The document details the pomegranate (Punica granatum), covering its botanical characteristics, varieties, cultivation methods, and uses. It highlights the fruit's health benefits, preferred growing conditions, propagation techniques, and critical management practices for optimal yield and quality. Additionally, it discusses issues such as fruit cracking and internal breakdown, along with control measures to mitigate these problems.

1. Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)

2. • Bot Name : Punica granatum
• Family : Punicaceae
•
Origin: Iran
Synonym: Anaar

10. • P. Protopunica is a wild sps and is of little
value except is souring agent,( anardana).
• The double flowered pomegranate ( which do
not bear fruit) are grown in parks &
ornamental gardens.

11. Anardana

12. Uses
• Pomegranate fruits are favourite table fruit. Fruit juice is
valued for its medicinal properties. Leprosy patients gets
benefit from pomegranate juice.
• Tannin is obtained from fruit rind, stem & root bark &
leaves.
• Flowers & bark yield red dye which is used for dyeing
cloth.
• The bark and the rind of fruits & seeds are commonly
used in curing dysentery & diarrhea.
• “Anardana” is a dried seed with pulp is used as a souring
agent.

15. Grenadine, reduced pomegranate
juice

16. Water 80 % Ca 3 mg
Cal (k.kal) 77 Iron 0.7 mg
Protein 1.0 g Thiamine 0.02 mg
CHO 18 g Riboflavin 0.03
mg
Fibre 0.2 g Nicotinamide 0.2mg
Vit C 8 mg

17. • CLIMATE
• Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit tree.
• Hot + dry climate is best for fruit dev &
ripening.
• Under subtropics it is deciduous in nature
while in tropics it is evergreen.
• High humid conditional lower the
quality of the fruits (sweetness is
adversely affected) aridity & frequent
anomalies of the climate causes leaf
shedding & fruit cracking.

18. • SOIL:
• can tolerate even alkalinity and salinity to
certain extent.
• However, best results are obtained in
deep, heavy loam & well drained soils.
• It is sensitive to soil moisture fluctuation
causes fruit cracking which is a serious
problem of this crop.
• As it is winter hardy and drought tolerant, it
makes an excellent choice under arid &
semi arid conditions of India.

19. •Hard seeded types:

20. VARIETIES;
• Khandhari:
• Fruits are is large rind
deep red.
• The aril is deep
blood red or deep
pink with sweet
slightly acidic juice
seeds are very hard
successful in H.P.

21. • Musket Red:
• Produce small to medium size fruits with
thick red rind.
• Aril is fleshy with moderately sweet juice,
seeds are medium hard.
• Commercially grown is kolhar, Rahuri
regions of Ahmedabad dist of
Maharashtra.
• High yielding & better quality strains have
been selected from the cultivar Muscat
viz., P-13, P-16, P-23, ASK-3

22. • Alandi & Vadki:
• Fruits are medium sized, red in colour aril
fleshy, blood red or deep pink with
sweet acidic juice.
• seeds are very hard grown in Maharashtra
(Pune) & in Gujarat.

23. KABUL
ALANDI

24. • Kabul: Produces large fruits,
• dark red with yellow patches,
• aril dark red fleshy hard with slightly
bitter juice.
• Jodhpur red/ local:
• Fruits medium to large, hard rind,
• fleshy aril light pink sweet, juicy, seeds
moderately hard.

25. • Daru:
• Wild variety with non edible fruits.
• Grown in Himachal Pradesh.
• It yields the well known condiment
“Anardana”.

26. Anardana

27. Soft seeded types
• Dholka:
• This cultivar has large fruits with greenish
white rind with whitish to pinkish white
thick soft aril.
• Seeds are very soft & juice is very sweet.
Commercial cultivar of Gujarat (around
Ahmedabad)

28. • Paper shell:
• Medium sized fruits with thick rind
• arils are fleshy, pinkish, seeds are soft.
• The aril has good flavour.
• Grown in South India.
• Fruit bearing capacity is high.

29. GANESH:
 selection from
Alandi
medium size fruit,
soft seeded, pinkish
flesh,
 sweet juice,
agreeable taste,
 prolific yield
 It is important
cultivar International
market.

30. BHAGAWA/KESA
R:
It is a selection from
Phule Aarakta.
 Bigger fruit size, sweet,
bold and attractive arils,
glossy, very attractive
saffron coloured thick
skin makes it suitable for
distant markets.
 It is more resistant to fruit
cracking & fruit drop.

