1) The study examined whether positive emotions are associated with depression similarly across cultures by surveying over 600 European American, Asian American, and immigrant Asian college students.
2) As predicted, positive emotions were negatively associated with depression symptoms among European Americans and Asian Americans, but not among immigrant Asians. Negative emotions were associated with depression symptoms among all three groups.
3) The findings suggest that the role of positive emotions in mental health may differ across cultures, and that interventions promoting positive emotions may need to be tailored for different cultural contexts.
1. The study examined whether negative automatic thoughts mediate the relationship between self-compassion and measures of mental health like anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction, while controlling for self-esteem.
2. In Study 1 (N=231), results suggested that self-compassion decreased negative automatic thoughts and trait anxiety. Negative automatic thoughts partially mediated the relationship between self-compassion and depression/anxiety.
3. In Study 2 (N=233), both positive and negative automatic thoughts were examined as potential mediators. Results suggested positive automatic thoughts mediated the relationship between self-compassion and life satisfaction/depression/anxiety, while controlling for self-esteem.
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
1) The document discusses family expressed emotion (EE) in the context of Javanese families with a member experiencing psychosis.
2) Using ethnographic research methods including interviews and observations over one year with nine families, the author explores how concepts of criticism and emotional over-involvement are interpreted in Javanese culture.
3) Key findings indicate that most families could be considered low in EE, however ethnographic observation provided a more nuanced understanding of complex family relationships in the cultural context.
The document analyzes the concept of grief in elderly individuals as they transition from independent living to assisted care. It defines grief as the subjective reaction to the loss of independence related to aging, affecting individuals mentally, physically, and spiritually. Common antecedents of grief for the elderly include loss of health, lifestyle changes like moving to assisted living, and loss of financial independence. Manifestations of grief include affective responses like anger or relief, behavioral changes like crying or withdrawing, cognitive impacts like memory loss, and physical symptoms like appetite changes. Successfully navigating grief results in resolving the loss and assimilating to a new lifestyle, while complicated grief causes ongoing difficulties.
This document discusses cognitive therapy for dealing with flashback memories from traumatic events. It describes how flashbacks can severely impact people by causing reliving of traumatic memories through thoughts and nightmares. It also discusses how certain groups like victims of abuse, veterans, or people with medical conditions may be more vulnerable to suicidal thoughts due to flashbacks. Cognitive therapy aims to help people modify negative thoughts associated with flashbacks through techniques like cognitive restructuring. However, current therapies have limitations and may not work for all cases. The document suggests further research into alternative early intervention and prevention strategies to address the root causes of flashbacks and associated suicidal behaviors.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
This case conceptualization examines a client named John who is experiencing obsessions and compulsions. John exhibits behaviors like repetitive sniffing, excessive hand washing, and preoccupation with his girlfriend's flaws. He was diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. John experienced childhood trauma witnessing domestic violence. Goals of treatment are to increase John's social interactions and decrease rituals. Interventions include processing early memories and exposure therapy to reduce anxiety from triggers. Cultural factors like religion and ethnicity can influence OCD symptoms but the disorder presents similarly across cultures.
The association between depression and suicide in adolescenceEuridiki
This document analyzes the link between depression and suicide in adolescence. It discusses symptoms of depression, causes like stressful life events and genetics, and treatments. It also describes a study of 4 individuals in Greece, 2 with depression since adolescence and 2 relatives of suicide victims. The study found those with low self-esteem, depression, and trauma have high suicide risk. Suggestions are made for further research.
1. The study examined whether negative automatic thoughts mediate the relationship between self-compassion and measures of mental health like anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction, while controlling for self-esteem.
2. In Study 1 (N=231), results suggested that self-compassion decreased negative automatic thoughts and trait anxiety. Negative automatic thoughts partially mediated the relationship between self-compassion and depression/anxiety.
3. In Study 2 (N=233), both positive and negative automatic thoughts were examined as potential mediators. Results suggested positive automatic thoughts mediated the relationship between self-compassion and life satisfaction/depression/anxiety, while controlling for self-esteem.
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
1) The document discusses family expressed emotion (EE) in the context of Javanese families with a member experiencing psychosis.
2) Using ethnographic research methods including interviews and observations over one year with nine families, the author explores how concepts of criticism and emotional over-involvement are interpreted in Javanese culture.
3) Key findings indicate that most families could be considered low in EE, however ethnographic observation provided a more nuanced understanding of complex family relationships in the cultural context.
The document analyzes the concept of grief in elderly individuals as they transition from independent living to assisted care. It defines grief as the subjective reaction to the loss of independence related to aging, affecting individuals mentally, physically, and spiritually. Common antecedents of grief for the elderly include loss of health, lifestyle changes like moving to assisted living, and loss of financial independence. Manifestations of grief include affective responses like anger or relief, behavioral changes like crying or withdrawing, cognitive impacts like memory loss, and physical symptoms like appetite changes. Successfully navigating grief results in resolving the loss and assimilating to a new lifestyle, while complicated grief causes ongoing difficulties.
This document discusses cognitive therapy for dealing with flashback memories from traumatic events. It describes how flashbacks can severely impact people by causing reliving of traumatic memories through thoughts and nightmares. It also discusses how certain groups like victims of abuse, veterans, or people with medical conditions may be more vulnerable to suicidal thoughts due to flashbacks. Cognitive therapy aims to help people modify negative thoughts associated with flashbacks through techniques like cognitive restructuring. However, current therapies have limitations and may not work for all cases. The document suggests further research into alternative early intervention and prevention strategies to address the root causes of flashbacks and associated suicidal behaviors.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
This case conceptualization examines a client named John who is experiencing obsessions and compulsions. John exhibits behaviors like repetitive sniffing, excessive hand washing, and preoccupation with his girlfriend's flaws. He was diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. John experienced childhood trauma witnessing domestic violence. Goals of treatment are to increase John's social interactions and decrease rituals. Interventions include processing early memories and exposure therapy to reduce anxiety from triggers. Cultural factors like religion and ethnicity can influence OCD symptoms but the disorder presents similarly across cultures.
The association between depression and suicide in adolescenceEuridiki
This document analyzes the link between depression and suicide in adolescence. It discusses symptoms of depression, causes like stressful life events and genetics, and treatments. It also describes a study of 4 individuals in Greece, 2 with depression since adolescence and 2 relatives of suicide victims. The study found those with low self-esteem, depression, and trauma have high suicide risk. Suggestions are made for further research.
The document provides a case conceptualization of the Bernard family from an Adlerian theoretical perspective. Key points include:
- The family presents with stress and chaos and lacks social interest and positive functioning as a group.
- A lifestyle assessment would examine family dynamics, roles, and convictions.
- Treatment goals are to increase structure, decrease stress, and build coping skills through teaching consequences, encouraging positive attitudes, and monitoring progress.
