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please help and make clear which question is being answered please! thank you You are to discover the chromosomal location (autosomal or X linked) and mode of inheritance for two new fly mutations swiss cheese (sc) and dachshund (da) The homozygous swiss cheese (scsc) phenotype has holes in it's brain The homozygous dachshund (dada) has short legs PARENTS Cross Male double homozygous mutants sc da with Female wild wild SC DA are to be crossed BUT FIRST you don't know if either gene is on the X chromosome Parental diploid genotypes could be: male scscdada female SCSCDADA if Both genes autosomal or Male XscYdada female XSCXSCDADA if sc on the X chromosome and da autosomal or Male scscXdaY female SCSCXDAXDA if da on the X chromosome and sc autosomal What are the expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the above three F1 x F1 Punnett squares assuming: (REMEMBER FOR X-LINKED CROSSES THE PHENOTYPE RATIO MIGHT BE DIFFERENT FOR THE 8 MALES FROM THE RESULTANT 8 FEMALES) Predictions Use this area to create PHENOTYPE PREDICTIONS that reflect the above Punnett squares for the F2 generation if the inheritance of the mutant trait is: (Label clearly the phenotype). REMEMBER: Example for Mendelian dominant recessive there are 4 possibles. DO ALL FOUR a) both WILD alleles are DOMINANT b) both MUTANT alleles are DOMINANT c) ONE MUTANT allele is DOMINANT and WILD allele for other gene are DOMINANT d) Reverse of c For autosomal Punnett - dominant or recessive, For two sex linked Punnett - dominant or recessive, incomplete dominant (for both sex linked and autosomal) (take a guess on what phenotype might look like), lethal dominant as embryo (sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS EVEN POSSIBLE lethal recessive as embryo. ( sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS EVEN POSSIBLE.
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please answer the questions after the a-b-c-and d part You are to dis.pdf
please answer the questions after the a,b,c,and d part
You are to discover the chromosomal location (autosomal or X linked) and mode of inheritance
for two new fly mutations swiss cheese (sc) and dachshund (da) The homozygous swiss cheese
(scsc) phenotype has holes in it's brain The homozygous dachshund (dada) has short legs
PARENTS Cross Male double homozygous mutants sc da with Female wild wild SC DA are to
be crossed BUT FIRST you don't know if either gene is on the X chromosome Parental diploid
genotypes could be: male scscdada female SCSCDADA if Both genes autosomal or Male
XscYdada female XSCXSCDADA if sc on the X chromosome and da autosomal or Male
scscXdaY female SCSCXDAXDA if da on the X chromosome and sc autosomal What are the
expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the above three F1 x F1 Punnett squares
assuming: (REMEMBER FOR X-LINKED CROSSES THE PHENOTYPE RATIO MIGHT BE
DIFFERENT FOR THE 8 MALES FROM THE RESULTANT 8 FEMALES) Predictions Use
this area to create PHENOTYPE PREDICTIONS that reflect the above Punnett squares for the
F2 generation if the inheritance of the mutant trait is: (Label clearly the phenotype).
REMEMBER: Example for Mendelian dominant recessive there are 4 possibles. DO ALL
FOUR a) both WILD alleles are DOMINANT b) both MUTANT alleles are DOMINANT c)
ONE MUTANT allele is DOMINANT and WILD allele for other gene are DOMINANT d)
Reverse of c For autosomal Punnett - dominant or recessive, For two sex linked Punnett -
dominant or recessive, incomplete dominant (for both sex linked and autosomal) (take a guess on
what phenotype might look like), lethal dominant as embryo (sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS
EVEN POSSIBLE lethal recessive as embryo. ( sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS EVEN
POSSIBLE.
Ch 12 gene linkage groups and practice problems
1. The document discusses genetics concepts like linkage groups, chromosome mapping, parental and recombinant types. It provides examples of genetic crosses in pea plants and fruit flies to demonstrate these concepts.
2. Recombinant types result from crossovers during meiosis, where alleles switch positions on homologous chromosomes. The frequency of recombinants allows calculation of distance between genes.
3. A sample genetics problem is presented, asking the reader to analyze a dihybrid cross in pea plants and determine the chromosome arrangement and distance between genes.
Genetics practice q key
- One or more of the three children will have disease 1.
- All three children will have the disease.
- At least one child out of three will be phenotypically normal.
AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
1. The document discusses linkage groups and chromosome mapping in genetics. It provides examples of crosses involving fruit flies that demonstrate genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, while genes on different chromosomes assort independently.
2. The document explains how observing recombinant vs parental offspring types allows geneticists to determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between genes on a chromosome.
3. It provides practice problems demonstrating crosses to determine linkage and asks the reader questions about linkage and chromosome mapping concepts.
