This study investigated the effects of intensified training and tapering on heart rate variability (HRV) in 11 elite swimmers. The swimmers followed individualized training programs over 8 weeks leading up to championships, divided into preparatory, intensified training, tapering, and competition periods. Daily HRV was measured during supine and orthostatic rest. Training load increased during intensified training and decreased with tapering. HRV indices showed large individual variability but generally increased with intensified training and remained stable with tapering, suggesting positive adaptation to increased training stress. Specifically, supine high frequency power increased with intensified training and LF/HF ratio progressively increased from preparatory to competition periods, indicating increased sympathetic activity at rest as an anticipatory response
This study examined heart rate responses during synchronized swimming solo routines in relation to breath holding and body position. Eight elite swimmers performed 11 routines which were video recorded. Heart rate was continuously monitored.
The main findings were:
1) Bradycardic events occurred during both face immersion (holding breath) and face out (breathing) periods, demonstrating the diving response can override exercise tachycardia.
2) Time spent face immersed was on average 62.1% of routine time, in agreement with prior research.
3) Heart rate was lower during face immersion compared to face out periods.
4) Heart rate was highest in the horizontal position and lowest in the inverted position.
The
1. The study examined the physiological demands of a simulated Muay Thai boxing match through measuring oxygen uptake, heart rate, carbon dioxide production, and other variables in 10 trained male athletes.
2. Results showed that energy expenditure during the match was high, at an average of 10.75 kcal/min, and relied on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.
3. There was an initial high recruitment of anaerobic glycolysis in the first round as shown by a spike in excess carbon dioxide production, which then gradually decreased over the rounds as aerobic metabolism increased.
This document discusses recent trends in aerobic training for field sports. Historically, aerobic training for field sports involved long, slow distance training at moderate intensities for 20-40 minutes. However, recent research shows that high-intensity interval training, with intervals spent at or above 100% of an athlete's maximal aerobic speed (MAS), is more effective for improving aerobic power in field sports. Specifically, intervals of 120% MAS for 15-30 seconds followed by equal recovery periods and performed for a total of 4-10 minutes, repeated for multiple sets, has been found to greatly enhance aerobic capacity.
This study examined the effects of acute normobaric hypoxia on heart rate and mean arterial pressure in 8 healthy middle-aged males at rest, during exercise, and post-exercise. Participants underwent two trials - one with normoxia and exercise, and one with hypoxia at 12.5% oxygen and exercise. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured throughout. The results showed that hypoxia caused a greater increase in heart rate post-exercise compared to normoxia. Hypoxia also led to a larger decrease in blood pressure after exercise than normoxia. This suggests that normobaric hypoxia has differential hemodynamic effects compared to normoxia in middle-aged males at rest and after exercise.
This study examined the differences in post-exercise hypotension between males and females taking oral contraceptives. The researchers found that the magnitude of the decrease in blood pressure after exercise was significantly greater in females compared to males. While cardiac output and heart rate increased more for males after exercise, ejection fraction increased more for females. The phase of the oral contraceptive cycle did not influence these gender differences in cardiovascular responses to exercise.
1) Elite swimmers who trained at moderate altitude (2,320m) for 3 weeks experienced decreased heart rate variability when resting and increased heart rate variability when standing, compared to swimmers who trained at sea level.
2) Training at altitude led to withdrawal of parasympathetic activity and likely increased sympathetic activity, even after rest, with effects lasting over a week after altitude training.
3) In contrast, sea level training maintained heart rate variability when resting and saw no changes when standing.
ANÀLISI COMPARATIVA ENTRE L’ESGRIMA FEMENINA I LA MASCULINA. Rafael Tarragó & Xavier Iglesias.
Grup d’Investigació Social i Educativa de l’Activitat Física i l’Esport; Grup de Recerca en Ciències de l’Esport INEFC Barcelona
Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (Universitat de Barcelona)
This study examined heart rate responses during synchronized swimming solo routines in relation to breath holding and body position. Eight elite swimmers performed 11 routines which were video recorded. Heart rate was continuously monitored.
The main findings were:
1) Bradycardic events occurred during both face immersion (holding breath) and face out (breathing) periods, demonstrating the diving response can override exercise tachycardia.
2) Time spent face immersed was on average 62.1% of routine time, in agreement with prior research.