This document discusses contemplative practices and cultural diversity, with a focus on mindfulness meditation. It notes that while mindfulness has significant benefits, it has not been widely embraced outside of predominantly white, middle-class groups due to perceptions that it promotes "whiteness." The document advocates for culturally adapting mindfulness interventions, including through a concept of "soulfulness" intended to increase resonance with ethnocultural groups at risk of "soul wounds" from oppression-related collective trauma. Principles of a soulfulness approach to meditation are outlined, drawing from African and African diaspora cultural expressions of soul as a way to deliver mindfulness in a liberating and soul-healing manner for people of color.
Resiliency in African American College StudentsMichelle Norman
This document summarizes a research study on factors related to resilience among African Americans. It outlines the background, variables, research questions, hypotheses, methodology, results, and implications of the study. The study examined relationships between racism-related stress, rejection sensitivity, Africultural coping strategies, and subjective well-being/flourishing in a sample of 186 African American college students. Results found that higher racism-related stress correlated with higher rejection sensitivity and negative affect. Africultural coping strategies like spiritual and collective coping correlated with higher subjective well-being. The discussion suggests counselors working with African Americans should consider culture-specific coping strategies.
The document summarizes key concepts about emotions, stress, and health from Chapter 12 of the 9th Edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory and two-factor theory. Specific emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are explored in terms of their physiological responses and expression. The document also examines the relationship between stress and health conditions, as well as ways of coping with and managing stress.
This document summarizes a study on using creative arts therapies to help people in the Eastern Michigan University (EMU) community cope with bereavement. It reviewed literature showing that grief is a complex process involving searching for meaning and expression. Creative arts like music therapy can provide an adaptive medium for communicating difficult emotions. The study surveyed 21 people from EMU who had experienced a loss. It found they engaged in expressive activities to cope and most felt the university environment supported their recovery, challenging views that such settings are not conducive to grief. The study concluded that creative arts therapies may help grieving individuals develop personal narratives and find significance in their experiences.
This document discusses various theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. It also covers topics like physiological responses to specific emotions, the role of cognition in emotion, nonverbal communication of emotion, and cultural differences in emotional expression. Key emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are examined in terms of their causes, expressions, and adaptive functions. Factors influencing subjective well-being and happiness are also explored.
'Loss, Grief and Bereavement Coping with Loss and Grief'Dr Wango Geoffrey
A new dawn has come in our lives in which we must be willing to face the reality of our lives. Part of that reality is the imminence of death. Death can be confusing especially with the advancement of medicine, science and technology and various attempts to make meaning and sense of our world. Ultimately, when death occurs, persons may oscillate between feelings of sadness and anticipation, especially when there is a lot of pain and suffering and hence our love and commitment to our loves ones is juxtaposed with relieve from pain. The interrelationships in our lives affect us all. The fact that death takes away our loved ones can be a panacea for disaster. The purpose of this presentation is to assist persons cope with loss and grief.
Self destructive behaviors and survivors of suicidesbuffo
This document discusses self-destructive behavior and suicide. It defines self-destructive behavior and explains that it is often a form of self-punishment or learned behavior. It then lists common types of self-destructive behaviors like self-harm, substance abuse, and risky behaviors. The document discusses myths and facts related to suicide and explains the common elements, emotions, and cognitive states involved in suicidal thoughts and acts. It also discusses the impact of suicide on survivors and how to help survivors cope and heal from the suicide of a loved one.
This document provides summaries for 14 poster sessions (labeled X-001 through X-014) that will be presented on Saturday, May 28, 2016 from 10:00 AM to 10:50 AM at the APS Exhibit Hall-Riverwalk. Each poster summary is 1-3 sentences and provides the study objective, participants, and main findings or conclusions. The posters cover topics related to emotion, health, and personality/social psychology.
This document provides information on self-injury (also called non-suicidal self-injury or NSSI). It defines different types of self-injury and reviews prevalence rates among adolescents. Studies show that 15-30% of adolescents engage in NSSI. There is evidence that rates are rising. The document also discusses biological and neurological factors that may contribute to NSSI, such as low endorphin levels and altered pain sensitivity. Treatment approaches covered include assessment of motivations and functions of self-injury, psychoeducation, and motivational enhancement techniques.
Understanding suicide and Crisis Intervention Muskan Hossain
Defining Suicide
Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal Ideation in Young Children
SUICIDE INTENT SCALE
Psychology and Psychopathology of Suicide
NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS LINKED TO SUICIDE RISK
MIND OF A SUICIDAL PERSON
The Media Presentation of Suicide
Case Studies
Prevention of Suicide
Prevention of Suicidal Ideation
Crisis Intervention Of Suicide
Treatment of Suicidal Ideation
World Suicide Prevention Day
BOOKS ON SUICIDE AND CRISIS INTERVNETION
Medicine and Health Literature Review Capstone Project SampleCapstone Project
If you are in need of professional writing services for your upcoming Capstone design project; then all you need to do is contact us through our easy to use website. Let us know about your project, what you are looking for and when you need your proposal by. From there we will get to work for you and make sure that you are being matched with the right writer to deliver you the assistance that you are looking for.
More information on our website http://www.capstoneproject.net/
Infor about careloop for service users and carers 2Dawn Perry
CareLoop is a study testing a mobile phone system to monitor mental health symptoms and support self-management. The system allows users with severe mental health problems to record their symptoms and feelings as they occur, making it easier to discuss with healthcare workers. When symptoms worsen, more support may be provided to prevent hospitalization. Users will receive a phone to use alongside normal care for the study period. Researchers will evaluate if phone-based monitoring is acceptable and useful for users and healthcare providers.
This quote from psychologist Albert Ellis argues that external people and events themselves do not cause us upset or distress, but rather it is our own beliefs that those people or things have the power to upset us that actually causes the distress. He suggests we upset ourselves by believing others can upset us, rather than the others or events themselves doing so directly.
The document discusses energy transfer through various mediums. It covers 3 main points:
1) Energy can be transferred through conduction, where energy is transferred through direct contact between particles in a medium.
2) Energy can also be transferred through convection, where the transfer of energy occurs in a fluid (liquid or gas) through currents that are produced by the uneven heating of the fluid.
3) Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium for transfer. It can travel through empty space.
The document summarizes upcoming changes to incapacity and disability benefits in the UK. It notes that (1) the incapacity benefit form (IB50) is being replaced by a new form (SA50) focused on daily abilities rather than limitations. (2) All current incapacity benefit claimants under the pension age will be reassessed. (3) Decisions will place people into one of three groups: support, work-related activities, or no longer entitled to benefits. Additionally, the disability living allowance is being replaced by a new personal independence payment, with 2,000 people per week reassessed over three years starting in 2013.
The document discusses energy usage and efficiency. It provides data on energy production, consumption, and efficiency across various countries and time periods. Key points include:
- The United States consumes more energy per capita than other major industrialized countries but has made progress in improving energy efficiency.
- Transitioning to more sustainable energy sources and improving efficiency can help address issues of energy security and environmental protection.