Genetics std 12th biology NEET
This document provides an overview of genetics and key figures in the field. It discusses:
1) Important geneticists like Mendel, Morgan, and Bateson and their contributions to establishing genetics as a field.
2) Genetics concepts like genes, loci, chromosomes, and the three laws of genetics proposed by Mendel through experiments with pea plants.
3) Examples of genetic disorders and conditions like Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and sickle cell anemia caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.
Pedigree analysis
This document discusses pedigree analysis and different modes of genetic inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive traits. It uses sample pedigrees and asks the reader to determine if specific pedigrees could represent each of the inheritance patterns. The key conclusions are that for autosomal dominant traits, at least one parent of an affected individual must be affected; for autosomal recessive traits, both parents of affected individuals must carry the trait; and for X-linked traits, patterns differ between males and females.
05 Inheritance
The document discusses several genetics concepts including:
- Inheritance of traits from alleles on genes follows Mendelian patterns
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be represented using Punnett squares to show genotypic and phenotypic ratios
- Linked genes tend to be inherited together due to their proximity on the same chromosome
- Test crosses and pedigrees can help determine genotypes and inheritance patterns
05 Inheritance
The document discusses several genetics concepts including:
- Inheritance of traits from alleles on genes and the probability of inheriting specific alleles
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the monohybrid and dihybrid crosses he performed
- How to construct and interpret Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios from crosses
- The concept of linked genes being located near each other on the same chromosome and more likely to be inherited together
- How to detect linkage using test crosses and calculating recombination frequencies
- Different patterns of inheritance for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant traits
- How to draw and interpret genetic pedigrees to determine genotypes
Recommended
please answer the questions after the a-b-c-and d part You are to dis.pdf
please answer the questions after the a,b,c,and d part
You are to discover the chromosomal location (autosomal or X linked) and mode of inheritance
for two new fly mutations swiss cheese (sc) and dachshund (da) The homozygous swiss cheese
(scsc) phenotype has holes in it's brain The homozygous dachshund (dada) has short legs
PARENTS Cross Male double homozygous mutants sc da with Female wild wild SC DA are to
be crossed BUT FIRST you don't know if either gene is on the X chromosome Parental diploid
genotypes could be: male scscdada female SCSCDADA if Both genes autosomal or Male
XscYdada female XSCXSCDADA if sc on the X chromosome and da autosomal or Male
scscXdaY female SCSCXDAXDA if da on the X chromosome and sc autosomal What are the
expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the above three F1 x F1 Punnett squares
assuming: (REMEMBER FOR X-LINKED CROSSES THE PHENOTYPE RATIO MIGHT BE
DIFFERENT FOR THE 8 MALES FROM THE RESULTANT 8 FEMALES) Predictions Use
this area to create PHENOTYPE PREDICTIONS that reflect the above Punnett squares for the
F2 generation if the inheritance of the mutant trait is: (Label clearly the phenotype).
REMEMBER: Example for Mendelian dominant recessive there are 4 possibles. DO ALL
FOUR a) both WILD alleles are DOMINANT b) both MUTANT alleles are DOMINANT c)
ONE MUTANT allele is DOMINANT and WILD allele for other gene are DOMINANT d)
Reverse of c For autosomal Punnett - dominant or recessive, For two sex linked Punnett -
dominant or recessive, incomplete dominant (for both sex linked and autosomal) (take a guess on
what phenotype might look like), lethal dominant as embryo (sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS
EVEN POSSIBLE lethal recessive as embryo. ( sex linked and autosomal) IS THIS EVEN
POSSIBLE.
Ch 12 gene linkage groups and practice problems
1. The document discusses genetics concepts like linkage groups, chromosome mapping, parental and recombinant types. It provides examples of genetic crosses in pea plants and fruit flies to demonstrate these concepts.
2. Recombinant types result from crossovers during meiosis, where alleles switch positions on homologous chromosomes. The frequency of recombinants allows calculation of distance between genes.
3. A sample genetics problem is presented, asking the reader to analyze a dihybrid cross in pea plants and determine the chromosome arrangement and distance between genes.
Genetics practice q key
- One or more of the three children will have disease 1.
- All three children will have the disease.
- At least one child out of three will be phenotypically normal.
AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
1. The document discusses linkage groups and chromosome mapping in genetics. It provides examples of crosses involving fruit flies that demonstrate genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, while genes on different chromosomes assort independently.
2. The document explains how observing recombinant vs parental offspring types allows geneticists to determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between genes on a chromosome.
3. It provides practice problems demonstrating crosses to determine linkage and asks the reader questions about linkage and chromosome mapping concepts.
Genetics std 12th biology NEET
This document provides an overview of genetics and key figures in the field. It discusses:
1) Important geneticists like Mendel, Morgan, and Bateson and their contributions to establishing genetics as a field.