3) Heart rate was lower during face immersion compared to face out periods.
4) Heart rate was highest in the horizontal position and lowest in the inverted position.
The
1. The study examined the physiological demands of a simulated Muay Thai boxing match through measuring oxygen uptake, heart rate, carbon dioxide production, and other variables in 10 trained male athletes.
2. Results showed that energy expenditure during the match was high, at an average of 10.75 kcal/min, and relied on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.
3. There was an initial high recruitment of anaerobic glycolysis in the first round as shown by a spike in excess carbon dioxide production, which then gradually decreased over the rounds as aerobic metabolism increased.
This document discusses recent trends in aerobic training for field sports. Historically, aerobic training for field sports involved long, slow distance training at moderate intensities for 20-40 minutes. However, recent research shows that high-intensity interval training, with intervals spent at or above 100% of an athlete's maximal aerobic speed (MAS), is more effective for improving aerobic power in field sports. Specifically, intervals of 120% MAS for 15-30 seconds followed by equal recovery periods and performed for a total of 4-10 minutes, repeated for multiple sets, has been found to greatly enhance aerobic capacity.
This study examined the effects of acute normobaric hypoxia on heart rate and mean arterial pressure in 8 healthy middle-aged males at rest, during exercise, and post-exercise. Participants underwent two trials - one with normoxia and exercise, and one with hypoxia at 12.5% oxygen and exercise. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured throughout. The results showed that hypoxia caused a greater increase in heart rate post-exercise compared to normoxia. Hypoxia also led to a larger decrease in blood pressure after exercise than normoxia. This suggests that normobaric hypoxia has differential hemodynamic effects compared to normoxia in middle-aged males at rest and after exercise.
This study examined the differences in post-exercise hypotension between males and females taking oral contraceptives. The researchers found that the magnitude of the decrease in blood pressure after exercise was significantly greater in females compared to males. While cardiac output and heart rate increased more for males after exercise, ejection fraction increased more for females. The phase of the oral contraceptive cycle did not influence these gender differences in cardiovascular responses to exercise.
1) Elite swimmers who trained at moderate altitude (2,320m) for 3 weeks experienced decreased heart rate variability when resting and increased heart rate variability when standing, compared to swimmers who trained at sea level.
2) Training at altitude led to withdrawal of parasympathetic activity and likely increased sympathetic activity, even after rest, with effects lasting over a week after altitude training.
3) In contrast, sea level training maintained heart rate variability when resting and saw no changes when standing.
ANÀLISI COMPARATIVA ENTRE L’ESGRIMA FEMENINA I LA MASCULINA. Rafael Tarragó & Xavier Iglesias.
Grup d’Investigació Social i Educativa de l’Activitat Física i l’Esport; Grup de Recerca en Ciències de l’Esport INEFC Barcelona
Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (Universitat de Barcelona)
Pòster de la I Jornada Catalana de Recerca en Ciències de l'Activitat Física i l'Esport: Consum d’oxigen i lactat sanguini en rutines de duo senceres i fraccionades en natació sincronitzada d’elit. Iglesias, X., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Chaverri, D., Irurtia, A., Carrasco, M., Rodríguez, F.A.
Zubero J., Irurtia A., Chaverri D., Barrero A., Nebot V., Štrumbelj B., Qiu J., Iglesias X., Rodríguez F.A. Comparison of mono- and multifrequency BIA devices in the assessment of hydration status in elite athletes. In: Balagué N., Torrents C., Vilanova A., Cadefau J., Tarragó R., Tsolakidis E. (eds.) Book of Abstracts of the 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, p. 540. Barcelona: Open Print (ISBN 978-84-695-7786-8), 2013
Chaverri, D., Iglesias, X., Barrero, A., Schuller, T., Štrumbel, B., Hoffmann, U., Rodríguez, F.A. (2013). VO2 Peak measured during 200 m is not different from that calculated with a new model after a 200-m maximal swim. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
This study analyzed markers of oxidative stress in elite swimmers during different altitude training strategies at moderate altitude (2320m). 57 swimmers participated in training camps of 4 weeks (LoLo, HiHi4, HiLo) or 3 weeks (HiHi3) living and training at high or low levels. Blood samples measured oxidative damage markers (nitrites, lipid and protein oxidation) and antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase) before and during camps. The results showed that 4 weeks of training at altitude increased oxidative damage compared to sea level. The HiHi4 group saw increased free radicals at week 2, indicating a higher health risk. However, antioxidant defenses were maintained, as intracellular glutathione and enzyme
Irurtia, A. , Barrero, A. , Chaverri, D. , Carrasco, M., Iglesias, X., Rodríguez, F.A.
