Pointer in c
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A pointer in C language stores the address of another variable. Pointers are used to allocate memory dynamically at runtime. Pointer variables can be of any data type like int, float, char, etc. The & operator returns the address of a variable, while the * operator accesses the value stored at the address specified by the pointer. Pointers allow programs to manipulate memory addresses directly and access values indirectly through their memory addresses.
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Pointer in c
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. The '&' operator returns the address of a variable and '*' operator accesses the value of the variable being pointed to. Pointers must be declared with a data type that matches the variable it is pointing to (e.g. int* points to an int). Pointers can point to the address of other pointers, forming a chain. To access the value of a variable through a pointer, the pointer is dereferenced with the '*' operator.
Unit 8. Pointers
Introduction, The & and * operator, Declaration of pointer, Pointer to pointer, Pointer arithmetic, Pointer and array, Pointer with multidimensional array, Pointer and strings, Array of pointer with string, Dynamic memory allocation.
Pointers
1) Pointers store the address of a variable in memory. Pointer variables allow access and manipulation of other variables' memory addresses.
2) Pointer arithmetic can increment, decrement, add, and subtract from pointers to navigate through arrays and other data structures. Incrementing and decrementing a pointer moves it by the size of the data type, such as 4 bytes for a 64-bit integer.
3) Pointer arithmetic performs numeric operations on the memory addresses stored in pointers. Addition and subtraction adjust the pointer's address by the product of the data type size and the added/subtracted value.
Pointer in c
This document discusses pointers to pointers, arrays to pointers, and pointers to arrays. It explains that a pointer to a pointer contains the address of another pointer, requiring double indirection to access the target value. An array name is a constant pointer to the first element. An array can be accessed using pointers by making a pointer point to the base address of the array. Pointers are useful for handling ragged arrays of strings of varying lengths more efficiently than fixed-length character arrays.
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Pointers in c v5 12102017 1
general use of pointer
what is pointer in c language
uses is pointer in c language
representation of pointer in c language
syantax of pointer in c language
program of pointer in c language
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Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. The document discusses the syntax and declaration of pointers, initialization of pointers, pointer operators like * and &, void pointers, NULL pointers, pointers to pointers, and the relationship between arrays and pointers. Pointers allow accessing and modifying the value of the variable to which they point. The address of operator & returns the address of a variable, and the indirection operator * accesses the value of the variable at the address stored in the pointer.
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Pointer in c
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. The '&' operator returns the address of a variable and '*' operator accesses the value of the variable being pointed to. Pointers must be declared with a data type that matches the variable it is pointing to (e.g. int* points to an int). Pointers can point to the address of other pointers, forming a chain. To access the value of a variable through a pointer, the pointer is dereferenced with the '*' operator.
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1) Pointers store the address of a variable in memory. Pointer variables allow access and manipulation of other variables' memory addresses.
2) Pointer arithmetic can increment, decrement, add, and subtract from pointers to navigate through arrays and other data structures. Incrementing and decrementing a pointer moves it by the size of the data type, such as 4 bytes for a 64-bit integer.
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Pointers in C store the address of another variable. They allow dynamic memory allocation at runtime and can refer to variables of any data type. Pointers help save memory space and improve performance. A pointer variable contains the address of another variable. Common pointer types include null pointers, void pointers, and wild pointers. Pointers are useful for accessing memory locations and forming complex data structures like linked lists. However, pointers also present risks like memory corruption if misused.
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Pointers in C are variables that store memory addresses. They allow accessing and modifying the value stored at a specific memory location. Pointers contain the address of another variable as their value. To use pointers, they must first be declared along with the data type of the variable being pointed to. The address of the variable is then assigned to the pointer using the & operator. The value at the address can then be accessed using the * operator in front of the pointer variable name. The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of 0 that indicates an unassigned pointer. When a pointer is incremented, its value increases by the scale factor, which is the length of the data type being pointed to.
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Pointers are a data type in C that contain memory addresses as their values. They allow programs to indirectly access and manipulate the data stored at those addresses. Pointers can be used to pass arguments by reference, return values from functions, access array elements, and link data structures like linked lists. Proper initialization of pointers is important to avoid issues like accessing protected memory or going out of array bounds.
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Pointers provide a way to access and manipulate variables indirectly through memory addresses. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and more efficient data manipulation. They are useful for implementing data structures like linked lists and arrays. Pointer arithmetic and dereferencing allow accessing and updating the variable being pointed to.
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The document provides an overview of pointers in C++. It defines a pointer as a variable that stores the memory address of another variable of the same data type. Pointers allow a program to indirectly access and modify values in memory. The key points covered include:
- Declaring pointer variables with the asterisk (*) symbol.
- Initializing pointers using the address-of (&) operator to store the address of another variable.
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- Dynamically allocating and deallocating memory at runtime using new and delete operators to avoid issues with static arrays.