2) Genetics concepts like genes, loci, chromosomes, and the three laws of genetics proposed by Mendel through experiments with pea plants.
3) Examples of genetic disorders and conditions like Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and sickle cell anemia caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.
Pedigree analysis
This document discusses pedigree analysis and different modes of genetic inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive traits. It uses sample pedigrees and asks the reader to determine if specific pedigrees could represent each of the inheritance patterns. The key conclusions are that for autosomal dominant traits, at least one parent of an affected individual must be affected; for autosomal recessive traits, both parents of affected individuals must carry the trait; and for X-linked traits, patterns differ between males and females.
05 Inheritance
The document discusses several genetics concepts including:
- Inheritance of traits from alleles on genes follows Mendelian patterns
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be represented using Punnett squares to show genotypic and phenotypic ratios
- Linked genes tend to be inherited together due to their proximity on the same chromosome
- Test crosses and pedigrees can help determine genotypes and inheritance patterns
05 Inheritance
The document discusses several genetics concepts including:
- Inheritance of traits from alleles on genes and the probability of inheriting specific alleles
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the monohybrid and dihybrid crosses he performed
- How to construct and interpret Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios from crosses
- The concept of linked genes being located near each other on the same chromosome and more likely to be inherited together
- How to detect linkage using test crosses and calculating recombination frequencies
- Different patterns of inheritance for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant traits
- How to draw and interpret genetic pedigrees to determine genotypes
What are the expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the.pdf
What are the expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the above three F1 x F1
Punnett squares assuming: (REMEMBER FOR X-LINKED CROSSES THE PHENOTYPE
RATIO MIGHT BE DIFFERENT FOR THE 8 MALES FROM THE RESULTANT 8
FEMALES) Predictions Use this area to create PHENOTYPE PREDICTIONS that reflect the
above Punnett squares for the F2 generation if the inheritance of the mutant trait is: (Label
clearly the phenotype). REMEMBER: Example for Mendelian dominant recessive there are 4
possibles. DO ALL FOUR Aferane efo For autesomal Punnet - dominant of recessine, For two
sex linked Punnett - dominant or recessive. Incoenglete dominnm tfor both sex lintied and
whtosemal) fake a guess on what phenotype might look lapk. codominant ( for both uex linked
and autosomal ftike a guess on what phenotype might look laet..
The Hox genes are responsible for determining the anterior-posterior.pdf
The Hox genes are responsible for determining the anterior-posterior identity of body regions
(segments) in the developing insect embryo. Different Hox genes are turned on (expressed) in
different segments of the body, and in this way they determine which segments become head and
which thorax, which develop legs and which antennas. One surprising thing about the Hox genes
is that they usually occur in a row on the same chromosome and in the same order as the body
regions that they control. For example, the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster has eight Hox
genes located on a chromosome in exactly the same order as the body regions in which they are
expressed, from head to tail. If the eight genes were thrown randomly onto the same
chromosome, what is the probability that they would line up in the same order as the segments in
which they expressed?
Solution
This is a permutations problem, where you can think of each Hox gene being \"chosen\" for a
\"slot\" in the chromosome has its own probability. Contrast this to combinations problems,
where order does NOT matter. Here\'s the formula for the number of possible permutations:
P = n! / (n-k)! where n = the pool of genes, and k = the number of genes we\'re pulling out. There
are 8 genes we\'re working with, and we\'re putting them all in a chromosome. So the number of
permutations is:
P = 8! / (8-8)! = 8! / 0! = 8!/1 = 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 = 40320 different permutations.
So, that\'s how many different ways these genes can be chaotically and randomly oriented. But
we want them in a very specific order - one after the next, specifying a position for each and
every gene. Normally in permutations problems, you\'d have some leeway with how many
different ways the proposed sequence can be achieved (e.g. drawing a red then blue marble,
when there are 20 red marbles and 10 blue marbles). But in our case, this number is 1, because
there\'s only one way to achieve our proposed sequence. Therefore, the probability is 1/40320, or
0.0025% (about a 400th of a percent). Notice that this has logical implications for the function of
these Hox genes; they were probably slowly built off one another in an evolutionary sequence as
opposed to randomly falling into place. An organism with a mutation in their Hox genes will
have grotesque limb abberations - an example is a Drosophila mutant with a leg coming out of its
head..
Sex linked inheritance
Concept of Sex chromosomes and autosomes,
Inheritance of X- linked genes โ eye colour in Drosophila,
Inheritance of colour blindness in humans,
Inheritance of Y-linked Genes -Holandric genes in humans,
Sex influenced genes โ baldness in humans
Sex-limited genes - feathering in domestic fowl
3 9 Review
This document provides information about Mendelian genetics and molecular genetics. It defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It also gives instructions on how to calculate probabilities from genetic crosses and how to determine genotypes of parents from offspring data using a Punnett square.