Whole-body bioelectrical impedance vector migration for monitoring hydration status after an ultra-endurance triathlon. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Iglesias, X., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Barrero, A., Torres, L., Chaverri, D., Rodríguez, F.A.
Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
García-Ramos, A. , Feriche, B. , Iglesias, X. , Calderón, C. , Chaverri, D. , Barrero, A. , Nebot, V. , Schuller, T. , Štrumbel, B. , Qiu, J., Rodríguez, F.A. A new approach to monitor stress and fatigue during altitude training in elite athletes. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Iglesias, X., Brotons, D., Vidal, E., Rodríguez, F.A. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Iglesias, X., Brotons, D., Vidal, E., Rodríguez, F.A. Changes in the whole-body bioelectrical impedance vector induced by training in young elite synchronized swimmers: Preliminary results. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Barrero, A., Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Chaverri, D., Iglesias, X., Rodríguez, F.A. Energy balance during an ultra-endurance triathlon. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
This study assessed muscle damage in 11 trained ultra-endurance triathletes after completing a 3.8km swim, 180km cycle, and 42.2km run race. Blood samples analyzed before and 48 hours after found significant increases in the muscle protein markers fast myosin and slow myosin, indicating muscle damage, especially to slow muscle fibers. Dehydration was also observed as body mass and total body water decreased significantly after the race. The increase in slow myosin levels was correlated with greater decreases in total and intracellular body water, suggesting muscle damage is influenced by hydration status during ultra-endurance exercise.
The study measured heart rate responses during synchronized swimming routines to analyze breath holding and body position changes, finding that heart rate increased during breath holding periods and inverted positions compared to other parts of the routine. Data was collected from elite synchronized swimmers during competition using wearable heart rate monitors. Results provide insight into physiological demands of synchronized swimming routines.
1) Sixteen elite swimmers lived and trained for 3 weeks at an altitude of 2320 meters. All subjects experienced symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) with the highest scores on the first day and lowest on the seventh day.
2) Heart rate and some heart rate variability measures showed differences throughout the first week, with maximum heart rate values on the third day and decreases in relaxation index and total power up to the third day.
3) While the worst results for AMS were on the first day and for cardiovascular variables on the third day, there was not a strong correlation between AMS symptoms and heart rate variability measures. However, heart rate was higher in swimmers experiencing moderate to severe AMS symptoms.
This study analyzed the effect of 3 weeks of moderate altitude (2320m) training on objective (training impulses or TRIMP) and subjective (session RPE or s-RPE) measures of training load in elite swimmers. 40 swimmers were assigned to a group that trained at sea level or moderate altitude. TRIMP and s-RPE were recorded for swimming and dry-land training sessions. There were no differences in TRIMP for swimming sessions between groups, but s-RPE was lower for the altitude group initially. For dry-land sessions, both TRIMP and s-RPE were lower for the altitude group. The relationship between s-RPE and TRIMP was moderate to low, suggesting they
Este documento resume los resultados de un estudio observacional sobre las interacciones en competiciones de alto nivel de taekwondo. El estudio analizó 4,961 acciones registradas en 48 combates para caracterizar los comportamientos de los deportistas de élite y evaluar la influencia de factores ambientales como el marcador, el espacio y el tiempo restante. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las acciones se realizaron en la zona de combate del tapiz y que aunque aumentaron las acciones a medida que se acercaba el final del combate, la efectividad no
This study analyzed 4,962 tactical moves performed by elite taekwondo athletes across various championships between 2001-2007. The most common move was the bandal chagui kick, which made up 76.71% of moves. Counterattacks comprised 51.98% of moves, with most being direct (82.53%) and simultaneous (64.81%). The conclusions suggest taekwondo training should focus more on effective moves beyond basic kicks, as well as direct attacks, simultaneous counterattacks, and combat in the central area to improve performance.