- International cooperation on research into new energy technologies can help speed the development of solutions to meet growing energy needs worldwide.
The document discusses energy transfer through various mediums. It covers 3 main points:
1) Energy can be transferred through conduction, where thermal energy moves through direct contact between particles of matter.
2) Energy can also be transferred through convection, where the transfer of heat occurs in a fluid (liquid or gas). The warmer parts of the fluid rise and the cooler parts sink, creating convection currents.
3) Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. All objects emit electromagnetic radiation, transferring energy even without being in contact.
mejoría de la sintomatología con el
Este documento presenta una revisión actualizada sobre los nódulos vocales. Los nódulos vocales son lesiones pequeñas que se forman comúnmente en las cuerdas vocales debido al abuso o mal uso de la voz. Afectan con más frecuencia a mujeres jóvenes y profesionales de la voz como profesores. Su formación se debe al impacto repetido en la zona media de las cuerdas vocales durante la fonación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen laryngoscó
The document is a 2011 survey report on attitudes towards mental illness among adults in England published by the NHS Information Centre. Some key findings from the survey include: agreement that mental illness is like any other illness increased from 71% in 1994 to 77% in 2011; the percentage comfortable discussing mental health with friends/family rose from 66% in 2009 to 70% in 2011; and the percentage uncomfortable discussing it with employers fell from 50% in 2010 to 43% in 2011. The report analyzed attitudes on various statements regarding mental illness and found most respondents had understanding and tolerant views, though older respondents and men tended to have slightly more negative attitudes.
Lecture 8 managing cultural differences.pptxRezaJoia
The document discusses several key cultural differences in how concepts like happiness, emotion, self-identity, and compromise are viewed across different societies. It finds that East Asians are more likely to prefer compromise over agreeing with one side in an argument. Western cultures view the self as independent while Eastern cultures see it as interdependent with others. Different languages and cultures also influence how people perceive and express emotions, with display rules shaping whether people conceal or openly show feelings. The meaning of happiness also varies, with Americans associating it with excitement and Eastern cultures preferring calmness.
Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural...Andrzej Pankalla
De Oliveira, D., Pankalla, A., Cabeccinhas, R. (2012). Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural study in Brazil and Europe. Summa Psicologica, vol. 9/9, 33-12 (ISSN 0718-0446).
The document provides a case conceptualization of the Bernard family from an Adlerian theoretical perspective. Key points include:
- The family presents with stress and chaos and lacks social interest and positive functioning as a group.
- A lifestyle assessment would examine family dynamics, roles, and convictions.
- Treatment goals are to increase structure, decrease stress, and build coping skills through teaching consequences, encouraging positive attitudes, and monitoring progress.
This document discusses contemplative practices and cultural diversity, with a focus on mindfulness meditation. It notes that while mindfulness has significant benefits, it has not been widely embraced outside of predominantly white, middle-class groups due to perceptions that it promotes "whiteness." The document advocates for culturally adapting mindfulness interventions, including through a concept of "soulfulness" intended to increase resonance with ethnocultural groups at risk of "soul wounds" from oppression-related collective trauma. Principles of a soulfulness approach to meditation are outlined, drawing from African and African diaspora cultural expressions of soul as a way to deliver mindfulness in a liberating and soul-healing manner for people of color.
Resiliency in African American College StudentsMichelle Norman
This document summarizes a research study on factors related to resilience among African Americans. It outlines the background, variables, research questions, hypotheses, methodology, results, and implications of the study. The study examined relationships between racism-related stress, rejection sensitivity, Africultural coping strategies, and subjective well-being/flourishing in a sample of 186 African American college students. Results found that higher racism-related stress correlated with higher rejection sensitivity and negative affect. Africultural coping strategies like spiritual and collective coping correlated with higher subjective well-being. The discussion suggests counselors working with African Americans should consider culture-specific coping strategies.
The document summarizes key concepts about emotions, stress, and health from Chapter 12 of the 9th Edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory and two-factor theory. Specific emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are explored in terms of their physiological responses and expression. The document also examines the relationship between stress and health conditions, as well as ways of coping with and managing stress.
This document summarizes a study on using creative arts therapies to help people in the Eastern Michigan University (EMU) community cope with bereavement. It reviewed literature showing that grief is a complex process involving searching for meaning and expression. Creative arts like music therapy can provide an adaptive medium for communicating difficult emotions. The study surveyed 21 people from EMU who had experienced a loss. It found they engaged in expressive activities to cope and most felt the university environment supported their recovery, challenging views that such settings are not conducive to grief. The study concluded that creative arts therapies may help grieving individuals develop personal narratives and find significance in their experiences.
This document discusses various theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. It also covers topics like physiological responses to specific emotions, the role of cognition in emotion, nonverbal communication of emotion, and cultural differences in emotional expression. Key emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are examined in terms of their causes, expressions, and adaptive functions. Factors influencing subjective well-being and happiness are also explored.
'Loss, Grief and Bereavement Coping with Loss and Grief'Dr Wango Geoffrey
A new dawn has come in our lives in which we must be willing to face the reality of our lives. Part of that reality is the imminence of death. Death can be confusing especially with the advancement of medicine, science and technology and various attempts to make meaning and sense of our world. Ultimately, when death occurs, persons may oscillate between feelings of sadness and anticipation, especially when there is a lot of pain and suffering and hence our love and commitment to our loves ones is juxtaposed with relieve from pain. The interrelationships in our lives affect us all. The fact that death takes away our loved ones can be a panacea for disaster. The purpose of this presentation is to assist persons cope with loss and grief.
Self destructive behaviors and survivors of suicidesbuffo
This document discusses self-destructive behavior and suicide. It defines self-destructive behavior and explains that it is often a form of self-punishment or learned behavior. It then lists common types of self-destructive behaviors like self-harm, substance abuse, and risky behaviors. The document discusses myths and facts related to suicide and explains the common elements, emotions, and cognitive states involved in suicidal thoughts and acts. It also discusses the impact of suicide on survivors and how to help survivors cope and heal from the suicide of a loved one.
This document provides summaries for 14 poster sessions (labeled X-001 through X-014) that will be presented on Saturday, May 28, 2016 from 10:00 AM to 10:50 AM at the APS Exhibit Hall-Riverwalk. Each poster summary is 1-3 sentences and provides the study objective, participants, and main findings or conclusions. The posters cover topics related to emotion, health, and personality/social psychology.
This document provides information on self-injury (also called non-suicidal self-injury or NSSI). It defines different types of self-injury and reviews prevalence rates among adolescents. Studies show that 15-30% of adolescents engage in NSSI. There is evidence that rates are rising. The document also discusses biological and neurological factors that may contribute to NSSI, such as low endorphin levels and altered pain sensitivity. Treatment approaches covered include assessment of motivations and functions of self-injury, psychoeducation, and motivational enhancement techniques.