Genetics Notes
Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. The document discusses key genetics concepts including chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, sex-linked inheritance, and pedigrees. It provides examples to illustrate genetic inheritance patterns and the use of tools like Punnett squares and pedigrees to predict offspring traits.
TOPIC-16-REVISION.pptx [Autosaved].pptx
This document provides a summary of a genetics lesson covering topics like genetic disorders, genetic terminology, and genetic crosses. It discusses two patients, one suffering from sickle cell anemia caused by a substitution mutation, and another suffering from Huntington's disease caused by a dominant allele. It explains Punnett squares and calculates the probability of offspring inheriting genetic disorders. Frameshift mutations and their impact on protein structure are also covered.
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers.docx
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers
15.1 Mendelian Inheritance and chromosome theory______________________________
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan identified the first solid evidence associating a specific___gene_____ on a specific chromosome.
2. Why did Morgan choose Drosophila as his experimental organism? (List 3 reasons)
They reproduce quickly, a new generation of adults forms every two weeks!
Prolific (single matting = hundreds of offspring)
Only 4 chromosome pairs = simple genetics
3A. The normal phenotype for a character (phenotype most common in nature) is called___wild type_____.
3B. Provide at least two examples this phenotype in Drosophila.
Red eyes
gray body
4A. An alternative phenotype for a character (phenotype not common in nature) is called____mutant____.
4B. Provide at least two examples of this phenotype in Drosophila.
White eyes
Black body
5. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila that differed from the notation Mendel used to represent alleles. Describe how Morganโs Drosophila characters are named and the symbol used for the allele type.
You can think of Morganโs wild-type allele as equivalent to the dominant allele in Mendelโs naming system. And you can think of Morganโs mutant allele as equivalent to Mendelโs recessive allele. So whenever you have one wild-type allele and one mutant allele, that organism will have the wild-type phenotype.
Mendel
Used the first letter of the dominant character name to represent the dominant allele. This letter was capitalized for the dominant allele, lower case for the recessive allele
Ex: purple flower allele dominant to white flower allele: P= dominant allele, p=recessive allele
Morgan
-Used the first letter of the mutant character name to represent the wild-type allele. The letter for the wild-type and mutant alleles are both lower case. The wild-type allele gets a + sign and the mutant does not.
Ex: red eye allele wild-type to white eye mutant: w+ = wild-type allele, w= recessive allele.
6. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila. Which of the following genotypes would produce a fly that is wild-type for eye color (red vs. white eyes)?
w+ w+
w+ w
w w
w+w+ and w+w
7. Morgan performed an experiment that yielded a 3:1 ratio of offspring in the F2 generation; however, only the males of this F2 generation had white eyes.
White- eye females DO EXIST, so why were only white-eye males observed in this cross?
Complete the following chart and describe why Morgan observed these results and how it allowed him to conclusively determine that the gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
Morganโs experiment (see Figure 15.4) Use notation developed by Morgan and his students
If the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosomeโฆ.
P generation
Red eye Female genotype for eye color = w+w+
White eye Male genotype for eye color= w
F1 generatio.
Human genetics, dna replication, protein synthesis, mutations
Here are the key types of point mutations:
- Base substitution: Replacement of one base or nucleotide with another. This can sometimes cause a change in the protein made.
- Silent mutation: A base substitution that does not cause a change in the protein expressed by a gene, such as when different codons code for the same amino acid.
- Missense mutation: A base substitution that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. This often impairs the protein's function.
- Nonsense mutation: A base substitution that creates a stop codon, causing premature termination of protein synthesis. This usually results in a nonfunctional protein.
So in summary, point mutations are single base changes that
PAGE UMUC Asia DE lab โ Evolutionยฉ UMUC โ all rights reserv.docx
The document discusses the classification of organisms and the binomial system of nomenclature. It explains that all organisms are classified based on their characteristics and relationships. Each organism is assigned a genus and species name, with the genus indicating the broader group it belongs to. Classification sorts organisms into a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. The example of chimpanzees and their taxonomic classification is provided to illustrate this system.
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroductionThere are many patterns o.docx
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroduction:
There are many patterns of inheritance. This lab will explore Mendelian traits where alleles are dominant or recessive. You will also have to understand genes that express incomplete dominance, codominance and are sex-linked. We will utilize this lab to explore those terms and to use our knowledge of gene combinations to create an organism.