This study analyzed 4,962 tactical moves performed in 48 championship taekwondo matches between 2001-2007. The most common moves were bandal chagui kicks (76.71%), with attacks making up 48.02% of moves and counterattacks 51.98%. Moves were most often direct, with the right leg, and from a back guard position. Only 15.46% of moves led to points, with most matches ending evenly or with a loss. The study concludes systematic observation is useful for taekwondo training by identifying ineffective moves and strategies to emphasize.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of environmental pressure on tactical actions in male top-level taekwondo combat. The study observed 4,796 tactical actions from 48 fights involving 96 top athletes from 29 countries. Environmental pressure factors observed included space or area of the combat, time remaining in the fight, and current point score difference. The results showed that the number of moves increased in later rounds but effectiveness was not significantly different based on area of combat. Effectiveness was higher when the score was close versus when losing or winning by more than one point. Overall, environmental pressure did not seem to influence taekwondo combat as directly as other combat sports like fencing.
The study investigated the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) on aerobic capacity and running performance in triathletes. Fourteen triathletes were randomly assigned to either a hypoxia group (HYPO) or normoxia group (NORM). The HYPO group underwent IHE for 3 hours per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Testing showed ventilatory thresholds increased significantly for HYPO but running performance did not change. While VO2max did not significantly increase, the results suggest IHE can improve aerobic fitness markers in triathletes.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of 4 weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) on aerobic capacity and running performance in triathletes. The study found that IHE significantly increased ventilatory threshold but did not improve maximal oxygen uptake or running performance. The increases in ventilatory threshold were not due to increased erythropoiesis. While IHE may improve aerobic endurance capacity through other adaptations, more research is needed to determine its effects on highly trained endurance athletes.
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Pòster de la I Jornada Catalana de Recerca en Ciències de l'Activitat Física i l'Esport: Consum d’oxigen i lactat sanguini en rutines de duo senceres i fraccionades en natació sincronitzada d’elit. Iglesias, X., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Chaverri, D., Irurtia, A., Carrasco, M., Rodríguez, F.A.
Zubero J., Irurtia A., Chaverri D., Barrero A., Nebot V., Štrumbelj B., Qiu J., Iglesias X., Rodríguez F.A. Comparison of mono- and multifrequency BIA devices in the assessment of hydration status in elite athletes. In: Balagué N., Torrents C., Vilanova A., Cadefau J., Tarragó R., Tsolakidis E. (eds.) Book of Abstracts of the 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, p. 540. Barcelona: Open Print (ISBN 978-84-695-7786-8), 2013
Chaverri, D., Iglesias, X., Barrero, A., Schuller, T., Štrumbel, B., Hoffmann, U., Rodríguez, F.A. (2013). VO2 Peak measured during 200 m is not different from that calculated with a new model after a 200-m maximal swim. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
This study analyzed markers of oxidative stress in elite swimmers during different altitude training strategies at moderate altitude (2320m). 57 swimmers participated in training camps of 4 weeks (LoLo, HiHi4, HiLo) or 3 weeks (HiHi3) living and training at high or low levels. Blood samples measured oxidative damage markers (nitrites, lipid and protein oxidation) and antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase) before and during camps. The results showed that 4 weeks of training at altitude increased oxidative damage compared to sea level. The HiHi4 group saw increased free radicals at week 2, indicating a higher health risk. However, antioxidant defenses were maintained, as intracellular glutathione and enzyme
Irurtia, A. , Barrero, A. , Chaverri, D. , Carrasco, M., Iglesias, X., Rodríguez, F.A.
Whole-body bioelectrical impedance vector migration for monitoring hydration status after an ultra-endurance triathlon. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Iglesias, X., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Barrero, A., Torres, L., Chaverri, D., Rodríguez, F.A.
Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
García-Ramos, A. , Feriche, B. , Iglesias, X. , Calderón, C. , Chaverri, D. , Barrero, A. , Nebot, V. , Schuller, T. , Štrumbel, B. , Qiu, J., Rodríguez, F.A. A new approach to monitor stress and fatigue during altitude training in elite athletes. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Iglesias, X., Brotons, D., Vidal, E., Rodríguez, F.A. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Rodríguez-Zamora, L., Iglesias, X., Brotons, D., Vidal, E., Rodríguez, F.A. Changes in the whole-body bioelectrical impedance vector induced by training in young elite synchronized swimmers: Preliminary results. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
Barrero, A., Carrasco, M., Irurtia, A., Chaverri, D., Iglesias, X., Rodríguez, F.A. Energy balance during an ultra-endurance triathlon. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, INEFC Barcelona. (Barcelona).
