SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as
well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry
methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the
same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to
monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by
elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for
their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial
activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents.
Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.
Coordination Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts and TheoriesImtiaz Alam
This document provides an overview of coordination chemistry concepts including:
- Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences.
- Blomstrand-Jorgensen chain theory which suggested cobalt(III) forms complexes with only three bonds.
- Nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds based on ligands and metal oxidation state.
- Crystal field theory which explains color and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand effects on d orbital splitting.
- The distinction between labile complexes with rapidly substituting ligands versus inert complexes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes the principle and process of SDS PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), a technique used to separate proteins by size. SDS PAGE involves denaturing proteins with SDS detergent, running them through a polyacrylamide gel, and applying an electric current to separate the proteins by size. The document outlines the key steps, including sample preparation, gel preparation, running the gel, staining to visualize protein bands, and using protein standards to determine molecular weights of unknown proteins.
Autoradiography uses a photographic emulsion to visualize molecules labeled with radioactive elements. The emulsion contains silver halide crystals that become reduced to metallic silver when exposed to radiation from the radioactive material. Photographic developers then show these silver grains as blackening of the film. Techniques of autoradiography have become important in molecular biology for cell and tissue localization experiments using weak beta-emitting isotopes like tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 that result in discrete images. Electron microscopy can then be used to locate the image in the developed film.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as
well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry
methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the
same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to
monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by
elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for
their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial
activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents.
Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.
Coordination Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts and TheoriesImtiaz Alam
This document provides an overview of coordination chemistry concepts including:
- Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals exhibit primary and secondary valences.
- Blomstrand-Jorgensen chain theory which suggested cobalt(III) forms complexes with only three bonds.
- Nomenclature rules for naming coordination compounds based on ligands and metal oxidation state.
- Crystal field theory which explains color and magnetic properties of complexes based on ligand effects on d orbital splitting.
- The distinction between labile complexes with rapidly substituting ligands versus inert complexes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes the principle and process of SDS PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), a technique used to separate proteins by size. SDS PAGE involves denaturing proteins with SDS detergent, running them through a polyacrylamide gel, and applying an electric current to separate the proteins by size. The document outlines the key steps, including sample preparation, gel preparation, running the gel, staining to visualize protein bands, and using protein standards to determine molecular weights of unknown proteins.
Autoradiography uses a photographic emulsion to visualize molecules labeled with radioactive elements. The emulsion contains silver halide crystals that become reduced to metallic silver when exposed to radiation from the radioactive material. Photographic developers then show these silver grains as blackening of the film. Techniques of autoradiography have become important in molecular biology for cell and tissue localization experiments using weak beta-emitting isotopes like tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 that result in discrete images. Electron microscopy can then be used to locate the image in the developed film.
This document discusses group theory and symmetry elements as they relate to several different molecules. It provides examples of identifying the point groups, symmetry elements like rotation axes and planes of inversion, and determining the representations of atomic and molecular orbitals for molecules like ammonia, acetone, ethanediol, propadiene, water, BH3, cyclopropenyl cation, butadiene, and trichlorborane. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to analyze symmetry properties and construct molecular orbital diagrams for various systems.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Organolithium compounds and their preparation.pptxZaeem36
Here, the detailed explanation of organolithium compounds in this presentation you will find out about:
organolithium introduction
-Preparation
-Properties
-And their useful Reactions,
for more projects and any kind of presentations you can contact us at:
zaeem.bzn@gmail.com
This document presents information on ethyl acetoacetate (EAA), including its preparation via Claisen condensation, physical and chemical properties, keto-enol tautomerism, and synthetic uses. EAA is a colorless, pleasant smelling liquid that is sparingly soluble in water but freely soluble in organic solvents. As the methylene hydrogen is acidic, EAA can be used to synthesize many compounds through reactions like salt formation, alkylation, and hydrolysis. EAA exists as a mixture of the keto and enol forms, with evidence provided to support both. It is commonly used to synthesize carboxylic acids, α,β-unsaturated acids, ketones,
Organometallic Compounds_Notes.pdf sem 4jyothisaisri
Organometallic compounds contain direct bonds between carbon atoms in organic groups and metal atoms. They can be classified based on bond type as ionic, covalent, or pi-bonded. Metal carbonyls contain carbon monoxide ligands bonded to a metal. The 18-electron rule states that metal complexes are most stable when the metal has 18 electrons in its valence shell through contributions from its own electrons and electrons donated by ligands. Metal carbonyls can be analyzed using this rule by counting electrons donated by each ligand type to the metal.