Utilize this link to learn more about Mendelian traits, incomplete dominance and codominance.(Opens in new window) This link helps you to learn more about sex-linked genes. (Opens in new window)Part 1 Procedure: Checking for Understanding (Worth up to 15pts)
A. For each genotype, tell me if itโs homozygous or heterozygous. If it is homozygous also tell me if it is dominant or recessive.
1. BB
2. jj
3. Pp
4. RR
5. ff
B. Dimples (D) is dominant to (d) no dimples. Brown Eyes (B) are dominant to (b) blue eyes. For each genotype indicate the phenotype.
1. Dd
2. DD
3. dd
4. BB
5. bb
6. Bb
C. For each phenotype list the genotype(s). Trait: Red flower (R); White flower (r)
1. Red flower (homozygous)
2. Red flower (heterozygous)
3. White flowerPart 2: Creating the Parents (Worth up to 48 pts)
1. Flip a coin to determine the genotype for each trait and record it in the data table.
a. Heads= allele 1, Tails = allele 2 ( Example: if you flipped heads twice, your dragon will have two copies of allele 1 for her genotype)
2. Determine the phenotype resulting from the allele pair for each trait.
3. Repeat steps 1-2 for each trait and complete the Mama Dragonโs Table 1.
a. Pay attention to the notes under the trait; it means it does not fully follow Mendelian rules.
Example:
For the trait Eye Size. I flipped my coin 2 times. Flip 1= heads (E); Flip 2= heads (E). So I would put EE in the Genotype box and Two Small Eyes in the Phenotype box for that trait.
Table 1: Genotypes and Phenotypes for Mama Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straight (m)
Dragon Hemophilia
(Sex- Linked)
Hemophilia (XH)
Normal Clotting (Xh)
Table 2: Genotype and Phenotypes for Daddy Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straigh ...
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Genetics and heredity
This document discusses several key genetics and heredity concepts including:
1. Probability and how it relates to inheritance through examples like coin flips and offspring traits.
2. Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics including his studies of dominant and recessive traits using pea plants.
3. Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes resulting from genetic crosses.
4. More complex inheritance patterns like codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, and analyzing pedigrees.
AP BIOLOGY MENDELIAN GENETICS AND 2 Student Packet.pdf
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants that demonstrated basic principles of heredity. He found that traits are transmitted through discrete factors (now called genes) and that these factors assort and segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical or Mendelian genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Later, scientists developed additional genetic concepts and tools, such as genetic linkage maps and the chi-square test, which allow for more sophisticated analysis of inheritance patterns.
Genealogia Y Dna
This document provides information about how DNA can be used for genealogy purposes. It discusses what DNA is, where it is located, and what it does. It explains that DNA testing can tell if two individuals are related and share a common ancestor, but cannot identify the specific ancestor. The document outlines the two main types of DNA tests used for genealogy - mitochondrial DNA testing and Y-chromosome DNA testing. It provides details on what genetic information each test can reveal about maternal or paternal ancestral origins and relative relationships. The summary concludes by noting some limitations in what conclusions can be drawn from DNA testing results for genealogical purposes.
Genetics pedigree problems
This document discusses patterns of genetic inheritance including autosomal recessive and dominant traits as well as sex-linked traits. It prompts the reader to write out genotypes of family members to determine which pattern fits based on which relatives have or do not have the trait. For one example, it is determined that the trait is autosomal recessive based on both parents being heterozygous and having an affected child.
Genetic linkage
Morgan conducted experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that discovered genetic linkage. He crossed a white-eyed, miniature-winged female to a wild-type male. In the F2 generation, most flies showed the parental phenotypes of white eyes and miniature wings, or wild-type eyes and wings. However, some flies showed non-parental phenotypes of white eyes and normal wings, or wild-type eyes and miniature wings, demonstrating genetic recombination between the two linked genes. This provided evidence that genes on the same chromosome may assort together during meiosis but can also undergo crossing over, resulting in new combinations of alleles. Morgan's discovery established the chromosomal theory of inheritance and allowed the field of genetics to construct genetic maps
Mendellian laws of inheritance
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance through experiments breeding pea plants. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, even without knowledge of DNA. The three Mendelian laws of inheritance are: the law of segregation which states offspring receive one allele from each parent; the law of independent assortment which states genes do not influence the sorting of alleles; and the law of dominance where the dominant allele will conceal the presence of the recessive allele.
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type โ2. Epistasis โ.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type โ
2. Epistasis โ
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one geneโs expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
CBI.pptx
This document discusses chromosomal basis of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes occur in pairs in somatic cells and during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate so each gamete contains one chromosome from the pair. The chromosome theory proposed by Sutton and Boveri stated that gametes contain chromosomes that carry hereditary characters and union of gametes restores the diploid number. The rest of the document discusses chromosomes in more detail including their structure, types, sex chromosomes, and mechanisms of sex determination in different organisms.