This study assessed muscle damage in 11 trained ultra-endurance triathletes after completing a 3.8km swim, 180km cycle, and 42.2km run race. Blood samples analyzed before and 48 hours after found significant increases in the muscle protein markers fast myosin and slow myosin, indicating muscle damage, especially to slow muscle fibers. Dehydration was also observed as body mass and total body water decreased significantly after the race. The increase in slow myosin levels was correlated with greater decreases in total and intracellular body water, suggesting muscle damage is influenced by hydration status during ultra-endurance exercise.
The study measured heart rate responses during synchronized swimming routines to analyze breath holding and body position changes, finding that heart rate increased during breath holding periods and inverted positions compared to other parts of the routine. Data was collected from elite synchronized swimmers during competition using wearable heart rate monitors. Results provide insight into physiological demands of synchronized swimming routines.
1) Sixteen elite swimmers lived and trained for 3 weeks at an altitude of 2320 meters. All subjects experienced symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) with the highest scores on the first day and lowest on the seventh day.
2) Heart rate and some heart rate variability measures showed differences throughout the first week, with maximum heart rate values on the third day and decreases in relaxation index and total power up to the third day.
3) While the worst results for AMS were on the first day and for cardiovascular variables on the third day, there was not a strong correlation between AMS symptoms and heart rate variability measures. However, heart rate was higher in swimmers experiencing moderate to severe AMS symptoms.
This study analyzed the effect of 3 weeks of moderate altitude (2320m) training on objective (training impulses or TRIMP) and subjective (session RPE or s-RPE) measures of training load in elite swimmers. 40 swimmers were assigned to a group that trained at sea level or moderate altitude. TRIMP and s-RPE were recorded for swimming and dry-land training sessions. There were no differences in TRIMP for swimming sessions between groups, but s-RPE was lower for the altitude group initially. For dry-land sessions, both TRIMP and s-RPE were lower for the altitude group. The relationship between s-RPE and TRIMP was moderate to low, suggesting they
Este documento resume los resultados de un estudio observacional sobre las interacciones en competiciones de alto nivel de taekwondo. El estudio analizó 4,961 acciones registradas en 48 combates para caracterizar los comportamientos de los deportistas de élite y evaluar la influencia de factores ambientales como el marcador, el espacio y el tiempo restante. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las acciones se realizaron en la zona de combate del tapiz y que aunque aumentaron las acciones a medida que se acercaba el final del combate, la efectividad no
This study analyzed 4,962 tactical moves performed by elite taekwondo athletes across various championships between 2001-2007. The most common move was the bandal chagui kick, which made up 76.71% of moves. Counterattacks comprised 51.98% of moves, with most being direct (82.53%) and simultaneous (64.81%). The conclusions suggest taekwondo training should focus more on effective moves beyond basic kicks, as well as direct attacks, simultaneous counterattacks, and combat in the central area to improve performance.
This study analyzed 4,962 tactical moves performed in 48 championship taekwondo matches between 2001-2007. The most common moves were bandal chagui kicks (76.71%), with attacks making up 48.02% of moves and counterattacks 51.98%. Moves were most often direct, with the right leg, and from a back guard position. Only 15.46% of moves led to points, with most matches ending evenly or with a loss. The study concludes systematic observation is useful for taekwondo training by identifying ineffective moves and strategies to emphasize.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of environmental pressure on tactical actions in male top-level taekwondo combat. The study observed 4,796 tactical actions from 48 fights involving 96 top athletes from 29 countries. Environmental pressure factors observed included space or area of the combat, time remaining in the fight, and current point score difference. The results showed that the number of moves increased in later rounds but effectiveness was not significantly different based on area of combat. Effectiveness was higher when the score was close versus when losing or winning by more than one point. Overall, environmental pressure did not seem to influence taekwondo combat as directly as other combat sports like fencing.