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Pointers in C Programming
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.
There are few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
Pointers In C
This is an ebook of pointers in c by yeshwant kanitkar. If you want to go through online. you can go through pointers in c by yeshwant kanitkar
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The document provides an introduction to pointers in C programming. Some key points:
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pointers.pptx
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. It can be declared by specifying the pointer type followed by an asterisk. Common pointer operations include assigning the address of a variable to a pointer, accessing the value at a pointer's address using unary operator *, and pointer arithmetic. Pointers allow accessing array elements by incrementing/decrementing the pointer. They can also be compared using relational operators and passed as arguments to functions.
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This is an ebook of pointers in c by yeshwant kanitkar. If you want to go through online. you can go through pointers in c by yeshwant kanitkar
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This document discusses different memory management strategies used in operating systems. It describes basic hardware components like main memory, registers, and cache. It then covers address binding techniques, logical vs physical address spaces, and dynamic loading and linking of processes. The rest of the document discusses paging as a memory management strategy, including hardware support through page tables, protection using valid-invalid bits, and sharing of pages between processes.
virtual memory
Virtual memory allows programs to exceed physical memory limits by treating secondary storage as additional "virtual" memory. When a program accesses a memory page not in RAM, a page fault occurs and the OS loads the required page from disk. This demand paging loads only pages used, improving CPU and memory utilization over loading the entire program at once. Hardware support for virtual memory includes page tables to track valid/invalid pages and secondary storage to hold pages not currently in memory.
IO hardware
This document provides an overview of IO hardware and how operating systems manage communication with input/output devices. It discusses how device drivers act as interfaces between the OS and different types of hardware. It also describes various techniques for communicating with devices, including using registers, memory-mapped IO, polling, interrupts, DMA, and the roles of controllers. Interrupts allow asynchronous notification to the CPU when devices need attention. DMA offloads data transfers from the CPU. Effective management of IO is important for system performance.
File system structure
The document discusses the structure of file systems. It explains that a file system provides mechanisms for storing and accessing files and data. It uses a layered approach, with each layer responsible for specific tasks related to file management. The logical file system contains metadata and verifies permissions and paths. It maps logical file blocks to physical disk blocks using a file organization module, which also manages free space. The basic file system then issues I/O commands to access those physical blocks via device drivers, with I/O controls handling interrupts.
File management
This document discusses file management concepts including files, file attributes, file operations, file types, file structure, and access methods. Key points include:
- Files represent named collections of related information stored on secondary storage.
- File attributes include name, identifier, type, location, size, protection, and time/date information.
- Basic file operations are creating, writing, reading, repositioning, deleting, and truncating files.
- File types include ordinary files, directory files, and special files which represent devices.
- File structure and access methods like sequential, direct, and indexed access determine how information is organized and retrieved from files.
Disk structure
The document discusses secondary storage and magnetic disk structure. It provides details on:
- Secondary storage devices like disks, tapes, and drives have non-volatile memory and are slower but cheaper than primary storage like RAM.
- Magnetic disks are divided into platters, tracks, cylinders, and sectors. Read/write heads access data locations specified by head, sector, cylinder addresses.
- Various disk scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, and LOOK are described which improve disk bandwidth and access time by processing requests in different orders.
Directory structure
- Directory structures organize files in a storage system and contain metadata about each file's name, location, size, and type. They allow operations like creating, searching, deleting, listing, and renaming files.
- Early systems used single-level directories with one list of all files, but this does not allow multiple files with the same name or grouping of files.
- Modern systems commonly use tree-structured directories that allow nesting files into subdirectories, making searching more efficient and allowing grouping of similar files. Directories can also be connected in acyclic graphs to enable sharing of files between directories through links.
Directory implementation and allocation methods
This document discusses directory implementation and file allocation methods in file systems. It describes two common directory implementation algorithms: linear lists and hash tables. It also outlines three file allocation methods: contiguous allocation, linked allocation, and indexed allocation. Each method is explained along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Page replacement algorithms
This document discusses different page replacement algorithms used in operating systems. It begins by explaining the basic concept of page replacement that occurs when memory is full and a page fault happens. It then describes several common page replacement algorithms: FIFO, Optimal, LRU, LRU approximations using reference bits, and Second Chance. The key aspects of each algorithm are summarized, such as FIFO replacing the oldest page, Optimal replacing the page not used for longest time, and LRU approximating this by tracking recently used pages. The document provides an overview of page replacement techniques in computer systems.
Methods for handling deadlock
1. There are three methods to handle deadlocks: prevention, avoidance, and detection with recovery.
2. Deadlock prevention ensures that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur. Deadlock avoidance requires processes to declare maximum resource needs upfront.
3. The Banker's algorithm is a deadlock avoidance technique that dynamically checks the resource allocation state to ensure it remains safe and no circular wait can occur.
