples
Temporary 3–18 months Hyaluronic acid and
collagen
Semipermanent Up to 24 months Poly-L-lactic acid and
calcium hydroxylapatite
Permanent Many years if not
lifelong
Silicon, polyacrylamide,
polymethacrylate, and
hydroxyethylmethacrylat
e
28. RESULT
Richard et al., Used the HA-based filler Matridex, CaHA
and the polyalkylimide Bioalcamid. In total 27 patient were
enroolled in 12 month study. At 12 month evaluation 6
patients (22%) showed 75% improvement, 14 patient (48%)
showed between 50% improvement and 5 patients (18%)
showed a 25% improvement in treated atropic scars.
29. LASER TREATMENT
There are two main types of laser treatments – ablative and
non-ablative. Ablative (or wounding) lasers remove thin
layers of skin. Non-ablative (non-wounding) lasers stimulate
collagen growth and tighten underlying skin. Although non-
ablative laser resurfacing is less invasive and requires less
recovery time, it is less effective than ablative laser
resurfacing for deeper scars.
30. ABLATIVE (WOUNDING) LASERS
Ablative lasers are the “gold standard” for the treatment of box car
scars.
There are two types of ablative lasers, fractional ablative and fully
resurfacing.
If fully ablative, CO2 lasers are best employed on lighter skin types,
whilst erbium lasers have a wider safety threshold for darker skin
types. Fractional CO2/Erbium lasers have a higher safety profile
than fully ablative lasers and can be used in all skin types.
Fully ablative lasers such as CO2 or
Erbium can effectively reduce acne scars.
31. FRACTIONAL NON-ABLATIVE (NON-WOUNDING)
LASERS
Variable wavelengths of fractional laser devices have been shown to improve acne
scarring. They are best used for atrophic and rolling scars.
These lasers can cause some temporary redness but do not actually break the skin
surface.
The advantages of non-ablative fractional lasers are rapid recovery times, the ability
to treat darker skin types and higher safety profile.
Recovery time following fractional laser treatment ranges between 3 to 8 days.
Most people will benefit from a series of fractional laser treatments (2 to 5). Darker
skin types will usually require more treatments compared with lighter skin types.
Fractional laser resurfacing can reduce scars
33. RESULT
Alster et al., showed a mean improvement of 81.4% in 50 patients
with moderate-to-severe acne scars, used ablative co2 and
Er:YAG lasers.
Weiss et al., 500 acne scar patints were treated with the 1540nm
fractionated laser, with a median improvement of 50-75% after
three treatments.
Mahmoud et al., used second-generation erbium doped 1550nm
laser in study of 29 pateint. 18 patients achived 50-75%
improvement in acne scarring.
Chapas et al., showed that 13 patients with acne scarring
received 2 0r 3 monthly treatments with fractional co2, resulting in
a mean scar depth improvement by topographic analysis of
66.8%.
34. REFERENCES
Nouri K, Alster TS, Ballard CJ. Laser revision of scars. In: Laser revision of scars. Available at
http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic519htm. Accessed February 23, 2009.
Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Dreno B, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. New insights intothe
management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne Group. J
Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:S1-S50.
Jacob CI, Dover JS, Kaminer MS. Acne scarring: a classification system and review of treatment
options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:109-17.
Tsao SS, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Kaminer MS. Scar management: keloid, hypertrophic, atrophic,
and acne scars. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002;21(1):46–75.
Goodman GJ, Baron JA. Postacne scarring: a qualitative global scarring grading system. Dermatol
Surg. 2006;32(12):1458–1466.
Barnett JG, Barnett CR. Treatment of acne scars with liquid silicone injections: 30-year perspective.
Dermatol Surg.2005;31(11 Pt 2):1542–1549.
Lee JB, Chung WG, Kwahck H, Lee KH. Focal treatment of acne scars with trichloroacetic acid:
chemical reconstruction of skin scars method. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28(11): 1017–1021.
Keller R, Belda Júnior W, Valente NY, Rodrigues CJ. Nonablative 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser for treating
atrophic facial acne scars: histologic and clinical analysis. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(12):1470–1476
35. Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. Subcutaneous incision (subci-sion) surgery for the
correction of depressed scars and wrinkles. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:543-9.
Grevelink JM, White VR. Concurrent use of laser skin resurfac-ing and punch
excision in the treatment of facial acne scarring. Dermatol Surg 1998;24:527-30.
Brandt FS, Cazzaniga A. Hyaluronic acid fillers: Restylane and Perlane. Facial Plast Surg
Clin North Am 2007;15:63-76,
Cunliffe WJ, Gollnick HPM. Acne: diagnosis and management. London: Taylor and
Francis; 2001.
Webster GF. Laser treatment of acne. Lancet 2003;362:1342.
Bellew SG, Lee C, Weiss MA, Weiss RA. Improvement of atrophic acne scars with a 1,320
nm Nd:YAG laser: retro- spective study. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1218-22.