Inheritance Presentation (2012-2013)
The document discusses hereditary genetics and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, DNA, genes, and alleles. It explains that chromosomes contain DNA and genes which provide the code and instructions for building an organism. The document also covers Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how his findings helped establish the basic principles of heredity and genetics.
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Part 3: Introduction to Soundness Briefly explain the difference between the notions represented
by the single and double turnstiles, i.e., what is the difference between A B and A B ? ( 3 points).
On the image below- label the carbons for a nucleotide in each strand-.pdf
On the image below, label the carbons for a nucleotide in each strand. Pause the video and do the
following: Label the hydrogen-bonds. Label a phosphodiester bond. Circle a nucleotide.
Determine the bases shown and label them with AGC or T . Draw and arrow to show where the
deoxy is (where is the missing OH). In other words, indicate how DNA is different than RNA..
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What are the expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the.pdf
What are the expected phenotypes and phenotype ratios for each of the above three F1 x F1
Punnett squares assuming: (REMEMBER FOR X-LINKED CROSSES THE PHENOTYPE
RATIO MIGHT BE DIFFERENT FOR THE 8 MALES FROM THE RESULTANT 8
FEMALES) Predictions Use this area to create PHENOTYPE PREDICTIONS that reflect the
above Punnett squares for the F2 generation if the inheritance of the mutant trait is: (Label
clearly the phenotype). REMEMBER: Example for Mendelian dominant recessive there are 4
possibles. DO ALL FOUR Aferane efo For autesomal Punnet - dominant of recessine, For two
sex linked Punnett - dominant or recessive. Incoenglete dominnm tfor both sex lintied and
whtosemal) fake a guess on what phenotype might look lapk. codominant ( for both uex linked
and autosomal ftike a guess on what phenotype might look laet..
The Hox genes are responsible for determining the anterior-posterior.pdf
The Hox genes are responsible for determining the anterior-posterior identity of body regions
(segments) in the developing insect embryo. Different Hox genes are turned on (expressed) in
different segments of the body, and in this way they determine which segments become head and
which thorax, which develop legs and which antennas. One surprising thing about the Hox genes
is that they usually occur in a row on the same chromosome and in the same order as the body
regions that they control. For example, the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster has eight Hox
genes located on a chromosome in exactly the same order as the body regions in which they are
expressed, from head to tail. If the eight genes were thrown randomly onto the same
chromosome, what is the probability that they would line up in the same order as the segments in
which they expressed?
Solution
This is a permutations problem, where you can think of each Hox gene being \"chosen\" for a
\"slot\" in the chromosome has its own probability. Contrast this to combinations problems,
where order does NOT matter. Here\'s the formula for the number of possible permutations:
P = n! / (n-k)! where n = the pool of genes, and k = the number of genes we\'re pulling out. There
are 8 genes we\'re working with, and we\'re putting them all in a chromosome. So the number of
permutations is:
P = 8! / (8-8)! = 8! / 0! = 8!/1 = 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 = 40320 different permutations.
So, that\'s how many different ways these genes can be chaotically and randomly oriented. But
we want them in a very specific order - one after the next, specifying a position for each and
every gene. Normally in permutations problems, you\'d have some leeway with how many
different ways the proposed sequence can be achieved (e.g. drawing a red then blue marble,
when there are 20 red marbles and 10 blue marbles). But in our case, this number is 1, because
there\'s only one way to achieve our proposed sequence. Therefore, the probability is 1/40320, or
0.0025% (about a 400th of a percent). Notice that this has logical implications for the function of
these Hox genes; they were probably slowly built off one another in an evolutionary sequence as
opposed to randomly falling into place. An organism with a mutation in their Hox genes will
have grotesque limb abberations - an example is a Drosophila mutant with a leg coming out of its
head..
Sex linked inheritance
Concept of Sex chromosomes and autosomes,
Inheritance of X- linked genes โ eye colour in Drosophila,
Inheritance of colour blindness in humans,
Inheritance of Y-linked Genes -Holandric genes in humans,
Sex influenced genes โ baldness in humans
Sex-limited genes - feathering in domestic fowl
3 9 Review
This document provides information about Mendelian genetics and molecular genetics. It defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It also gives instructions on how to calculate probabilities from genetic crosses and how to determine genotypes of parents from offspring data using a Punnett square.
Genetics Notes
Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. The document discusses key genetics concepts including chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, sex-linked inheritance, and pedigrees. It provides examples to illustrate genetic inheritance patterns and the use of tools like Punnett squares and pedigrees to predict offspring traits.