The study investigated the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) on aerobic capacity and running performance in triathletes. Fourteen triathletes were randomly assigned to either a hypoxia group (HYPO) or normoxia group (NORM). The HYPO group underwent IHE for 3 hours per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Testing showed ventilatory thresholds increased significantly for HYPO but running performance did not change. While VO2max did not significantly increase, the results suggest IHE can improve aerobic fitness markers in triathletes.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of 4 weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) on aerobic capacity and running performance in triathletes. The study found that IHE significantly increased ventilatory threshold but did not improve maximal oxygen uptake or running performance. The increases in ventilatory threshold were not due to increased erythropoiesis. While IHE may improve aerobic endurance capacity through other adaptations, more research is needed to determine its effects on highly trained endurance athletes.
More from Sports Sciences Research Group INEFC Barcelona (20)
2. HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN ORTHOSTATIC TEST DURING DIFFERENT
TRAINING PERIODS IN ELITE SWIMMERS
Esa Hynynen1, Xavier Iglesias2, Belén Feriche3, Carmen Calderón4, Xavier Ábalos2, Jairo Vázquez2, Anna Barrero2,
Lara Rodríguez2, Benjamin D. Levine, FACSM 5, Ferran A. Rodríguez, FACSM 2
1
KIHU – Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland, 2 INEFC, University of Barcelona, Spain, 3 FCAFyD,
University of Granada, Spain, 4 Sierra Nevada High Altitude Training Center, Granada, Spain, 5 IEEM/UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
ABSTRACT METHODS 600
250
Intense training has been shown to change the autonomic modulation of the Eleven elite swimmers (7 females and 4 males, age 17.9 ± 500
heart in endurance athletes assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. In
overtraining state HRV diminished in athletes of different sports. PURPOSE: 1.9 years) lived and trained for 8 weeks before national 200
This study investigated the effects of intensified training and tapering on HRV championships qualifying for European championships. The 400
TRIMP (a.u.)
LF/HF ratio (%)
P = 0.01
in elite swimmers. METHODS: Eleven elite swimmers (7 F and 4 M, age 17.9 swimmers followed the individual training programs set by 150
± 1.9 y) lived and trained for 8 weeks before national championships qualifying
for European championships. This follow-up period was divided to following their coaches. This follow-up period was divided to 300
microcycles: preparatory general, intensified training, preparatory specific, pre- following microcycles: preparatory general, intensified 100
competition (tapering), and competition periods. RR-intervals were recorded 200
training, preparatory specific, pre-competition (tapering), P = 0.001 P = 0.039 P = 0.01
every morning in supine (8 min) and orthostatic (6 min) positions with beat-by- P = 0.02
beat heart monitors. Breathing was paced to 12 breaths/min. HRV was analyzed and competition periods. RR-intervals were recorded every 100 50
from the last 5-min period of both positions with FFT and autoregressive (AR) morning in supine (8 min) and orthostatic (6 min) positions
spectral power analysis. TRIMPs of every training session were calculated to with Polar RS800CX heart rate monitors (Polar Electro, 0 0
estimate training. Results are presented as averages of each period and expressed
in relative changes. RESULTS: Training load increased during the intensified Kempele, Finland). Breathing was paced to 12 breaths/min Pre general Intensified Pre spesific Pre comp Comp Pre general Intensified Pre spesific Pre comp Comp
training period (+86%, p=0.01) and progressively decreased during the pre- (Tempo Trainer metronome, Livermore, CA). HRV was Figure 1. Training load during the follow-up. Figure 3. Relative change of supine LF/HF ratio from the
competition and competition. HF spectral power during supine rest increased analyzed from the last 5-min period of both positions with preparatory general period.
during intensified training (+38%, P=0.03) but recovered to baseline thereafter
and stayed near baseline levels during tapering and competition periods. LF/HF autoregressive spectral power analysis (Kubios HRV 2.0,
ratio during supine rest progressively increased from preparatory general to Kuopio, Finland). TRIMPs of every training session were Table 1. Relative change of supine and orthostatic HR and
tapering (+58%, P=0.02) and competition periods (+66%, P=0.01). calculated to estimate training load. Results are presented as CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION: The present findings are different from previous literature of HRV from the preparatory general period. The present findings are different from previous literature of
HRV in endurance athletes. Intensive training has been reported to decrease averages of each period and expressed in relative changes.