Understanding suicide and Crisis Intervention Muskan Hossain
Defining Suicide
Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal Ideation in Young Children
SUICIDE INTENT SCALE
Psychology and Psychopathology of Suicide
NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS LINKED TO SUICIDE RISK
MIND OF A SUICIDAL PERSON
The Media Presentation of Suicide
Case Studies
Prevention of Suicide
Prevention of Suicidal Ideation
Crisis Intervention Of Suicide
Treatment of Suicidal Ideation
World Suicide Prevention Day
BOOKS ON SUICIDE AND CRISIS INTERVNETION
Medicine and Health Literature Review Capstone Project SampleCapstone Project
If you are in need of professional writing services for your upcoming Capstone design project; then all you need to do is contact us through our easy to use website. Let us know about your project, what you are looking for and when you need your proposal by. From there we will get to work for you and make sure that you are being matched with the right writer to deliver you the assistance that you are looking for.
More information on our website http://www.capstoneproject.net/
Infor about careloop for service users and carers 2Dawn Perry
CareLoop is a study testing a mobile phone system to monitor mental health symptoms and support self-management. The system allows users with severe mental health problems to record their symptoms and feelings as they occur, making it easier to discuss with healthcare workers. When symptoms worsen, more support may be provided to prevent hospitalization. Users will receive a phone to use alongside normal care for the study period. Researchers will evaluate if phone-based monitoring is acceptable and useful for users and healthcare providers.
This quote from psychologist Albert Ellis argues that external people and events themselves do not cause us upset or distress, but rather it is our own beliefs that those people or things have the power to upset us that actually causes the distress. He suggests we upset ourselves by believing others can upset us, rather than the others or events themselves doing so directly.
The document discusses energy transfer through various mediums. It covers 3 main points:
1) Energy can be transferred through conduction, where energy is transferred through direct contact between particles in a medium.
2) Energy can also be transferred through convection, where the transfer of energy occurs in a fluid (liquid or gas) through currents that are produced by the uneven heating of the fluid.
3) Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium for transfer. It can travel through empty space.
The document summarizes upcoming changes to incapacity and disability benefits in the UK. It notes that (1) the incapacity benefit form (IB50) is being replaced by a new form (SA50) focused on daily abilities rather than limitations. (2) All current incapacity benefit claimants under the pension age will be reassessed. (3) Decisions will place people into one of three groups: support, work-related activities, or no longer entitled to benefits. Additionally, the disability living allowance is being replaced by a new personal independence payment, with 2,000 people per week reassessed over three years starting in 2013.
The document discusses energy usage and efficiency. It provides data on energy production, consumption, and efficiency across various countries and time periods. Key points include:
- The United States consumes more energy per capita than other major industrialized countries but has made progress in improving energy efficiency.
- Transitioning to more sustainable energy sources and improving efficiency can help address issues of energy security and environmental protection.
- International cooperation on research into new energy technologies can help speed the development of solutions to meet growing energy needs worldwide.
The document discusses energy transfer through various mediums. It covers 3 main points:
1) Energy can be transferred through conduction, where thermal energy moves through direct contact between particles of matter.
2) Energy can also be transferred through convection, where the transfer of heat occurs in a fluid (liquid or gas). The warmer parts of the fluid rise and the cooler parts sink, creating convection currents.
3) Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. All objects emit electromagnetic radiation, transferring energy even without being in contact.
mejoría de la sintomatología con el
Este documento presenta una revisión actualizada sobre los nódulos vocales. Los nódulos vocales son lesiones pequeñas que se forman comúnmente en las cuerdas vocales debido al abuso o mal uso de la voz. Afectan con más frecuencia a mujeres jóvenes y profesionales de la voz como profesores. Su formación se debe al impacto repetido en la zona media de las cuerdas vocales durante la fonación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen laryngoscó
The document is a 2011 survey report on attitudes towards mental illness among adults in England published by the NHS Information Centre. Some key findings from the survey include: agreement that mental illness is like any other illness increased from 71% in 1994 to 77% in 2011; the percentage comfortable discussing mental health with friends/family rose from 66% in 2009 to 70% in 2011; and the percentage uncomfortable discussing it with employers fell from 50% in 2010 to 43% in 2011. The report analyzed attitudes on various statements regarding mental illness and found most respondents had understanding and tolerant views, though older respondents and men tended to have slightly more negative attitudes.
Lecture 8 managing cultural differences.pptxRezaJoia
The document discusses several key cultural differences in how concepts like happiness, emotion, self-identity, and compromise are viewed across different societies. It finds that East Asians are more likely to prefer compromise over agreeing with one side in an argument. Western cultures view the self as independent while Eastern cultures see it as interdependent with others. Different languages and cultures also influence how people perceive and express emotions, with display rules shaping whether people conceal or openly show feelings. The meaning of happiness also varies, with Americans associating it with excitement and Eastern cultures preferring calmness.
Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural...Andrzej Pankalla
De Oliveira, D., Pankalla, A., Cabeccinhas, R. (2012). Ethnic Identity as predictor for the well-being: An exploratory transcultural study in Brazil and Europe. Summa Psicologica, vol. 9/9, 33-12 (ISSN 0718-0446).
Identidad étnica como predictor del bienestar: Estudio exploratorio transcult...Andrzej Pankalla
This document summarizes research on the relationship between ethnic identity and well-being. It discusses studies showing ethnic identity is positively associated with well-being and quality of life. The research examined these relationships in college students from Brazil, Portugal, and Poland. The results showed Brazilian students showed the strongest relationships between ethnic identity and well-being, while European students showed ethnic identity was associated with better quality of life and less ill-being. The document also discusses how ethnic identity may act as a buffer against stress and how it is related to improved positive affect and psychological adjustment.
The Expression of Depression in Asian Americansand European .docxcherry686017
This study examined ethnic differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder between Asian Americans and European Americans using a nationally representative community sample. Item response theory analyses were used to discern whether differences were due to expression of symptoms or degree of depressive symptomatology. The analyses found more similarities than differences between the groups, and when differences occurred, Asian Americans were less likely to endorse specific somatic and psychological symptoms even when matched for degree of depressive symptoms. The findings indicate depression is more similar between the groups, and differences reflect true differences in symptom expression rather than overall symptom severity.
Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011) 764–768Cont.docxherbertwilson5999
Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011) 764–768
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Personality and Individual Differences
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p a i d
Emotional intelligence and social perception
Kendra P.A. DeBusk, Elizabeth J. Austin ⇑
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 18 March 2011
Received in revised form 22 June 2011
Accepted 24 June 2011
Available online 23 July 2011
Keywords:
Emotional intelligence
Social perception
Cross-race
Cross-cultural
0191-8869/$ - see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Ltd. A
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.026
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (E.J. Au
One of the key facets of emotional intelligence (EI) is the capacity of an individual to recognise emotions
in others. However, this has not been tested cross-culturally, despite the body of research indicating that
people are better at recognising facial affect of members of their own culture. Given the emotion recog-
nition aspect of EI, it would seem that EI should be related to correctly identifying emotion in others
regardless of race. In order to test this, a social perception inspection time task was carried out in which
participants (41 Caucasian and 46 Far-East Asian) were required to identify the emotion on Caucasian and
Far-East Asian faces that were happy, sad, or angry. Results from this study indicate that EI was not
related to correctly identifying facial expressions. The results did confirm that participants are better able
to recognise people of their own ethnicity, though this was only applicable to negative emotions.
