The document discusses various aspects of planning including its definition, characteristics, levels, steps, tools and techniques. It defines planning as deciding in advance what to do, when to do it, and who will do it. The levels of planning include strategic, tactical and operational plans. The steps involved in planning are analyzing the environment, setting objectives, developing planning premises, determining alternative courses of action, selecting the best alternatives, formulating derivative plans, converting plans into budgets, implementation and review. Tools and techniques discussed are forecasting, benchmarking, simulation, linear programming, break-even analysis, PERT, CPM and Gantt charts.
The document discusses the functions of management, specifically planning. It defines planning as looking ahead and determining future courses of action. Planning bridges the gap between the present and desired future state. The document outlines the steps in the planning function which include establishing objectives and premises, choosing alternative courses of action, formulating derivative plans, securing cooperation, and follow up/appraisal. It also describes characteristics of planning such as it being goal-oriented, continuous, and flexible. Finally, it discusses different types of plans including operational, tactical, strategic, and contingency plans.
This document provides an overview of development planning in Malaysia. It discusses the transition to a more outcome-based approach for the 10th Malaysia Plan from the previous input-output based approach. Specifically, it summarizes the planning horizon and machinery in Malaysia including long, medium, and short term plans. It also summarizes the key findings and policy shifts resulting from the mid-term review of the 9th Malaysia Plan, including a greater focus on measuring project outcomes and stakeholder participation.
The document provides guidance on using the logical framework approach (LFA) to design projects in a systematic and logical way. It discusses key aspects of the LFA including problem analysis, objectives analysis, strategy analysis, developing the logframe matrix, activity planning, and resource planning. The LFA helps ensure problems are analyzed systematically, objectives are clearly defined and measurable, and risks and assumptions are considered. Using the LFA helps make project proposals more coherent and increases the chances of securing donor funding.
The document summarizes the key points from a presentation on NASA's challenges in meeting cost, schedule, and performance goals for projects. It identifies five overarching challenges: an overly optimistic culture, unstable funding, technical complexity of projects, incomplete measures of project success, and limited opportunities for project manager development. The presentation calls for coordinated leadership across all levels to implement meaningful changes to address these challenges.
This document introduces participatory project planning and the project design matrix (PDM). It discusses the project cycle and how participatory planning aims to create a PDM through collaboration among stakeholders. The key steps in planning include stakeholder analysis, problem analysis, objective analysis, project selection, and developing the PDM. These steps are conducted through participatory workshops where stakeholders analyze problems, objectives, and potential solutions using techniques like problem trees and objective trees. The resulting PDM outlines the project goals, objectives, indicators, assumptions and provides a framework for monitoring and evaluation.
This document introduces the Schedule Test and Assessment Tool (STAT) developed by NASA to assess schedule credibility. It provides an overview of STAT's capabilities, benefits of assessing schedules, and background on why schedule assessment is important. The document demonstrates STAT's schedule health check, trend analysis, and summary reporting features using example output. It summarizes that STAT enables efficient schedule assessment, quality improvement, and timely analysis through an easy-to-use automated tool.
The document discusses planning tools and techniques. It defines plans, their dimensions and types. It also discusses why plans fail and identifies various planning areas within organizations. Forecasting and sales forecasting methods are defined, including jury of executive opinion, time series analysis and the Delphi method. Scheduling tools like Gantt charts and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are also summarized, including their features and the steps to design a PERT network.
The document discusses the functions of management, specifically planning. It defines planning as looking ahead and determining future courses of action. Planning bridges the gap between the present and desired future state. The document outlines the steps in the planning function which include establishing objectives and premises, choosing alternative courses of action, formulating derivative plans, securing cooperation, and follow up/appraisal. It also describes characteristics of planning such as it being goal-oriented, continuous, and flexible. Finally, it discusses different types of plans including operational, tactical, strategic, and contingency plans.
This document provides an overview of development planning in Malaysia. It discusses the transition to a more outcome-based approach for the 10th Malaysia Plan from the previous input-output based approach. Specifically, it summarizes the planning horizon and machinery in Malaysia including long, medium, and short term plans. It also summarizes the key findings and policy shifts resulting from the mid-term review of the 9th Malaysia Plan, including a greater focus on measuring project outcomes and stakeholder participation.