31. Bhagwa
Bhagwa

32. • Jalore seedless:
• Soft seeded vareities Dev &
recommended by Central Arid zone
research Institute, Jodhpur for arid
zones as the fruit maturity is early and
maximum fruit production is coincided
with available soil moisture.
• Fruits are large in size weighing 200 g an
fruits are attractive in appearance.
• Skin colour is pink to deep red.
• The arils are pink to red having soft
seeds.

33. • Jyothi (GKVK-1):
• A seedling selection, released for
cultivation from UAS Bangalore.
• It has medium sized fruits, attractive red
yellowish, red aril colour & soft seeds.
• Yield pot 18t/ha
.

34. • Nabha:
• Tree is medium is growth, fruit skin
yellowish & smooth.
• Cracking medium.
• Arils are light pink in colour.
• Seeds medium soft.
• Spanish Ruby:
• Medium sized fruits with thin rind, flesh
rose coloured & seeds soft

35. YCD 1:
 It is a clonal selection from Acc.
No.455 suitable for mid
elevation of Shevroys hills.
 The fruits are medium sized with
easily peelable rind.
 The seeds are attractive with
deep purple color, juicy and
soft.

36. CO.1:
It is a clonal selection.
 The leaves are opposite,
oblong 4­
8cm long with scarlet
flowers.
 The fruit is leathery skinned
with spherical yellowish red
blotches, pink aril and juicy.
The seeds are soft to bite.

37. RUBY:

it is a cross between
ganesh×kabul×yercaud.
it has dark red non sticky
and bold arils, soft seeds
with high sweetness and
low tannin.
Fruit resembles in size &
shape to those ganesh.

38. • Bedana seedless:
• Fruits medium to large rind brownish
green
• soft-seeds fleshy aril, light pink or
whitish, very sweet, very juicy

39. • PHULE ARAKTA:
 The variety is commercially is
grown in Maharastra.
 heavy yielder and possesses
desirable fruit characters. The
fruits are bigger in size, sweet
with soft seeds, bold red arils.
 It also possess glossy,
attractive, dark red skin.
 It is less susceptible to fruit
spots and thrips.

40. Mridula:
A seedling selection from
an open pollinated
progeny raised from F
1 progeny of a cross
ganesh & gul-e-shah
red.
Fruits medium sized, rind
smooth, dark red in
colour. Aril is blood red
with very soft red &
sweet in taste.

41. • Evergreen cultivars have spreading
branches with floriferous nature and
medium to large sweet fruits with white to
light pink aril colour.
• Deciduos types have upright branching
habit & small and very acidic fruits with
deep red aril colour.

42. • Propagation:
• Pomegranate is commercially propagated
by rooting of cuttings ( Hard wood
cuttings).
•
• by Air layering as well as ground layering.

43. Air layering

44. • Root suckers: In beginning of monsoon
season, healthy root suckers are taken art
carefully & planted. Propagation by root suckers
only possible on very small scale.
• Planting: Pits of size 30 x 30 x30cm or 60 x
60 x 60 cm are dug before onset of monsoon
and filled with 20 kg FYM, 200 g SSP.
• Spacing adopted
M.R - 5 x 2 m
• T.N - 2.5 to 3 x 2.5 x 3 m
• Imp varieties - 4 x 4 m
• Best time of planting is monsoon season

45. Age FYM N P K
After Ist
year
20 250 125 125
IInd year 20 500 125 125
IIIrd year 20 500 125 125
5 years
above
20 625 250 250

46. • Irrigation:
• Interculture & Intercropping:

47. • Training & Pruning: Training of
pomegranate plants is important to allow
certain number of shoots / stems
per hill.
• Multi- stemmed tree :
• Single stemmed tree:

48. • Pruning of water shoots, weak crotches,
dead twigs old spears is done. The flowers
& fruits are borne terminally on short spurs
produced all along the slow growing
mature wood. Careless pruning would
result in the reduction of fruit bearing area.

49. • Flowering & Fruiting: Flowering is
induced in
» June – July (Mrig bahar)
• Feb – March (Ambe bahar)
• Sept – Oct (Hasth bahar)

50. Mrig bahar
• Is taken in the areas where
water is scarce. during the hot weather
and therefore, the flowering
requirement of water falls during the
rainy season.
•
• The fruits ripen in October & continue upto
December.

51. Ambe bahar
• It is taken in the areas where enough
water is available during hot weather.
• The fruits are available during June &
July and no irrigation is given after the
start of the rainy season.
• .
• In Dholka area of Gujarat there is
enough of subsoil water available and
this is the season that trees are forced
to bear Ambe-bahar crop.