� 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Emotion perception is an important capability which impacts
the ability of individuals to negotiate their social environment.
There is evidence that the ability to perceive others’ emotions is af-
fected by whether the target person is a member of the same racial
or cultural group as the perceiver. This phenomenon is conceptu-
ally linked to that of facial recognition as a function of target
race/culture. In order to place the literature of cross-race and
cross-culture facial emotion recognition in context, we first review
the literature on cross-group face recognition.
A meta-analysis (Meissner & Brigham, 2001) indicated a robust
own-race bias in memory for faces. The theoretical interpretation
of this phenomenon has been based on the idea that greater expo-
sure to an individual’s own racial group than to other groups al-
lows them to develop greater expertise in recognising own-race
faces. More detailed studies have linked this performance advan-
tage to more efficient encoding and greater use of holistic process-
ing when the target is an own-race face (e.g. Michel, Caldara, &
Rossion, 2006; Walker & .
Influence and Adjustment GoalsSources of Cultural Differenc.docxjaggernaoma
Influence and Adjustment Goals:
Sources of Cultural Differences in Ideal Affect
Jeanne L. Tsai
Stanford University
Felicity F. Miao
University of Virginia
Emma Seppala
Stanford University
Helene H. Fung and Dannii Y. Yeung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Previous studies have found that in American culture high-arousal positive states (HAP) such as
excitement are valued more and low-arousal positive states (LAP) such as calm are valued less than they
are in Chinese culture. What specific factors account for these differences? The authors predicted that
when people and cultures aimed to influence others (i.e., assert personal needs and change others’
behaviors to meet those needs), they would value HAP more and LAP less than when they aimed to
adjust to others (i.e., suppress personal needs and change their own behaviors to meet others’ needs).
They test these predictions in 1 survey and 3 experimental studies. The findings suggest that within and
across American and Chinese contexts, differences in ideal affect are due to specific interpersonal goals.
Keywords: culture, values, interpersonal goals, affect
Although most people say that they want to feel good, people
want to feel good in different ways. In a previous article (Tsai,
Knutson, & Fung, 2006), we presented affect valuation theory,
which proposes that variation in “ideal affect” (the affective states
that people value and would ideally like to feel) is largely due to
cultural factors, or socially transmitted ideas and practices (Kroe-
ber & Kluckhohn, 1952). In support of affect valuation theory, we
have observed that European American adults value high-arousal
positive states (HAP; e.g., excitement, enthusiasm) more and low-
arousal positive states (LAP; e.g., calm, peacefulness) less than do
Hong Kong Chinese adults. Chinese Americans, who are oriented
to both American and Chinese cultures, value HAP more than
Hong Kong Chinese, but value LAP more than European Ameri-
cans (Tsai et al., 2006). We have found similar differences in ideal
affect among European American, Asian American, and Taiwan-
ese Chinese preschool children (Tsai, Louie, Chen, & Uchida,
2007), suggesting that people learn to value specific affective
states relatively early in life.
What aspects of Chinese and American culture lead one to
endorse HAP states more and LAP states less than the other? In
Tsai et al. (2006), we proposed that American and Chinese differ-
ences in ideal HAP and ideal LAP were related to differences in
the emphasis the cultures place on influencing versus adjusting to
others. Specifically, we predicted that when people are encouraged
to influence other people (i.e., assert their personal needs and
change others’ behaviors to meet those needs), as they are in
American culture, people value HAP more and LAP less than
when they are encouraged to adjust to others (i.e., suppress their
personal needs and change their own behavior to meet others’
needs), as they are in many East Asian c.
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This document discusses cultural differences in perceptions of mental illness across several topics: individualistic vs collectivist societies and prevalence of mental illness within each; differing views on the role of therapists in Western vs Asian vs African cultures; how automatic reactions and social stigma regarding mental illness can vary culturally; and examples of cultural variations in recognizing thresholds for disorders and manifestations of depression. It also presents a debate question on universal vs relative definitions of psychiatric disorders across contexts.
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Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. Cultural factors can influence its diagnosis and treatment. Specifically, socio-cultural context moderates the relationship between family expressed emotions and clinical outcomes for schizophrenia patients. Additionally, culturally-adapted psychotherapy that respects client values and worldviews tends to be more effective. Several studies examined how cultural differences relate to self-concepts and functioning for schizophrenia patients.
Do We Overemphasize the Role of Culture in the Behavior ofRa.docxpetehbailey729071
This document discusses evidence of a cultural (mis)attribution bias in American psychology, which is the tendency to overemphasize the role of culture in explaining the behaviors and cognitions of racial/ethnic minorities, while underemphasizing the influence of culture on white individuals. Through two studies, the authors investigate this bias by examining over 400 psychological research articles and surveying 361 psychologists. The results provide evidence that culture is more often cited as influencing minorities, while psychological factors are more often cited for whites. This bias can constrain psychological explanations and treatment by viewing minorities primarily through a cultural lens, rather than considering other important influences.
The document discusses factors related to subjective well-being and happiness. It covers topics like the influence of geography, race/ethnicity, personality, goals, success, internet use, and different types of happiness. Key findings include that people in different US regions value different factors for happiness, strong ethnic identity correlates with higher well-being, personality traits like low neuroticism and high extraversion predict happiness cross-culturally, and having meaningful goals enhances life satisfaction. It also discusses research showing happiness may lead to greater success and debates around internet use and happiness.
This document summarizes recent research on positive emotions and cognition from developmental, neuroscience, and health perspectives. It discusses how the field of positive psychology has grown to study human thriving, happiness, and resilience, rather than just focusing on problems and dysfunction. Research suggests positive emotions may have evolutionary benefits by signaling safety and increasing social bonds. Developmentally, secure early attachments are linked to more positive emotions and behaviors in infants. Neuroscience research on rats indicates high maternal care can permanently alter brain regions involved in emotion regulation and stress responses. This suggests childhood experiences of love and trust are important for well-being, while neglect and abuse raise risks of later issues.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a research study examining the correlation between maternal acculturation level and depression among Asian American adolescents. The study aims to survey 60 immigrant Asian American adolescents and their mothers to understand how adolescents' perceptions of cultural identity and family relationships relate to their mothers' level of acculturation and the adolescents' depression levels. The introduction reviews past literature showing both positive and negative influences of family cultural dynamics on adolescent mental health outcomes. It proposes hypotheses that higher cultural identity and mother-child connectedness will correlate with lower depression, and that maternal acculturation level impacts adolescent depression through these factors. The methods section outlines plans to recruit participants from a university and collect survey data separately from adolescents and mothers to measure acc
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful periods like caring for a dying loved one.