The document provides guidance on using the logical framework approach (LFA) to design projects in a systematic and logical way. It discusses key aspects of the LFA including problem analysis, objectives analysis, strategy analysis, developing the logframe matrix, activity planning, and resource planning. The LFA helps ensure problems are analyzed systematically, objectives are clearly defined and measurable, and risks and assumptions are considered. Using the LFA helps make project proposals more coherent and increases the chances of securing donor funding.
The document summarizes the key points from a presentation on NASA's challenges in meeting cost, schedule, and performance goals for projects. It identifies five overarching challenges: an overly optimistic culture, unstable funding, technical complexity of projects, incomplete measures of project success, and limited opportunities for project manager development. The presentation calls for coordinated leadership across all levels to implement meaningful changes to address these challenges.
This document introduces participatory project planning and the project design matrix (PDM). It discusses the project cycle and how participatory planning aims to create a PDM through collaboration among stakeholders. The key steps in planning include stakeholder analysis, problem analysis, objective analysis, project selection, and developing the PDM. These steps are conducted through participatory workshops where stakeholders analyze problems, objectives, and potential solutions using techniques like problem trees and objective trees. The resulting PDM outlines the project goals, objectives, indicators, assumptions and provides a framework for monitoring and evaluation.
This document introduces the Schedule Test and Assessment Tool (STAT) developed by NASA to assess schedule credibility. It provides an overview of STAT's capabilities, benefits of assessing schedules, and background on why schedule assessment is important. The document demonstrates STAT's schedule health check, trend analysis, and summary reporting features using example output. It summarizes that STAT enables efficient schedule assessment, quality improvement, and timely analysis through an easy-to-use automated tool.
The document discusses planning tools and techniques. It defines plans, their dimensions and types. It also discusses why plans fail and identifies various planning areas within organizations. Forecasting and sales forecasting methods are defined, including jury of executive opinion, time series analysis and the Delphi method. Scheduling tools like Gantt charts and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are also summarized, including their features and the steps to design a PERT network.
O documento discute a importância da fisioterapia na reabilitação de pacientes com amputação transtibial. A fisioterapia deve ser iniciada logo após a cirurgia com foco na cicatrização, força muscular, mobilidade do membro e prevenção de contraturas. Técnicas como alongamentos, fortalecimento muscular, estimulação elétrica e treino de marcha são utilizadas para melhorar a função do membro remanescente e capacidade de locomoção. O objetivo final é preparar o paciente
El documento resume las ideas principales de Ángel Díaz Barriga sobre los exámenes. Según Díaz Barriga, los exámenes se usan históricamente más para mantener el control social que para medir el conocimiento. También argumenta que los exámenes transforman la relación de aprendizaje en una de poder en lugar de saber. Por último, sostiene que los exámenes solo son instrumentos que no pueden resolver problemas causados por factores sociales más amplios en el sistema educativo.
O documento apresenta os principais gêneros jornalísticos, divididos em informativos e opinativos. Descreve cada gênero brevemente, incluindo suas características, estrutura e objetivo. Além disso, explica os diferentes tipos de reportagens, entrevistas e modelos utilizados no jornalismo.
Este documento apresenta os parâmetros curriculares nacionais para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa nos terceiro e quarto ciclos do ensino fundamental. Ele discute a natureza da linguagem e do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, define objetivos e conteúdos gerais para a área, e fornece orientações didáticas específicas para os terceiro e quarto ciclos.
Este documento presenta una introducción a un curso sobre temas de pubertad, relaciones entre sexo y género, autoestima, comañerismo y relaciones familiares para estudiantes de primer año de la ESO. Explica los cambios físicos y psicológicos de la pubertad y conceptos clave como la diferencia entre sexo y género. También discute temas como la regla, la eyaculación, los estereotipos de género y la transexualidad. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia del autoconocimiento,
Google Earth es un programa informático que muestra un globo virtual de la Tierra utilizando imágenes satelitales y que permite al usuario visualizar y explorar el planeta de forma interactiva. Fue creado originalmente por la compañía Keyhole y luego adquirido por Google en 2004, pasando a llamarse Google Earth. El programa ofrece varias características como ver imágenes en alta resolución, modelos 3D de lugares y características, e incluso permite ver imágenes de otros planetas como Marte y la Luna.