HRV acutely and a rebound was observed after a relative resting period. In this 2
Pre general Intensified Pre spesific Pre comp Comp HRV in endurance athletes. Intensive training has been
HRsu (ms ) 0 ± 5.3 2.6 ± 10.7 1.6 ± 10.2 0.4 ± 12.1 1.0 ± 13.3
study, increase of HRV seemed to be related to positive coping with increased LFsu (ms2) 0 ± 50.9 34.3 ± 150.8 19.8 ± 126.6 38.8 ± 146.2 33.0 ± 99.6
reported to decrease HRV acutely and a rebound has been
training stress of elite swimmers. Interpretation of LF/HF ratio has been
RESULTS HFsu (ms2) 0 ± 36.8 37.7 ± 108.4 * 4.1 ± 66.8 11.7 ± 81.5 7.5 ± 63.2 observed after a relative resting period. In this study, increase
questionable, but it has been used as an indicator of the balance of autonomic HRor (ms2)
nervous system. Therefore, these findings suggest that the sympathetic activity of
0 ± 6.6 5.8 ± 16.9 * 5.1 ± 13.4 3.3 ± 20.9 1.1 ± 19.7 of HRV seemed to be related to positive coping with
LFor (ms2) 0 ± 36.6 24.1 ± 77.5 41.7 ± 102.4 38.8 ± 66.9 55.7 ± 146.7
elite swimmers may increase during rest as an anticipatory effect of competition Training load increased during the intensified training HFor (ms2) 0 ± 51.0 86.2 ± 246.1 76.2 ± 181.3 104.2 ± 275.3 * 117.8 ± 324.0 increased training stress of elite swimmers. Inter-individual
period. period (Fig. 1) and progressively decreased during the pre- HR: heart rate, LF: low frequency power, HF: high frequency power, su: supine, or: orthostatic variance is, however, very large. Therefore, individual follow-
Supported by CSD (35/UPB10/10, 05/UPB32/10) and MICINN competition and competition periods. * P < 0.05, statistical difference to pre general period
(DEP2009-09181) grants.
up is probably the best way to utilize these measurements in
everyday training / coaching. Interpretation of LF/HF ratio
There were only small changes in heart rate, but large has been questionable, but it has been used as an indicator of
INTRODUCTION variability in HRV indices during the follow-up (Table 1). the balance of autonomic nervous system. Therefore, these
160
Elite athletes use hard training periods to induce so-called HF spectral power during supine rest increased during findings suggest that the sympathetic activity of elite
“functional overreaching” state. After an appropriate period intensified training (Fig. 2) but recovered to baseline 140 swimmers may increase during rest as an anticipatory effect
of easier training and recovery (tapering), increased thereafter and stayed near baseline levels during tapering and 120 of competition period.
performance may be achieved. Hard training periods and competition periods. LF/HF ratio during supine rest
HF power (%)
100
sessions have been shown to affect nocturnal autonomic progressively increased from preparatory general to tapering REFERENCES
modulation during rest in runners (Pichot et al. 2000; and competition periods (Fig. 3). 80 Atlaoui D. et al. 2007. Int J Sports Med, 28: 394-400.
Hynynen et al. 2010) and swimmers (Garet et al. 2004). 60 Garet M. et al. 2004. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1729-1736.
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P = 0.03 Hynynen E. et al. 2008. Int J Sports Med, 29: 552-558.
stress response with a rebound of HRV after recovery. intensified training (Fig. 2) but recovered to baseline Hynynen E. et al. 2010. Int J Sports Med, 31: 428-432.
Lower HRV during wakefulness has been found in thereafter and stayed near baseline levels during tapering and 20
Pichot V. et al. 2000. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1729-
overtrained athletes in comparison to control athletes competition periods. LF/HF ratio during supine rest 0 1736.
Pre general Intensified Pre spesific Pre comp Comp
(Hynynen et al. 2008). Previously, however, HRV indices progressively increased from preparatory general to tapering
and competition periods (Fig. 3). Figure 2. Relative change of supine HFP from the E-mail: esa.hynynen@kihu.fi
failed to show any significant changes in the follow-up of preparatory general period.
elite swimmers (Atlaoui et al. 2007).
This study was done to investigate the effects of intensified
training and tapering on HRV in elite swimmers.
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