- Recent studies support the proposition that positive emotions broaden thinking and behaviors, replenish resources, and are related to better health outcomes independently of negative emotions.
- The revised stress and coping model incorporates positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that can generate positive emotions, even during unresolved stressful periods. This helps address the imbalance of prior research only examining negative emotions and expands understanding of coping and adaptation.
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful events like caring for a dying loved one.
- Further research confirmed positive and negative emotions frequently co-occur during stress. Positive emotions broaden thinking and build resources like social support.
- The author's stress and coping model was revised in 1997 to incorporate positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that generate positive emotions, like benefit finding.
- Subsequent research provides evidence supporting the revised model, showing positive emotions buffer stress responses and help find meaning, contributing to resilience and health.
Affective Reactions Among Students Belonging to Ethnic Groups Engaged in Prio...UniversitasGadjahMada
The study aimed at investigating any bias in the perceptions of young people from two ethnic groups who were not directly involved in an ethnic conflict. Assuming that such perception bias only happens in the members of ethnic groups who were involved in the conflict and in those who became the victims of the other group’s transgression. Therefore, we predicted that the subjects from the Dayaknese group would evaluate the photos of their own group members more positively compared to their perception of the Madurese photos. Meanwhile, there would be no bias among Madurese students in evaluating both Dayak and Madura photos. An experimental approach was carried out using photos of neutral faces of Dayaknese and Madurese people. Each photo was presented with negative or positive words. The participants of the study comprised 111 students who represented Madurese and Dayaknese ethnic groups, as well as Javanese who had not been involved in the conflict serving as the control group. They were asked to evaluate the photos in terms of the negativity and positivity of each picture. A two-way ANOVA supported the hypothesis that the Dayaknese evaluated their own groups better than the other ethnic groups, while the Madurese did not.
1991 cultural influences on facial expressions of emotionsTammy Andrade Motta
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- Mindfulness, gratitude, and compassion were presented as strategies for managing emotions and navigating cultural differences.
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Self Help Services is a mental health charity established in 1995 that provides services across Greater Manchester. It has a staff of around 50 and over 70 volunteers with personal experience of mental health issues. The charity delivers a range of primary mental health services including drop-in support groups for anxiety, depression, and social phobia. It also offers structured courses on topics like anxiety management, depression, assertiveness, resilience, and stress awareness for veterans. The charity aims to expand its self-help initiatives across the North West of England and is funded through organizations like the NHS and local funding bodies.
The document promotes an event called "Face Your Fears Week" organized by Anxiety UK, a charity for anxiety disorders. During the week of September 25th to October 1st, people can participate in various activities designed to help them face common fears like animals, heights, and enclosed spaces. The events are a way to raise money for Anxiety UK and help people overcome their anxieties. Interested individuals can find more information on the charity's website or by phone.
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1) Improve population mental health and well-being.
2) Improve outcomes for those with mental health problems through high-quality accessible services.
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2. POSITIVE EMOTION CULTURE 995
of positive and not of negative emotions. Miyamoto and colleagues role of positive emotions in depression when comparing European
(2010) showed that Japanese participants reported more simulta- Americans with immigrant Asians, then differences between Eu-
neous positive and negative emotions than European Americans ropean Americans and Asians (in Asia) were likely to be even
only in positive and not in negative situations. Similarly, Leu and more significant.
colleagues (2009) demonstrated that in positive, but not negative,
situations the correlation between positive and negative emotions Present Study
was more negative among European Americans than among Chi-
nese or Japanese. These provocative data suggest that in positive
Methods
situations, Asians may “find the bad in the good” more than
European Americans, whereas both Asians and European Ameri- Participants. We compared 330 European American, 156
cans seem to “find the good in the bad” in negative situations. immigrant Asian, and 147 Asian American (N ϭ 633) college
These data further suggest greater cultural variation in the influ- students from a public university in the US who participated for
ence of positive, rather than negative, emotions on mental health. extra course credit. European American participants were at
least third-generation; Asian Americans were all born in the US
The Role of Acculturation to immigrant parents; and immigrant Asian participants came to
the United States at an average age of 11 years (SE ϭ 0.47). The
New evidence using bicultural samples suggests that cultural largest Asian ethnic groups were Chinese, Korean, and Viet-
differences in emotion can also occur within a single national namese, although the sample also included South Asians.
context. For example, Perunovic and her colleagues (Perunovic, Procedure. All participants completed an hour-long survey
Heller, & Rafaeli, 2008) found that Asian-Canadian college on a computer on measures of perceived stress, emotions, fre-
students who were shown Canadian primes reported fewer quency of depression symptoms, and demographics.
dialectical emotions than those who were shown Asian primes. Measures
There is also evidence that the early emotional socialization of Demographics. Socioeconomic status was measured using
Asian American biculturals may mirror the emotional practices the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which captures
of immigrant Asians. Tsai and her colleagues demonstrated that relative social rank (Adler, Epel, Castallazzo, & Ickovics, 2000).
young Asian American children preferred low-arousal positive Nativity was measured by participants’ country of birth (i.e., US-
emotions (i.e., calmness) over high-arousal positive emotions or Asia-born); culture/ethnicity was self-identified.
(i.e., excitement), compared with their European American Dependent variable. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies
peers (Tsai, Louie, Chen, and Uchida, 2007). These studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) examines subclinical
raise the interesting question of whether adult Asian Americans depression symptoms among general populations and was used
behave emotionally like Asians in Asia or like their Western in other studies of positive emotion and depression (Fredrick-
peers with regard to positive emotion expression. son et al., 2003). This measure consisted of 20 item statements
focusing on frequency of depressed mood, feelings of worth-
Implications for Mental Health lessness, and disturbance of appetite and sleep “in the past
week,” using a scale from 1 (less than one day) to 4 (5–7 days)
Thus, there is reason to predict that culture and acculturation (␣ ϭ 0.89).
may influence the role of positive emotions in mental health. Are Independent variables. The Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen,
positive emotions as protective among Asians as in Western sam- Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) measured the global perception of
ples? There is already evidence that the absence of positive self- stress “over the past month” from 1 (Never) to 5 (Very Often). Sample
esteem is less predictive of depression (Heine et al., 1999) and that items included, “In the last month, how often have you been upset
dialectical emotions are associated with fewer problematic physi- because of something that happened unexpectedly?” and “In the
cal symptoms (Miyamoto & Ryff, in press) among Japanese than last month, how often have you felt on top of things?” (re-
North Americans. However, this is the only study that directly versed) (␣ ϭ 0.86).
examines the relationship between culture, positive emotions, and The Positive and Negative Emotions Schedule–X (PANAS–X;
depression among European Americans and a diverse group of Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1998) measured how participants feel
Asians. “on average” by rating the intensity of positive and negative
emotions on a 5-point scale, where 1 ϭ “not at all,” 3 ϭ “mod-
Predictions erately,” and 5 ϭ “extremely.”