Educación venezolana en el siglo xxi nuviaNUVIA GUERRERO
El documento describe la educación virtual como una estrategia educativa que facilita el acceso a la información y permite nuevos métodos pedagógicos centrados en el estudiante. Explica las características, ventajas y desventajas de la educación virtual, y concluye que Venezuela en el siglo XXI tiene una educación más moderna y adaptada a la era digital debido a la globalización, aunque es importante aprovechar la tecnología de manera responsable.
El documento presenta una discusión sobre la teoría y práctica de la planificación educativa. Define la planificación como un proceso de establecer metas y elegir medios para alcanzarlas, que implica tomar decisiones anticipadas sobre cómo lograr un futuro deseado. Explica que la planificación efectiva requiere considerar objetivos, estrategias, factores internos y externos, y debe adaptarse a los ritmos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. También cubre los componentes, historia, propósito y pasos del proceso de planificación, incl
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de redes informáticas, incluyendo las redes locales (LAN), las redes de área amplia (WAN) y las redes privadas e internet. Explica que una red está formada por ordenadores interconectados que se comunican mediante protocolos comunes. También define los diferentes tipos de topologías de red, como la red en anillo, en árbol y en estrella.
LEADERSHIP - Catch A Wave, Do Something Different 2006 07 APPA in Hawaii 2006...JAMES EUGENE BARBUSH
James E. Barbush is facilitating a workshop titled "A Changed Atmosphere in Your Future" where he will discuss expanding horizons, taking charge of one's life, and living with freedom and expectation. The workshop will cover themes of watching the world from on top, not being afraid to try new things, and sitting on top of the world. It will discuss rules of change and the importance of middle managers as change agents.
QR Codes: An interactive consumer engagement toolScanova
In this presentation, Scanova tells you why consumer engagement has gained importance and how QR Codes, an emerging mobile marketing tool, can help you ease your consumer engagement activities in an affordable way. For more details, log on to http://scanova.io
Este documento describe el famoso experimento de Milgram sobre la obediencia a la autoridad. En el experimento, los participantes creían que estaban administrando descargas eléctricas cada vez más intensas a otra persona a medida que esta cometía errores en una prueba de memoria, a pesar de las quejas de dolor. Sorprendentemente, el 65% de los participantes obedecieron las órdenes del investigador de continuar hasta la descarga máxima.
O documento descreve a estrutura do Sistema Financeiro Nacional brasileiro, incluindo seus principais órgãos reguladores e instituições financeiras. É apresentado o processo de intermediação financeira entre agentes econômicos superavitários e deficitários. Também são definidos os papéis do Conselho Monetário Nacional, Banco Central do Brasil e outras entidades no sistema.
Este documento contiene 63 preguntas y respuestas sobre conceptos relacionados con programación orientada a objetos, Java, NetBeans y otros temas afines. Las preguntas abarcan desde definiciones básicas como qué es un operador o una clase, hasta características específicas de Java, NetBeans y el desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles. Las respuestas proporcionadas son generalmente cortas y concisas.
La formación de profesionales en el área de las Ciencias de la InformaciónUniversidad de Belgrano
El documento trata sobre la formación de profesionales en el área de las Ciencias de la Información. Aborda la problemática del docente en este campo y cómo ha evolucionado desde la modernidad hasta la actualidad. Explica que en la modernidad, la educación buscaba formar ciudadanos acordes a los requerimientos de las instituciones modernas y a aceptar el orden establecido. Luego analiza cómo los cambios sociales han impactado en la profesión del bibliotecario y los nuevos desafíos que enfrenta en la era de la información.
Este álbum de fotografías contiene recuerdos de mi familia y amigos a lo largo de los años. Las fotos capturan momentos especiales como cumpleaños, vacaciones y reuniones que son importantes para mí. Este álbum me permite apreciar los buenos tiempos que hemos compartido.
El documento habla sobre el plagio, cómo evitarlo y cómo citar correctamente. Explica que el plagio consiste en tomar la propiedad intelectual de otros sin su permiso. Para no cometer plagio, se debe investigar el tema con sus propias palabras y citar y dar crédito a las ideas y palabras de otros. También cubre cómo citar y parafrasear correctamente usando las reglas APA o MLA.
