policy

1. Highlights of Units I & II
• Basics of Policy Analysis
• Policy Analysis in the Policy Process

2. An applied social science discipline; a form of applied research; a
multidisciplinary inquiry; a systematic, disciplined, scholarly and
creative study; an intellectual activity; an analytical exercise:
- to understand issues, alternatives and consequences of choice
in policy decisions;
- to produce and transform policy-relevant information utilized in
political settings for resolving policy problems;
- to create, critically assess, and communicate information useful
in understanding and improving policies;
- to produce well-supported recommendations for actions in
dealing with political problems;
-to identify and compare policy options.
The product of policy analysis is a client-oriented ADVICE
relevant to public decisions and informed social values.
An Operational Definition of Policy Analysis

3. Domain of Policy analysis
Crime Health Taxes
Economy Privatization Terrorism
Education Immigration Trade
Energy Regulation Minimum Wage
Environment Social Welfare
Government Social Security Women in Dev

4. Integrated Policy Analysis Process
OBSERVED
POLICY
OUTCOMES
Monitoring
Evaluation
Recommen-
dation
Problem
Structuring
Problem
Structuring
Problem
Structuring
EXPECTED
POLICY
OUTCOMES
PREFERRED
POLICIES
POLICY
PROBLEMS
POLICY
PERFORMANCE
Forecasting
Problem
Structuring

5. Eightfold Path in Policy Analysis (Bardach)
1. Define the problem
2. Assemble evidence
3. Construct alternatives
4. Select criteria
5. Project outcomes
6. Confront tradeoffs
7. Decide
8. Tell story

6. Profile and Emerging Roles of Policy analysts
Objective
technician
(research/analysis)
Political actor
(advocacy)
Counsellor/
facilitator
(advice)

7. Perceptions of Policy
• Broadly, a policy is a statement of national
concern; a framework by which plans and
strategies can be adopted for implementation; a
guidepost of a programme or project; a body of
guidelines for action; a written or verbal
declaration of meaning, intent or purpose.
• A course of action or inaction towards the
accomplishments of some intended or desired
end. It embraces both what is actually intended
and what occurs as a result of the intention.
• A proposed course of action by a government to
meet a need or seize an opportunity expressed as
preferred outcomes linked to actual effects.

8. Rationales for Public Policy: Market Failures
To correct market failures so as to improve the
efficiency in the production, allocation, and
consumption of resources and goods.
The Basic Competitive Model:
The utility-maximizing behavior of persons and
the profit-maximizing behavior of firms is to
allocate goods in such a way that “no one could
be better-off without making anyone else worst-
off.“
Public policy encourages, discourages, prohibits,
or prescribes private actions -- the legitimate
coercive powers of government.

9. The Public Policy-making Process at National Level
Policy
Issues
Judicial
Review
Administration
Legislation
Policy
Formulation
Appellate
Court
Informal
Feedback
Organized
Influence &
Feedback
Public
Reaction
The Policy

10. Policy Analysis in the Policy Process
Pure/ academic
research
Policy
Research
Policy
analysis
Policy
Advocacy
Policy
Advice
Independence
Use and direct
influence
Research Policy-
making
Research-Policymaking Continuum

11. Policy Analysis in the Policy Process
Agenda
setting
Meta-policy
Policy
analysis
Policy
formulation
Decision
-making
Consultation on
implementation
Implementation
Monitoring
and
Evaluation
The Policy Cycle