In addition, the measure examined specific positive emo-
We predicted that (1) positive emotions would be significant tions such as serenity (i.e., “calm,” “relaxed,” and “at ease”;
predictors of depression symptom frequency for European Amer- ␣ ϭ 0.76), joviality (i.e., “happy,” “joyful,” “delighted,”
icans, but not for immigrant Asians. On the other hand, we “cheerful,” “excited,” “enthusiastic,” “lively,” and “ener-
expected (2) negative emotions to be significantly associated with getic”); ␣ ϭ 0.93); self-assurance (i.e., “proud,” “strong,” “con-
depression for all cultural groups. Lastly, we explored the question fident,” “bold,” “daring,” and “fearless”); ␣ ϭ 0.80), and atten-
of whether US-born Asian American participants looked more like tiveness (i.e., “alert,” “attentive,” “concentrating,” “determined”,
European Americans or foreign-born immigrant Asians. Using ␣ ϭ 0.71).
immigrant Asian samples provided us with the additional advan- Importantly, positive emotion ratings were reliable when calcu-
tage of serving as a conservative test of cultural variation. We lated only among immigrant Asians and Asian Americans (␣s ϭ
reasoned that if we could demonstrate cultural differences in the 0.72 to 0.79). The two-factor structure of positive and negative
3. 996 LEU, WANG, AND KOO
emotions was replicated among all of our samples, consistent with Culture Moderates the Influence of Positive Emotions
past studies including diverse samples (Watson et al., 1988; on Depression
Thompson, 2007).
We used a generalized linear regression model to test our
hypothesis that culture moderates the effect of positive, but not
Results negative, emotions on depression. Specifically, we simultaneously
regressed positive emotions, negative emotions, the interaction of
Descriptives culture and emotion variables, and demographics onto the fre-
quency of depression symptoms. Increases in negative emotions
One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with post hoc Bon- (b ϭ 0.44, SE ϭ 0.05, p Ͻ .001) and decreases in positive
ferroni corrections revealed that immigrant Asians (M ϭ 0.86, emotions (b ϭ Ϫ0.33, SE ϭ 0.05, p Ͻ .001) were associated with
SE ϭ .04) and Asian Americans (M ϭ 0.72, SE ϭ .04) reported greater depression symptoms. As predicted, an interaction between
more frequent depression symptoms than European Americans positive emotions and culture was significant (b ϭ 0.001, SE ϭ
(M ϭ 0.63, SE ϭ .03), F(2, 629) ϭ 10.94, p Ͻ .001. Consistent 0.001, p Ͻ .01), whereas there was no significant interaction
with past studies, European Americans (M ϭ 3.59, SE ϭ .03) between negative emotions and culture (b ϭ 0.0001, SE ϭ 0.001,
reported greater positive emotion intensity than immigrant Asians p Ͼ .05). To understand the significant culture x positive emotion
(M ϭ 3.29, SE ϭ .05) or Asian Americans (M ϭ 3.30, SE ϭ .05), interaction, regression outputs were split by cultural group. As
F(2, 630) ϭ 17.01, p Ͻ .001. Except for depression symptoms, for seen in Table 1, positive emotions were negatively associated with
which the means were relatively close to the low end of the scale, frequency of depression symptoms among European Americans
none of the variables suffered from ceiling or floor effects. and Asian Americans, but not among immigrant Asians.
As seen in Figure 1, the intensity of positive emotion and Does culture moderate positive emotion mediation? To
frequency of depression symptoms were negatively correlated compare our data with other models of stress and depression that
among European Americans (r ϭ Ϫ0.46, p Ͻ .001) and Asian have demonstrated positive emotion mediation (Fredrickson et al.,
Americans (r ϭ Ϫ0.26, p Ͻ .01), but not among immigrant Asians 2003; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2002), we assumed a causal relation-
(r ϭ Ϫ0.03, p Ͼ .05). Negative emotion intensity and depression ship between stress and emotions and between emotions and
were positively correlated for all groups (rEA ϭ 0.57, p Ͻ .001; depression in our data despite the obvious limitations of using
rIA ϭ 0.43, p Ͻ .001; rAA ϭ 0.52, p Ͻ .001). Evidence of a cross-sectional data. We found that positive emotion mediated
dialectical relationship between positive and negative emotions stress and frequency of depression symptoms only among Euro-
was found among immigrant Asians but not Asian Americans pean Americans and not immigrant Asians. On the other hand, we
(rIA ϭ 0.24, p Ͻ .01; rAA ϭ 0.11, p Ͼ .05). found that negative emotions mediated stress and frequency of
European Americans Asian Americans
Immigrant Asians
Figure 1. Scatter plots of the correlation between positive emotions and frequency of depression symptoms
among European Americans (r ϭ Ϫ.46 ,)ءءءAsian Americans (r ϭ Ϫ.26 ,)ءءand Immigrant Asians (r ϭ Ϫ.03)
( ءp Ͻ .05, ءءp Ͻ .01, ءءءp Ͻ .001).
4. POSITIVE EMOTION CULTURE 997
Table 1 Exploring an Alternative Explanation
Regression of Demographics, Positive, and Negative Emotions
Tsai (2007) suggests that low-arousal positive emotions (e.g.,
on Mean Frequency of Depression Symptoms
serenity) are preferred by East Asians, whereas high-arousal pos-
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 itive emotions (e.g., joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness, and
surprise) are preferred by European Americans. Therefore, by
European Asian Immigrant using a summary positive affect variable that conflated both high-
American American Asian and low-arousal positive emotions, we may have overlooked the
Variables B (SE) B (SE) B (SE) possibility that low-arousal positive emotions predict depression
among our Asian samples.
ء
Intercept 0.66 (0.41) 1.05 (0.43) 0.27 (0.55) To test this alternative hypothesis, we reran the original regres-
Sex 0.04 (0.04) 0.001 (0.06) Ϫ0.07 (0.09) sion analysis, replacing the summary positive affect variable with
Age Ϫ0.01 (0.02) Ϫ0.02 (0.02) 0.01 (0.02)
SES 0.03ء (0.01) Ϫ0.01 (0.02) 0.02 (0.03) high- or low-arousal positive affect subscales in separate models.