Una red de computadoras consta de hardware y software. El hardware incluye estaciones de trabajo, servidores, tarjetas de interfaz de red, cableado y equipo de conectividad. El software principal es el sistema operativo de red, el cual administra operaciones como soporte para archivos, comunicaciones y servicios de equipo.
La amistad implica una relación dual donde dos personas comparten experiencias, conocimientos y recursos para crecer mutuamente. Un buen amigo no anula al otro sino que lo potencia y lo apoya en sus alegrías y sufrimientos sin envidia o prepotencia. La amistad verdadera significa estar siempre presente para compartir tanto los buenos como los malos momentos.
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxinfantsuk
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa.
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxstilliegeorgiana
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa ...
O documento discute a importância da fisioterapia na reabilitação de pacientes com amputação transtibial. A fisioterapia deve ser iniciada logo após a cirurgia com foco na cicatrização, força muscular, mobilidade do membro e prevenção de contraturas. Técnicas como alongamentos, fortalecimento muscular, estimulação elétrica e treino de marcha são utilizadas para melhorar a função do membro remanescente e capacidade de locomoção. O objetivo final é preparar o paciente
El documento resume las ideas principales de Ángel Díaz Barriga sobre los exámenes. Según Díaz Barriga, los exámenes se usan históricamente más para mantener el control social que para medir el conocimiento. También argumenta que los exámenes transforman la relación de aprendizaje en una de poder en lugar de saber. Por último, sostiene que los exámenes solo son instrumentos que no pueden resolver problemas causados por factores sociales más amplios en el sistema educativo.
O documento apresenta os principais gêneros jornalísticos, divididos em informativos e opinativos. Descreve cada gênero brevemente, incluindo suas características, estrutura e objetivo. Além disso, explica os diferentes tipos de reportagens, entrevistas e modelos utilizados no jornalismo.
Este documento apresenta os parâmetros curriculares nacionais para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa nos terceiro e quarto ciclos do ensino fundamental. Ele discute a natureza da linguagem e do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, define objetivos e conteúdos gerais para a área, e fornece orientações didáticas específicas para os terceiro e quarto ciclos.
Este documento presenta una introducción a un curso sobre temas de pubertad, relaciones entre sexo y género, autoestima, comañerismo y relaciones familiares para estudiantes de primer año de la ESO. Explica los cambios físicos y psicológicos de la pubertad y conceptos clave como la diferencia entre sexo y género. También discute temas como la regla, la eyaculación, los estereotipos de género y la transexualidad. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia del autoconocimiento,
Google Earth es un programa informático que muestra un globo virtual de la Tierra utilizando imágenes satelitales y que permite al usuario visualizar y explorar el planeta de forma interactiva. Fue creado originalmente por la compañía Keyhole y luego adquirido por Google en 2004, pasando a llamarse Google Earth. El programa ofrece varias características como ver imágenes en alta resolución, modelos 3D de lugares y características, e incluso permite ver imágenes de otros planetas como Marte y la Luna.
Educación venezolana en el siglo xxi nuviaNUVIA GUERRERO
El documento describe la educación virtual como una estrategia educativa que facilita el acceso a la información y permite nuevos métodos pedagógicos centrados en el estudiante. Explica las características, ventajas y desventajas de la educación virtual, y concluye que Venezuela en el siglo XXI tiene una educación más moderna y adaptada a la era digital debido a la globalización, aunque es importante aprovechar la tecnología de manera responsable.
El documento presenta una discusión sobre la teoría y práctica de la planificación educativa. Define la planificación como un proceso de establecer metas y elegir medios para alcanzarlas, que implica tomar decisiones anticipadas sobre cómo lograr un futuro deseado. Explica que la planificación efectiva requiere considerar objetivos, estrategias, factores internos y externos, y debe adaptarse a los ritmos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. También cubre los componentes, historia, propósito y pasos del proceso de planificación, incl
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de redes informáticas, incluyendo las redes locales (LAN), las redes de área amplia (WAN) y las redes privadas e internet. Explica que una red está formada por ordenadores interconectados que se comunican mediante protocolos comunes. También define los diferentes tipos de topologías de red, como la red en anillo, en árbol y en estrella.