Vertical Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)Srikanth H N
Vertical gel electrophoresis has several advantages over horizontal gel electrophoresis. It allows for the use of a discontinuous buffer system to separate proteins, which is not possible with horizontal gels. The technique involves pouring an acrylamide gel between glass plates to a thickness of less than 2 mm. Samples are loaded and subjected to an electric current, with cations moving toward the cathode and anions toward the anode. Proteins are separated based on their size and charge using techniques like SDS-PAGE, which involves denaturing proteins to impart a uniform charge.
1. Electrophoresis is a physical method of analysis that separates compounds based on their ability to acquire an electric charge. Charged particles migrate through a conducting medium under the influence of an external electric field.
2. There are different types of electrophoresis including zone electrophoresis using paper, gels, or thin layers, and moving boundary electrophoresis including capillary and isotachophoresis.
3. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel like agarose or polyacrylamide as the supporting medium, allowing separation based on size and charge. SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on molecular weight by coating proteins with SDS.
1. The document contains 10 numerical problems applying the Beer-Lambert law to calculate absorbance, concentration, and molar absorptivity values for various chemical solutions.
2. Absorbance, concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity values are provided, and the appropriate Beer-Lambert law equation is used to solve for the unknown quantity.
3. The problems cover a range of chemical species including tryptophan, yeast t-RNA, copper sulfate, and calculate values including specific absorptivity and changes in absorbance with changes in concentration or path length.
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It details how chocolate originated from cacao plants domesticated by the Olmecs and Mayans as early as 1100 BC. Later, the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate and it became a popular drink among European royalty by the 16th century. Today, chocolate remains widely consumed and is an important agricultural product and global commodity.
This is a beginner guide to computer in Urdu. It will help people who are looking for a newbie guide to computer in Urdu. First steps to know for a newbie to computer.
For more free guides visit: http://titanscomputer.blogspot.com
1) Various chemical reactions and analyses showed that glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and consists of a six-carbon chain with one aldehyde group, one primary alcohol group, and four other hydroxyl groups.
2) Determining the configurations of D-glucose involved studying its relationship to D-arabinose and other sugars. This indicated that D-glucose has the D configuration shown by structure VII.
3) Further evidence that structure VII represents D-glucose came from comparing it to L-gulose, which upon oxidation produces the same diacid product as D-glucose.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
This document discusses methods for determining transport numbers during electrolysis. It describes Hittorf's method and the moving boundary method. Hittorf's method involves electrolysis in a two-limbed vessel and analyzing changes in electrolyte concentration. The fraction of total current carried by each ion is equal to its transport number. The moving boundary method directly observes ion migration using a conductivity cell containing two solutions that form a boundary. Application of a current causes the boundary to move as ions migrate.
This document discusses the composition of milk and the process of separating its main components - protein, fats, carbohydrates, and phosphate. Milk is a colloidal solution of these compounds. Proteins fold into complex 3D structures to remain soluble in water. Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains. A separation process involves adding acid to separate the protein and fats, then adding acetone to extract the fats, leaving the protein behind.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of angle relationships:
- Congruent angles have the same measure. Vertical angles are congruent.
- Adjacent angles are side by side and share a common vertex but may or may not be congruent.
- Complementary angles have measures that sum to 90 degrees. Supplementary angles have measures that sum to 180 degrees.
Gel electrophoresis separates molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge. The molecules are placed in a gel matrix and an electric current is applied, causing them to migrate through the gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. Proteins require denaturing agents like SDS to give them a uniform negative charge and allow separation based primarily on size. Staining the gel after electrophoresis allows visualization of the separated molecules as distinct bands.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
This document discusses group theory and symmetry elements as they relate to several different molecules. It provides examples of identifying the point groups, symmetry elements like rotation axes and planes of inversion, and determining the representations of atomic and molecular orbitals for molecules like ammonia, acetone, ethanediol, propadiene, water, BH3, cyclopropenyl cation, butadiene, and trichlorborane. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to analyze symmetry properties and construct molecular orbital diagrams for various systems.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Organolithium compounds and their preparation.pptxZaeem36
Here, the detailed explanation of organolithium compounds in this presentation you will find out about:
organolithium introduction
-Preparation
-Properties
-And their useful Reactions,
for more projects and any kind of presentations you can contact us at:
zaeem.bzn@gmail.com
This document presents information on ethyl acetoacetate (EAA), including its preparation via Claisen condensation, physical and chemical properties, keto-enol tautomerism, and synthetic uses. EAA is a colorless, pleasant smelling liquid that is sparingly soluble in water but freely soluble in organic solvents. As the methylene hydrogen is acidic, EAA can be used to synthesize many compounds through reactions like salt formation, alkylation, and hydrolysis. EAA exists as a mixture of the keto and enol forms, with evidence provided to support both. It is commonly used to synthesize carboxylic acids, α,β-unsaturated acids, ketones,
Organometallic Compounds_Notes.pdf sem 4jyothisaisri
Organometallic compounds contain direct bonds between carbon atoms in organic groups and metal atoms. They can be classified based on bond type as ionic, covalent, or pi-bonded. Metal carbonyls contain carbon monoxide ligands bonded to a metal. The 18-electron rule states that metal complexes are most stable when the metal has 18 electrons in its valence shell through contributions from its own electrons and electrons donated by ligands. Metal carbonyls can be analyzed using this rule by counting electrons donated by each ligand type to the metal.