Negative Emotion 0.40ءءء (0.04) 0.45ءءء (0.05) 0.35ءءء (0.06) We simultaneously regressed high-/low-arousal positive emotions,
Positive Emotion Ϫ0.26ءءء (0.04) Ϫ0.22ءءء (0.05) Ϫ0.10 (0.06) negative emotions, the interaction of culture and emotion vari-
ء ءءء
ables, and demographics onto the frequency of depression symp-
p Ͻ .05. p Ͻ .001.
toms. We found a significant interaction effect between culture and
the high-arousal subscale (b ϭ 0.001, SE ϭ 0.001, p Ͻ .01) on
depression symptoms for all groups. Although not our main pre-
depression symptoms. However, there was no interaction between
diction, these analyses (reported in detail below) complement the
culture and the low-arousal subscale (serenity). For both analyses,
regression analyses reported in Table 1 in suggesting that culture
there was no interaction between culture and negative affect.
may moderate the role of positive, but not negative, emotions in
Therefore, inconsistent with ideal affect theory, there was no
depression symptom expression.
evidence that culture moderated the association between low-
Using a common four-step criteria test for mediation (Baron &
arousal positive emotions and depression symptoms. Consistent
Kenny, 1986), we found evidence that positive emotions mediated
with ideal affect theory, however, when we split the regression
the relationship between perceived stress and depression symp-
outputs for the high-arousal subscale by cultural group, we found
toms only among European Americans and not among either Asian
evidence that increases in high-arousal positive emotions (i.e.,
group. For example, among European Americans, perceived stress
joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness, and surprise) were as-
was correlated with positive emotions (b ϭ Ϫ0.31, SE ϭ .05,  ϭ
sociated with decreases in depression symptoms among Euro-
Ϫ0.33, p Ͻ .001). Perceived stress was then correlated with
pean Americans (b ϭ Ϫ0.31, SE ϭ 0.04, p Ͻ .001), but not
frequency of depression symptoms (b ϭ 0.48, SE ϭ .03,  ϭ 0.63,
immigrant Asians (b ϭ Ϫ0.12, SE ϭ 0.04, p Ͼ .05). Interest-
p Ͻ .001). Positive emotions (b ϭ Ϫ0.23, SE ϭ 0.04,  ϭ Ϫ0.28,
ingly, Asian Americans looked more similar to European Amer-
p Ͻ .001) were significantly correlated with frequency of depres-
icans than immigrant Asians (b ϭ Ϫ0.25, SE ϭ 0.05, p Ͻ .001).
sion symptoms when controlling for perceived stress. The Sobel
test was significant (Z ϭ 4.55, p Ͻ .001), indicating partial
mediation by positive emotions. For immigrant Asians, although
General Discussion
perceived stress and frequency of depression symptoms were In a large survey of college students, we found evidence that
correlated (bIA ϭ 0.52, SE ϭ 0.06,  ϭ 0.59, p Ͻ .001), perceived culture may moderate the role of positive emotions on depression.
stress and positive emotions were not significantly correlated We used two kinds of analyses to demonstrate this. First, we
(bIA ϭ Ϫ0.12, SE ϭ 0.09,  ϭ Ϫ0.10, p Ͼ .05) and mediation was showed that increased positive emotions were directly related to
not run. For Asian Americans, perceived stress and frequency of decreases in depression symptoms among European Americans,
depression symptoms were correlated (bAA ϭ 0.50, SE ϭ 0.04, but not among immigrant Asians. Also as predicted, increased
 ϭ 0.69, p Ͻ .001). Positive emotions were not significantly negative emotions were associated with increases in depression
correlated with frequency of depressive symptoms when control- symptoms across all groups. These findings are consistent with
ling for perceived stress (b ϭ Ϫ0.002, SE ϭ 0.05,  ϭ Ϫ0.003, research on dialectical emotions, where cultural differences are
p Ͼ .05). greater in positive than negative situations.
Also as predicted, we found evidence that negative emotions Next, we tested whether positive feelings explained the influ-
mediated the relationship between perceived stress and depression ence of stress on depression among both European Americans and
symptoms among all three cultural groups. Perceived stress was Asians. There are limitations of assuming causality in data that
correlated with negative emotions (bEA ϭ 0.59, SE ϭ .04,  ϭ only measures one point in time, so we need be cautious of
0.65, p Ͻ .001; bIA ϭ 0.62, SE ϭ .08,  ϭ 0.53, p Ͻ .001; bAA ϭ generalizing this evidence. Still, we found more evidence that
0.45, SE ϭ .07,  ϭ 0.48, p Ͻ .001). Perceived stress and culture influences the role of positive feelings in depression. The
frequency of depression symptoms were significantly correlated influence of stress on depression was partially explained by the
(see positive emotion mediation results). Negative emotions intensity of positive feelings for only European Americans. How-
(bEA ϭ 0.23, SE ϭ 0.05,  ϭ 0.27, p Ͻ .001; bIA ϭ 0.13, SE ϭ ever, negative emotions partially explained the effect of stress on
0.06,  ϭ 0.17, p Ͻ .05; bAA ϭ 0.19, SE ϭ 0.05,  ϭ 0.25, p Ͻ depression for all groups. Altogether, these findings suggest that
.001) were significantly correlated with frequency of depression culture may moderate the role that positive emotions play in
symptoms when controlling for perceived stress. A significant mental health.
Sobel test (ZEA ϭ 4.82, p Ͻ .001; ZIA ϭ 2.08, p Ͻ .05; ZAA ϭ 3.26, One may wonder if our findings are the result of positive
p Ͻ .001) indicated partial mediation by negative emotions. emotions being correlated with negative emotions, such that the
5. 998 LEU, WANG, AND KOO
association between positive emotions and depression symptoms is sality. We used subclinical depression symptoms, which have
an “epiphenomon” of the correlation between negative emotion previously been used to demonstrate the protective role of positive
and depression. However, the regression analyses (see Table 1) emotions among Western samples (Fredrickson et al., 2003). Pre-
show that this is not the case. We also know that the positive sumably, cultural differences among clinical samples may be even
emotion ratings from both Asian samples were reliable, so the more pronounced, although a clinical sample is ultimately needed.
validity of the PANAS–X scale is not the reason for failing to find Despite these limitations, our findings raise the question of
evidence for the effects of positive emotions among Asians. We whether positive psychology interventions (i.e., optimistic think-
further ruled out the possibility that low-arousal positive emotions ing or replaying positive experiences) which typically alleviate
would be significantly predictive of depression among immigrant depression symptoms for Westerners (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009),
Asians but not European Americans (Tsai, 2007). will be similarly effective for Asians to practice. Instead, therapies
We suggest that one reason why positive emotions may not be which encourage individuals to embrace both positive and nega-
as “positive” for Asians as for European Americans is because of tive emotions may be more effective with Asian clients (e.g.,
cultural differences in the meaning assigned to positive, but not Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999). Future longitudinal data and
negative, emotions. At least two experimental studies (Leu et al., experimental studies with diverse clinical samples will contribute
2009; Miyamoto et al., 2010) have previously shown that East- to a needed body of research that addresses how culture influences
West differences in emotion reports are greatest in positive, and the “good” of positive emotions, and more broadly, the role of
not negative, situations. While maximizing positive emotions may culture and positive psychology in mental health.
be a cultural goal in Western contexts, emotion moderation
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