LEADERSHIP - Catch A Wave, Do Something Different 2006 07 APPA in Hawaii 2006...JAMES EUGENE BARBUSH
James E. Barbush is facilitating a workshop titled "A Changed Atmosphere in Your Future" where he will discuss expanding horizons, taking charge of one's life, and living with freedom and expectation. The workshop will cover themes of watching the world from on top, not being afraid to try new things, and sitting on top of the world. It will discuss rules of change and the importance of middle managers as change agents.
QR Codes: An interactive consumer engagement toolScanova
In this presentation, Scanova tells you why consumer engagement has gained importance and how QR Codes, an emerging mobile marketing tool, can help you ease your consumer engagement activities in an affordable way. For more details, log on to http://scanova.io
Este documento describe el famoso experimento de Milgram sobre la obediencia a la autoridad. En el experimento, los participantes creían que estaban administrando descargas eléctricas cada vez más intensas a otra persona a medida que esta cometía errores en una prueba de memoria, a pesar de las quejas de dolor. Sorprendentemente, el 65% de los participantes obedecieron las órdenes del investigador de continuar hasta la descarga máxima.
O documento descreve a estrutura do Sistema Financeiro Nacional brasileiro, incluindo seus principais órgãos reguladores e instituições financeiras. É apresentado o processo de intermediação financeira entre agentes econômicos superavitários e deficitários. Também são definidos os papéis do Conselho Monetário Nacional, Banco Central do Brasil e outras entidades no sistema.
Este documento contiene 63 preguntas y respuestas sobre conceptos relacionados con programación orientada a objetos, Java, NetBeans y otros temas afines. Las preguntas abarcan desde definiciones básicas como qué es un operador o una clase, hasta características específicas de Java, NetBeans y el desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles. Las respuestas proporcionadas son generalmente cortas y concisas.
La formación de profesionales en el área de las Ciencias de la InformaciónUniversidad de Belgrano
El documento trata sobre la formación de profesionales en el área de las Ciencias de la Información. Aborda la problemática del docente en este campo y cómo ha evolucionado desde la modernidad hasta la actualidad. Explica que en la modernidad, la educación buscaba formar ciudadanos acordes a los requerimientos de las instituciones modernas y a aceptar el orden establecido. Luego analiza cómo los cambios sociales han impactado en la profesión del bibliotecario y los nuevos desafíos que enfrenta en la era de la información.
Este álbum de fotografías contiene recuerdos de mi familia y amigos a lo largo de los años. Las fotos capturan momentos especiales como cumpleaños, vacaciones y reuniones que son importantes para mí. Este álbum me permite apreciar los buenos tiempos que hemos compartido.
El documento habla sobre el plagio, cómo evitarlo y cómo citar correctamente. Explica que el plagio consiste en tomar la propiedad intelectual de otros sin su permiso. Para no cometer plagio, se debe investigar el tema con sus propias palabras y citar y dar crédito a las ideas y palabras de otros. También cubre cómo citar y parafrasear correctamente usando las reglas APA o MLA.
Una red de computadoras consta de hardware y software. El hardware incluye estaciones de trabajo, servidores, tarjetas de interfaz de red, cableado y equipo de conectividad. El software principal es el sistema operativo de red, el cual administra operaciones como soporte para archivos, comunicaciones y servicios de equipo.
La amistad implica una relación dual donde dos personas comparten experiencias, conocimientos y recursos para crecer mutuamente. Un buen amigo no anula al otro sino que lo potencia y lo apoya en sus alegrías y sufrimientos sin envidia o prepotencia. La amistad verdadera significa estar siempre presente para compartir tanto los buenos como los malos momentos.
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxinfantsuk
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa.
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxstilliegeorgiana
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa ...
This document provides an overview of the logical framework approach for project planning and management. It describes the key elements of a logical framework including goals, objectives, outputs, inputs/activities, indicators, and assumptions. It outlines the phases and 8 steps to develop a logical framework matrix including defining the goal and objectives, identifying outputs and activities, and specifying indicators, means of verification, and assumptions. The advantages of the logical framework are that it helps design comprehensive and feasible plans, provides a structure for monitoring and evaluation, and reduces project management time and effort.