TOPIC-16-REVISION.pptx [Autosaved].pptx
This document provides a summary of a genetics lesson covering topics like genetic disorders, genetic terminology, and genetic crosses. It discusses two patients, one suffering from sickle cell anemia caused by a substitution mutation, and another suffering from Huntington's disease caused by a dominant allele. It explains Punnett squares and calculates the probability of offspring inheriting genetic disorders. Frameshift mutations and their impact on protein structure are also covered.
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers.docx
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers
15.1 Mendelian Inheritance and chromosome theory______________________________
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan identified the first solid evidence associating a specific___gene_____ on a specific chromosome.
2. Why did Morgan choose Drosophila as his experimental organism? (List 3 reasons)
They reproduce quickly, a new generation of adults forms every two weeks!
Prolific (single matting = hundreds of offspring)
Only 4 chromosome pairs = simple genetics
3A. The normal phenotype for a character (phenotype most common in nature) is called___wild type_____.
3B. Provide at least two examples this phenotype in Drosophila.
Red eyes
gray body
4A. An alternative phenotype for a character (phenotype not common in nature) is called____mutant____.
4B. Provide at least two examples of this phenotype in Drosophila.
White eyes
Black body
5. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila that differed from the notation Mendel used to represent alleles. Describe how Morganโs Drosophila characters are named and the symbol used for the allele type.
You can think of Morganโs wild-type allele as equivalent to the dominant allele in Mendelโs naming system. And you can think of Morganโs mutant allele as equivalent to Mendelโs recessive allele. So whenever you have one wild-type allele and one mutant allele, that organism will have the wild-type phenotype.
Mendel
Used the first letter of the dominant character name to represent the dominant allele. This letter was capitalized for the dominant allele, lower case for the recessive allele
Ex: purple flower allele dominant to white flower allele: P= dominant allele, p=recessive allele
Morgan
-Used the first letter of the mutant character name to represent the wild-type allele. The letter for the wild-type and mutant alleles are both lower case. The wild-type allele gets a + sign and the mutant does not.
Ex: red eye allele wild-type to white eye mutant: w+ = wild-type allele, w= recessive allele.
6. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila. Which of the following genotypes would produce a fly that is wild-type for eye color (red vs. white eyes)?
w+ w+
w+ w
w w
w+w+ and w+w
7. Morgan performed an experiment that yielded a 3:1 ratio of offspring in the F2 generation; however, only the males of this F2 generation had white eyes.
White- eye females DO EXIST, so why were only white-eye males observed in this cross?
Complete the following chart and describe why Morgan observed these results and how it allowed him to conclusively determine that the gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
Morganโs experiment (see Figure 15.4) Use notation developed by Morgan and his students
If the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosomeโฆ.
P generation
Red eye Female genotype for eye color = w+w+
White eye Male genotype for eye color= w
F1 generatio.
Human genetics, dna replication, protein synthesis, mutations
Here are the key types of point mutations:
- Base substitution: Replacement of one base or nucleotide with another. This can sometimes cause a change in the protein made.
- Silent mutation: A base substitution that does not cause a change in the protein expressed by a gene, such as when different codons code for the same amino acid.
- Missense mutation: A base substitution that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. This often impairs the protein's function.
- Nonsense mutation: A base substitution that creates a stop codon, causing premature termination of protein synthesis. This usually results in a nonfunctional protein.
So in summary, point mutations are single base changes that
PAGE UMUC Asia DE lab โ Evolutionยฉ UMUC โ all rights reserv.docx
The document discusses the classification of organisms and the binomial system of nomenclature. It explains that all organisms are classified based on their characteristics and relationships. Each organism is assigned a genus and species name, with the genus indicating the broader group it belongs to. Classification sorts organisms into a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. The example of chimpanzees and their taxonomic classification is provided to illustrate this system.
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroductionThere are many patterns o.docx
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroduction:
There are many patterns of inheritance. This lab will explore Mendelian traits where alleles are dominant or recessive. You will also have to understand genes that express incomplete dominance, codominance and are sex-linked. We will utilize this lab to explore those terms and to use our knowledge of gene combinations to create an organism.
Utilize this link to learn more about Mendelian traits, incomplete dominance and codominance.(Opens in new window) This link helps you to learn more about sex-linked genes. (Opens in new window)Part 1 Procedure: Checking for Understanding (Worth up to 15pts)
A. For each genotype, tell me if itโs homozygous or heterozygous. If it is homozygous also tell me if it is dominant or recessive.
1. BB
2. jj
3. Pp
4. RR
5. ff
B. Dimples (D) is dominant to (d) no dimples. Brown Eyes (B) are dominant to (b) blue eyes. For each genotype indicate the phenotype.
