Polarisation
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This document discusses the thermal stability of group II nitrates. It explains that the nitrate ion's electron cloud is polarized by the group II cation. This polarization weakens the nitrate ion's bonds and leads to its decomposition into oxygen and nitrogen oxide when heat is applied. The degree of polarization and thermal stability depends on properties of the cation like its charge density, polarizing power, and size, with larger cations exhibiting greater stability at higher temperatures.
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Polarisation
The document discusses the thermal stability of group II nitrates. It explains that the polarization of the nitrate ion's electron cloud by a group II cation weakens the nitrate ion's bonds. Down the group, as the size of the cation increases and its charge density and polarizing power decreases, the decomposition temperature of group II nitrates increases and their thermal stability increases.
Polarisation of group ii nitrates
Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break, causing the Group II nitrates to decompose. Down the Group II series, the decreasing polarizing power of the larger cations results in less polarization and weakening of the nitrate ion bonds, leading to increased thermal stability and higher decomposition temperatures of the Group II nitrates.
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Technetium is an artificial radioactive metal that was the first element synthesized. It was discovered in 1937 by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in Italy. Technetium has properties such as a melting point of 2,200°C, boiling point of 4,877°C, and silver color. It is not commonly found on Earth but is found in some red giant stars. Technetium is mostly created in nuclear reactors and is used as a tracer in medicine and to inhibit corrosion in steel.
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Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Technetium
Technetium is a transition metal with an atomic number of 43 that is solid at 298 degrees Kelvin and has a silver-grey color similar to platinum. It was the first element to be artificially produced and is radioactive. Three German scientists are credited with discovering technetium in 1925 using x-ray diffraction spectograms, though their experiment has never been replicated. Technetium is produced artificially by bombarding molybdenum-98 with neutrons in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons detonations.
Technetium (1)
Technetium is an artificial element with an atomic number of 43 that has a silver-grey color similar to platinum. It was the first element to be artificially produced and gets its name from the Greek word "technetos" meaning artificial. Technetium was discovered in 1925 by Walter Noddack, Otto Berg and Ida Tacke using x-ray diffraction spectograms, though some credit its discovery to Emilio Segre in 1933. While only found naturally in small amounts, it can be produced commercially as a byproduct of nuclear reactors and weapons. Technetium-99m is used in diagnostic medical imaging tests due to its radioactive properties but has no industrial uses.
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Polarisation
The document discusses the thermal stability of group II nitrates. It explains that the polarization of the nitrate ion's electron cloud by a group II cation weakens the nitrate ion's bonds. Down the group, as the size of the cation increases and its charge density and polarizing power decreases, the decomposition temperature of group II nitrates increases and their thermal stability increases.
Polarisation of group ii nitrates
Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break, causing the Group II nitrates to decompose. Down the Group II series, the decreasing polarizing power of the larger cations results in less polarization and weakening of the nitrate ion bonds, leading to increased thermal stability and higher decomposition temperatures of the Group II nitrates.
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Technetium is an artificial radioactive metal that was the first element synthesized. It was discovered in 1937 by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in Italy. Technetium has properties such as a melting point of 2,200°C, boiling point of 4,877°C, and silver color. It is not commonly found on Earth but is found in some red giant stars. Technetium is mostly created in nuclear reactors and is used as a tracer in medicine and to inhibit corrosion in steel.
Technetium (Tayler Carter)
Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Technetium
Technetium is a transition metal with an atomic number of 43 that is solid at 298 degrees Kelvin and has a silver-grey color similar to platinum. It was the first element to be artificially produced and is radioactive. Three German scientists are credited with discovering technetium in 1925 using x-ray diffraction spectograms, though their experiment has never been replicated. Technetium is produced artificially by bombarding molybdenum-98 with neutrons in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons detonations.
Technetium (1)
Technetium is an artificial element with an atomic number of 43 that has a silver-grey color similar to platinum. It was the first element to be artificially produced and gets its name from the Greek word "technetos" meaning artificial. Technetium was discovered in 1925 by Walter Noddack, Otto Berg and Ida Tacke using x-ray diffraction spectograms, though some credit its discovery to Emilio Segre in 1933. While only found naturally in small amounts, it can be produced commercially as a byproduct of nuclear reactors and weapons. Technetium-99m is used in diagnostic medical imaging tests due to its radioactive properties but has no industrial uses.
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This document discusses the thermal stability of group II nitrates. It explains that the nitrate ion's electron cloud is polarized by the group II cation. This polarization weakens the nitrate ion's bonds and leads to its decomposition into oxygen and nitrogen oxide when heat is applied. The degree of polarization and thermal stability depends on properties of the cation like its charge density, polarizing power, and size, with larger cations exhibiting greater stability at higher temperatures.
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Polarisation
Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break, causing the Group II nitrates to decompose. Down the Group II series, the decreasing polarizing power of the larger cations results in less polarization and weaker bonds in the nitrate ions, leading to higher decomposition temperatures and greater thermal stability for the nitrates.
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Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break, causing the Group II nitrates to decompose. Down the Group II series, the decreasing polarizing power of the larger cations results in less polarization and weaker bonds in the nitrate ions, leading to higher decomposition temperatures and greater thermal stability for the nitrates.
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Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break down, decomposing the Group II nitrate. Larger Group II cations with lower charge density cause less polarization and weaker of the nitrate ion bonds, resulting in higher decomposition temperatures and greater thermal stability for Group II nitrates further down the group.
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Group II nitrates become polarized when the nitrate ions are placed next to the Group II cation, causing the cation to attract the delocalized electrons of the nitrate ion. This polarization increases the covalent character of the bonds in the nitrate ion and weakens the bonds. When heated, the weakened bonds in the polarized nitrate ions can break, causing the Group II nitrates to decompose. Down the Group II series, the decreasing polarizing power of the larger cations results in less polarization and weakening of the nitrate ion bonds, leading to increased thermal stability and higher decomposition temperatures of the Group II nitrates.
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Polarisation
- 1. Inorganic Chemistry Group II Elements
- 2. Polarisation of electron cloud of an anion by a cation Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates
- 3. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates Polarisation of electron cloud of an anion by a cation
- 4. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates Polarisation of electron cloud of an anion by a cation
- 5. Polarisation of electron cloud of nitrate ion by a Group II cation Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ N - O O O
- 6. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ Polarisation of electron cloud of nitrate ion by a Group II cation N - O O O
- 7. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ Polarisation of electron cloud of nitrate ion by a Group II cation N - O O O
- 8. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ Polarisation of electron cloud of nitrate ion by a Group II cation N - O O O
- 9. Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ O 2- + NO 2 Polarisation of electron cloud of nitrate ion by a Group II cation
- 10. Decomposition of Group II nitrates occurs Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates M 2+ M 2+ O 2- + NO 2 Heat N - O O O Bond is weakened due to polarisation of electron cloud by cation
- 11. In summary, Down the group, Charge density of cation decreases Polarising power of cation decreases Decomposition temperature increases Size of cation increases Thermal stability increases Thermal Stability of Group II Nitrates