Project planning is an important part of any project that involves setting objectives, identifying deliverables, scheduling tasks, and planning resources. It lays out the scope, objectives, goals, schedule, and defines roles for stakeholders. The key components of a project plan are the scope, budget, and timeline. Project planning follows 10 steps including defining stakeholders and their roles, setting goals, prioritizing and scheduling tasks, assessing risks, and communicating the plan. Commonly used tools for project planning are Gantt charts, problem tree analysis, SWOT analysis, logical framework analysis, and project management software.
This document provides an overview of development project planning and management. It discusses the project cycle which includes identification, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Key planning tools covered are stakeholder analysis, problem trees, logical frameworks and Gantt charts. The document also outlines the stages of the ZOPP (Goal Oriented Project Planning) approach including pre-project planning, partner negotiation, plan finalization and implementation/monitoring.
This document provides an overview of development project planning and management. It discusses various planning tools like stakeholder analysis, logical framework analysis, and monitoring and evaluation. It also outlines the typical stages of a project cycle including identification, appraisal, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Key aspects at each stage like needs assessment, baseline studies, work plans, budgets, and lessons learned are reviewed. Limitations of the rational planning approach are also acknowledged.
The document discusses the key tasks of project management including planning, execution, and review. It outlines 6 tasks for project management: identifying projects and priorities, analyzing costs and benefits, identifying tasks and timelines, managing teams, engaging stakeholders, and setting up learning systems. It also provides 6 steps for laying out a project plan: defining a work breakdown structure, setting milestones, listing activities and relationships, determining the critical path, defining buffers, and allocating resources. The document emphasizes the importance of planning, tracking progress, and learning from projects.
This document provides an overview of the logical framework approach to project planning. It discusses what a logical framework is and how it can be used throughout the project cycle. The key aspects of a logical framework include defining objectives in a clear hierarchy, identifying indicators and sources of verification for measuring progress, and considering assumptions and risks. The document also lists some common errors to avoid when constructing a logical framework, such as having vague indicators or defining endogenous assumptions. Overall, the logical framework is presented as a tool for systematically analyzing problems, formulating measurable objectives, and providing a basis for monitoring and evaluation of a project.
This document provides an overview of development project planning and management. It discusses key concepts like the project cycle, logical framework analysis, stakeholder analysis, monitoring and evaluation. The project cycle involves identification, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Planning tools covered include logical framework analysis, stakeholder analysis and Gantt charts. Effective project planning requires defining objectives, indicators, assumptions and engaging stakeholders. However, too much planning can also limit flexibility and involvement of intended beneficiaries.
This document discusses development project planning and management. It covers key concepts like the project cycle, logical framework analysis, stakeholder analysis, monitoring and evaluation. The project cycle involves identification, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Logical framework analysis uses a matrix to define objectives, indicators, assumptions and risks. Stakeholder analysis identifies those impacted and how to engage them. Monitoring tracks inputs, outputs and outcomes against indicators. Evaluation assesses efficiency, effectiveness, impact and lessons learned to improve future projects. Thorough planning is important but too much can limit flexibility and involvement of intended beneficiaries.
The document provides guidance on initiating projects through a 6-step process: 1) Define goals, 2) Identify team members, 3) Define work, 4) Develop a plan, 5) Delegate tasks, and 6) Execute and monitor progress. It emphasizes setting clear goals, assembling the right team to achieve those goals, breaking the work into specific tasks, creating a timeline and assigning responsibilities, and continuously tracking performance. Additional sections cover strategies for improving projects, criteria for selecting projects, and key project management terminology.
The document outlines a 10-step process for conducting a return on investment (ROI) study to evaluate the benefits of a geographic information system (GIS) implementation. The key steps include: 1) preparing for the ROI project by identifying stakeholders and timelines, 2) identifying potential business opportunities for GIS through executive interviews, 3) prioritizing potential benefits, 4) constructing the GIS program, 5) defining project governance and team structure, 6) calculating costs, 7) quantifying potential benefits, 8) building a benefits roadmap, 9) calculating financial metrics like ROI, and 10) drafting and delivering a final report.