1. Dd
2. DD
3. dd
4. BB
5. bb
6. Bb
C. For each phenotype list the genotype(s). Trait: Red flower (R); White flower (r)
1. Red flower (homozygous)
2. Red flower (heterozygous)
3. White flowerPart 2: Creating the Parents (Worth up to 48 pts)
1. Flip a coin to determine the genotype for each trait and record it in the data table.
a. Heads= allele 1, Tails = allele 2 ( Example: if you flipped heads twice, your dragon will have two copies of allele 1 for her genotype)
2. Determine the phenotype resulting from the allele pair for each trait.
3. Repeat steps 1-2 for each trait and complete the Mama Dragonโs Table 1.
a. Pay attention to the notes under the trait; it means it does not fully follow Mendelian rules.
Example:
For the trait Eye Size. I flipped my coin 2 times. Flip 1= heads (E); Flip 2= heads (E). So I would put EE in the Genotype box and Two Small Eyes in the Phenotype box for that trait.
Table 1: Genotypes and Phenotypes for Mama Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straight (m)
Dragon Hemophilia
(Sex- Linked)
Hemophilia (XH)
Normal Clotting (Xh)
Table 2: Genotype and Phenotypes for Daddy Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straigh ...
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Genetics and heredity
This document discusses several key genetics and heredity concepts including:
1. Probability and how it relates to inheritance through examples like coin flips and offspring traits.
2. Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics including his studies of dominant and recessive traits using pea plants.
3. Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes resulting from genetic crosses.
4. More complex inheritance patterns like codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, and analyzing pedigrees.
AP BIOLOGY MENDELIAN GENETICS AND 2 Student Packet.pdf
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants that demonstrated basic principles of heredity. He found that traits are transmitted through discrete factors (now called genes) and that these factors assort and segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical or Mendelian genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Later, scientists developed additional genetic concepts and tools, such as genetic linkage maps and the chi-square test, which allow for more sophisticated analysis of inheritance patterns.
Genealogia Y Dna
This document provides information about how DNA can be used for genealogy purposes. It discusses what DNA is, where it is located, and what it does. It explains that DNA testing can tell if two individuals are related and share a common ancestor, but cannot identify the specific ancestor. The document outlines the two main types of DNA tests used for genealogy - mitochondrial DNA testing and Y-chromosome DNA testing. It provides details on what genetic information each test can reveal about maternal or paternal ancestral origins and relative relationships. The summary concludes by noting some limitations in what conclusions can be drawn from DNA testing results for genealogical purposes.
Genetics pedigree problems
This document discusses patterns of genetic inheritance including autosomal recessive and dominant traits as well as sex-linked traits. It prompts the reader to write out genotypes of family members to determine which pattern fits based on which relatives have or do not have the trait. For one example, it is determined that the trait is autosomal recessive based on both parents being heterozygous and having an affected child.
Genetic linkage
Morgan conducted experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that discovered genetic linkage. He crossed a white-eyed, miniature-winged female to a wild-type male. In the F2 generation, most flies showed the parental phenotypes of white eyes and miniature wings, or wild-type eyes and wings. However, some flies showed non-parental phenotypes of white eyes and normal wings, or wild-type eyes and miniature wings, demonstrating genetic recombination between the two linked genes. This provided evidence that genes on the same chromosome may assort together during meiosis but can also undergo crossing over, resulting in new combinations of alleles. Morgan's discovery established the chromosomal theory of inheritance and allowed the field of genetics to construct genetic maps
Mendellian laws of inheritance
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance through experiments breeding pea plants. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, even without knowledge of DNA. The three Mendelian laws of inheritance are: the law of segregation which states offspring receive one allele from each parent; the law of independent assortment which states genes do not influence the sorting of alleles; and the law of dominance where the dominant allele will conceal the presence of the recessive allele.
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type โ2. Epistasis โ.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type โ
2. Epistasis โ
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one geneโs expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
CBI.pptx
This document discusses chromosomal basis of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes occur in pairs in somatic cells and during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate so each gamete contains one chromosome from the pair. The chromosome theory proposed by Sutton and Boveri stated that gametes contain chromosomes that carry hereditary characters and union of gametes restores the diploid number. The rest of the document discusses chromosomes in more detail including their structure, types, sex chromosomes, and mechanisms of sex determination in different organisms.
Inheritance Presentation (2012-2013)
The document discusses hereditary genetics and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, DNA, genes, and alleles. It explains that chromosomes contain DNA and genes which provide the code and instructions for building an organism. The document also covers Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how his findings helped establish the basic principles of heredity and genetics.
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Instructions
For each of the above situations, identify the accounting assumption, concept, constraint, or
recognition criteria that have been violated. Prepare the correct journal entry as it should have
been made. If no entry should have been made, or if additional financial statement disclosure is
required, explain.
At year end the Depreciation expense is calculated as $10,000, which results in a net book
1.
value.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 6
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