52. Hasth bahar.
• The trees have to be made dormant
during August- September. This is
rather uncertain because of the rains
that occur during this period. Hence
Hasth bahar is seldom taken.
•

53. • The pomegranate tree starts bearing fruits from
fourth year and continues for about 25 to 30
years. Economic yield is generally obtained
from the plantation of 10 year old and onwards.
The yield potential start to decline 25 years
after planting.
• _ CO2 evolution from the fruits has
been low and non climacteric peak or
measurable ethylene was detected during fruit
maturation, suggesting that the pomegranate is
a non climacteric fruit.

54. • Harvesting:
• Pomegranate fruits
become ready for harvesting in 5 to 7 months
after the appearance of blossoms.
• 1.Mature(120 to 130 days) fruits
become slightly yellowish further pink to red.
• 2. On tapping, the fruits give
metallic sound and when pressed they give a
“crunch” sound. The fruits are
harvested with the help of secateurs.
• 3. The calyx at the distal end of
the fruit gets closed on maturity.

55. • Yield: Yield varies with the soil type,
climatic conditions & management
practices.
• 10 years old - 180-120 fruits (16-
20kg)
• (150-200)
• Economic yields are produced up
to 25to 30 years.

56. PHT &Storage
• After harvesting, undesirable fruits are
sorted out. Healthy fruits are packed
mostly in bamboo baskets and wooden
crates containing 10- 12kg or so fruits with
a padding of paddy straw or dry grasses.
Pomegranate fruits can be transported to
distant markets without any loss.

57. • Pomegranate fruits can also be stored for
about 5-6 months or so at 4-5 o
C at 80-85
per cent relative humidity.
• Storage below 50
C results in
chilling injury.
•

58. Grading:
• Basis of weight, size & external rind colour.
• Super sized:Fruits having good, attractive bright
red colour weighing more than 750g
each & without any spot on the skin.
• King sized: Fruits free from spots, having an
attractive red colour, weighting 500-750 g
• Queen sized:Fruits between 400 & 500g having
bright red colour & free from spots.
• Prince sized: Fully ripe fruits weighting between
300 & 400 g with red colour.

59. • Disintegration of arils

60. Fruit Cracking:

61. • In matured pomegranate is known as internal breakdown or
blackening of arils, is a serious malady. This disorder cannot
be identified externally, whereas the aril become soft, light
creamy brown to dark blackish brown & becomes unfit for
consumption. It is increasing rapidly in the pomegranate
growing pockets in western Maharashtra.
• The incidence of internal breakdown occurs 90days after
anthesis. Its intensity increases if the fruits are left on the tree
for 140 days onwards.
• It is evident in evergreen & deciduous cultivars.
• The incidence is more in ambe-bahar. It increases with
increases in weight of fruits from 150-200g (26.60%) to more
than 350g (60%).
• No insect or organism is associated with this malady.
•

62. • The TSS, acidity, Ascorbic acid, red.sugars,
calcium, phosphorous & enzyme catalase are
reduced where as non-reducing sugars,
starch, tannins, N2 , K, Mg, boron & enzyme
polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase increase
in the affected arils compared with the
healthy ones.
• The exact causes are not known & remedial
measures are difficult to advocate. Therefore
pomegranate should be harvested at 120-135
days after fruit set.

63. • Fruit cracking is very common & more intense
under dry condition of the arid zone. The fully
grown, mature cracked fruits though sweet,
loose their keeping quality & becomes unfit for
marketing. The cracked fruits are also liable to
be invaded by certain fungi and bacteria. The
cracked fruits show reduction in the fruit weight,
grain weight & volume of juice.

64. • Reasons:
• Def of boron, calcium & potash.
• Moisture stress condition created due to
irregular irrigations or irregular rains.
• Sudden fluctuation in day & night temperature
prolonged drought causes hardening of pad this
is followed by heavy irrigation or rains, the pulp
grows & the peel cracks.
• Varies with the varieties ( Bedana, Jalore
seedless tolerant)
• Varies with the season
• 63%-spring season (January – June)
• 34%- winter crop (October – March)
• 7.5%- rainy season(July – December

65. • Control measures:
• Spray borax at 0.2 %.
• Supply soil moisture regularly their light
irrigations.
• Plant windbreak around the pomegranate
plantation.
• Spraying GA3 at 15 ppm.
• Go for tolerant varieties.