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This slide describes two essential elements in machining operations: cutting-tool materials and cutting fluids. ° The slide opens with a discussion of the types and characteristics of cutting tool materials. ° The properties and applications of high-speed steels, carbides, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, diamond, and coated tools are described in detail. The types of cutting fluids in common use are then described, including their functions and how they affect the machining operation. ° Trends in near-dry and dry machining are also discussed, and their importance with respect to environmentally friendly machining operations are explained. The selection of cutting-tool materials for a particular application is among the most important factors in machining operations, just as the selection of mold and die materials was critical for forming and shaping processes . We will discuss throughout this slide the relevant properties and performance characteristics of all major types of cutting-tool materials, which will help us in tool selection. However, as it will become apparent, the complex nature of this subject does not always render itself to the determination of appropriate tool materials; hence, we also must rely on general guidelines and recommendations that have been accumulated in industry over many years.More detailed information on tool material recommendations for specific workpiece materials and machining operations will be presented. As noted, the cutting tool is subjected to (a) high temperatures, (b) high contact stresses, and (c) rubbing along the tool-chip interface and along the machined surface. Consequently, the cutting-tool material must possess the following characteristics: ° Hot hardness, so that the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the tool are maintained at the temperatures encountered in machining operations. This property ensures that the tool does not undergo any plastic deformation and thus retains its shape and sharpness. Toughness and impact strength (or mechanical shock resistance), so that impact forces on the tool that are encountered repeatedly in interrupted cutting operation (such as milling and turning a splined shaft on a lathe) or forces due to vibration and chatter during machining do not chip or fracture the tool. Thermal shock resistance, to withstand the rapid temperature cycling encountered in interrupted cutting. Wear resistance, so that an acceptable tool life is obtained before replacement is necessary. Chemical stability and inertness with respect to the material being machined, to avoid or minimize any adverse reactions, adhesion, and tool-chip diffusion that would contribute to tool wear.

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