Vertical Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)Srikanth H N
Vertical gel electrophoresis has several advantages over horizontal gel electrophoresis. It allows for the use of a discontinuous buffer system to separate proteins, which is not possible with horizontal gels. The technique involves pouring an acrylamide gel between glass plates to a thickness of less than 2 mm. Samples are loaded and subjected to an electric current, with cations moving toward the cathode and anions toward the anode. Proteins are separated based on their size and charge using techniques like SDS-PAGE, which involves denaturing proteins to impart a uniform charge.
1. Electrophoresis is a physical method of analysis that separates compounds based on their ability to acquire an electric charge. Charged particles migrate through a conducting medium under the influence of an external electric field.
2. There are different types of electrophoresis including zone electrophoresis using paper, gels, or thin layers, and moving boundary electrophoresis including capillary and isotachophoresis.
3. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel like agarose or polyacrylamide as the supporting medium, allowing separation based on size and charge. SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on molecular weight by coating proteins with SDS.
1. The document contains 10 numerical problems applying the Beer-Lambert law to calculate absorbance, concentration, and molar absorptivity values for various chemical solutions.
2. Absorbance, concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity values are provided, and the appropriate Beer-Lambert law equation is used to solve for the unknown quantity.
3. The problems cover a range of chemical species including tryptophan, yeast t-RNA, copper sulfate, and calculate values including specific absorptivity and changes in absorbance with changes in concentration or path length.
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It details how chocolate originated from cacao plants domesticated by the Olmecs and Mayans as early as 1100 BC. Later, the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate and it became a popular drink among European royalty by the 16th century. Today, chocolate remains widely consumed and is an important agricultural product and global commodity.
This is a beginner guide to computer in Urdu. It will help people who are looking for a newbie guide to computer in Urdu. First steps to know for a newbie to computer.
For more free guides visit: http://titanscomputer.blogspot.com
1) Various chemical reactions and analyses showed that glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and consists of a six-carbon chain with one aldehyde group, one primary alcohol group, and four other hydroxyl groups.
2) Determining the configurations of D-glucose involved studying its relationship to D-arabinose and other sugars. This indicated that D-glucose has the D configuration shown by structure VII.
3) Further evidence that structure VII represents D-glucose came from comparing it to L-gulose, which upon oxidation produces the same diacid product as D-glucose.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
This document discusses methods for determining transport numbers during electrolysis. It describes Hittorf's method and the moving boundary method. Hittorf's method involves electrolysis in a two-limbed vessel and analyzing changes in electrolyte concentration. The fraction of total current carried by each ion is equal to its transport number. The moving boundary method directly observes ion migration using a conductivity cell containing two solutions that form a boundary. Application of a current causes the boundary to move as ions migrate.
This document discusses the composition of milk and the process of separating its main components - protein, fats, carbohydrates, and phosphate. Milk is a colloidal solution of these compounds. Proteins fold into complex 3D structures to remain soluble in water. Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains. A separation process involves adding acid to separate the protein and fats, then adding acetone to extract the fats, leaving the protein behind.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of angle relationships:
- Congruent angles have the same measure. Vertical angles are congruent.
- Adjacent angles are side by side and share a common vertex but may or may not be congruent.
- Complementary angles have measures that sum to 90 degrees. Supplementary angles have measures that sum to 180 degrees.
Gel electrophoresis separates molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge. The molecules are placed in a gel matrix and an electric current is applied, causing them to migrate through the gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. Proteins require denaturing agents like SDS to give them a uniform negative charge and allow separation based primarily on size. Staining the gel after electrophoresis allows visualization of the separated molecules as distinct bands.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.