Semaphore
Semaphores provide a solution for mutual exclusion among concurrent processes by using integer variables and operations like wait() and signal(). There are two main types: counting semaphores, which have an unrestricted value domain and are used to coordinate shared resources; and binary semaphores, which are restricted to values of 0 and 1. Semaphores use queues to block processes when resources are unavailable and wakeup processes when resources become available.
Monitors
Monitors provide mutual exclusion and condition synchronization within a defined structure. A monitor contains shared variable declarations and procedures that operate on those variables. Only one process can execute code within a monitor at a time. Condition variables allow additional synchronization, where a process can wait on a condition and another process can signal that condition. This allows processes to synchronize execution without risking problems like deadlocks that can occur with improper use of semaphores.
Classical problems of process synchronization
The document discusses three classical problems of process synchronization:
1) The Producer-Consumer problem which is solved using semaphores to control access to a shared buffer between a producer and consumer.
2) The Readers-Writers problem where multiple processes can read a file but only one can write to prevent inconsistencies, solved using semaphores.
3) The Dining Philosophers problem where philosophers share chopsticks, which must be solved to prevent deadlock situations when all philosophers try to eat at once.
System programs
A virtual machine is a software implementation of a computer that runs programs like an actual physical machine. It shares the physical hardware of the host machine but isolates the guest operating system and applications to avoid impacting other users. Using CPU scheduling and virtual memory techniques, the host operating system can create the illusion for each virtual machine that it has its own dedicated CPU and memory. This allows a single physical machine to run multiple operating systems concurrently while maintaining isolation between them.
System programs
System programs, also known as system utilities, provide convenient tools for program development and execution. They are categorized into file management, status information, file modification, programming language support, program loading and execution, communication, and application programs. System programs perform functions like creating, deleting and modifying files, displaying system status, supporting programming languages, loading and executing other programs, enabling communication, and providing applications to solve common problems.
Services and system calls
The open system call opens a file and returns a file descriptor. It takes a file path, access flags, and optional mode as arguments. The library function open() wraps the system call. It returns the file descriptor on success or -1 on error and sets errno. The program then uses the descriptor for read, write, or other file operations.
Operating system structure
The document discusses different structures used in operating system design, including simple, layered, microkernel, and modular structures. A simple structure has limited separation of interfaces and layers and is constrained by hardware. A layered structure divides an OS into logical layers with lower layers invoking higher layers, providing modularity but potential inefficiency. A microkernel structure moves most functions to user space with message passing between programs and services, allowing for easier extension and portability but more overhead. A modular structure uses loadable modules like device drivers or file systems to create a flexible, object-oriented kernel.
Operating system deign and implementation
The document discusses operating system design and implementation. It outlines design goals for an operating system including user goals like ease of use and reliability, and system goals which depend on the environment. Implementation is discussed, noting traditionally assembly was used but modern operating systems often use high-level languages like C and C++ due to advantages in development speed, portability and understandability, though assembly is still sometimes used for performance critical routines. Memory management and CPU scheduling are highlighted as important parts of implementation.
Pointer to array and structure
Pointer to array and pointer to structure . how to access elements of array and structure using pointer
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Pointer in c
- 1. Pointer Prepared By: Mr. Sangram A. Patil Assistant Professor PVPIT,Budhgaon
- 2. Pointer Pointers in C language is a variable that stores/points the address of another variable. A Pointer in C is used to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time. The pointer variable might be belonging to any of the data type such as int, float, char, double, short etc.
- 3. Declaration of Pointer variable Pointer declaration Syntax : data_type *var_name; Example : int *p; char *p; Where, * is used to denote that “p” is pointer variable and not a normal variable.
- 5. Key Points To Remember About Pointers Normal variable stores the value whereas pointer variable stores the address of the variable. The content of the C pointer always be a whole number i.e. address. Always C pointer is initialized to null, i.e. int *p = null. The value of null pointer is 0. If a pointer in C is assigned to NULL, it means it is pointing to nothing. & symbol is used to get the address of the variable. * symbol is used to get the value of the variable that the pointer is pointing to. Two pointers can be subtracted to know how many elements are available between these two pointers. But, Pointer addition, multiplication, division are not allowed. The size of any pointer is 2 byte (for 16 bit compiler).
- 6. Operators To access the address of a variable we use the unary operator & (ampersand) that returns the address of that variable. For example &x gives us address of variable x. One more operator is unary * (Asterisk) which is used for two things : 1. To declare a pointer variable: When a pointer variable is declared in C/C++, there must a * before its name. 2. To access the value stored in the address we use the unary operator (*) that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
- 7. example #include <stdio.h> int main() { int x=10; int *p; p=&x; printf("%d", &x); // Prints address of x printf(“nValue at p: %d”,p) printf(“nValue at address of x :”,*p); return 0; }