The document outlines the 8 main steps in the planning process:
1) Identifying opportunities by understanding the external and internal environments.
2) Setting objectives to provide direction. Objectives should be specific, measurable, and interconnected.
3) Determining planning premises about internal and external factors that will affect plans. Alternative premises are developed and verified.
4) Determining alternative courses of action available to achieve objectives.
5) Evaluating alternatives in light of goals and premises.
6) Selecting the ideal alternative based on analysis and achieving goals efficiently.
7) Formulating supporting plans like policies and budgets to implement the main plan.
8) Quantifying plans by creating budgets to standardize measurement
1. The document discusses several project management techniques including PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), Gantt charts, and Management by Objectives (MBO).
2. PERT involves identifying activities, determining sequences, estimating times, and identifying critical paths to manage projects. Gantt charts use horizontal bars to visualize task relationships and allocate resources over time.
3. MBO involves setting objectives collaboratively, periodic reviews, and integrating individual goals with organizational goals. These techniques aim to effectively plan, monitor, and control projects.
Presenting this set of slides with name - Initial Project Meeting Agenda Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Keep your audience glued to their seats with professionally designed PPT slides. This deck comprises of total of twenty seven slides. It has PPT templates with creative visuals and well researched content. Not just this, our PowerPoint professionals have crafted this deck with appropriate diagrams, layouts, icons, graphs, charts and more. This content ready presentation deck is fully editable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button below. Change the colour, text and font size. You can also modify the content as per your need. Get access to this well crafted complete deck presentation and leave your audience stunned.
This wonderful and helpful
A company description is an overview of the company's plan, vision, and relationships. These documents typically include the company's name, business structure, mission statement, and an overview of the target mark
Communicate the story of your business and why you started it. Describe the customers or the cause that your business serves. Explain your business model or how your products are made. Put a face to your business, featuring the founders or the people on your team.
The document discusses key concepts in project management including:
1. It defines the difference between project strategy and objectives, with strategy being the general approach and objectives being specific results to achieve.
2. It outlines the typical project life cycle including planning, implementation, testing, and commissioning phases.
3. It describes the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) which defines 9 knowledge areas and 44 processes for effective project management.
4. It focuses on scope management and how to create a work breakdown structure (WBS) to decompose a project into deliverables and tasks. The WBS helps estimate timelines, costs, and monitor progress.
The document outlines a plan for monitoring and evaluating programs and projects. It discusses monitoring as the systematic collection and analysis of project information to allow for adjustments. Key metrics that require monitoring include budget, time, quality, and resources. Guidelines for monitoring include establishing goals and indicators, maintaining project scope, using tools like Gantt charts, and assigning accountability. Evaluation is a formal review that assesses if targets were met and can provide recommendations. Different types of evaluations are described like formative, process, and outcome evaluations. Feedback is also important to incorporate into planning. Limitations to planning include rigidity, dynamic environments, costs, and not guaranteeing success. Systematic management aims to identify efficient processes while considering relationships and views.
This document outlines an agenda and objectives for a project management course. The course covers key project management principles including introductions to project definition, planning and the project life cycle. Specific topics covered include stakeholder identification, developing business cases and statements of work, risk management, creating work breakdown structures and network diagrams, scheduling, budgeting and project planning techniques. The goal is for students to learn fundamental project management concepts and processes that can be applied to their own work and projects.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka Result Satta Matka Guessing Satta Fix jodi Kalyan Final ank Satta Matka Dpbos Final ank Satta Matta Matka 143 Kalyan Matka Guessing Final Matka Final ank Today Matka 420 Satta Batta Satta 143 Kalyan Chart Main Bazar Chart vip Matka Guessing Dpboss 143 Guessing Kalyan night
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on Investing in AI for ABS Alu...Herman Kienhuis
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on developments in AI, the venture capital investment landscape and Curiosity VC's approach to investing, at the alumni event of Amsterdam Business School (University of Amsterdam) on June 13, 2024 in Amsterdam.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
HR search is critical to a company's success because it ensures the correct people are in place. HR search integrates workforce capabilities with company goals by painstakingly identifying, screening, and employing qualified candidates, supporting innovation, productivity, and growth. Efficient talent acquisition improves teamwork while encouraging collaboration. Also, it reduces turnover, saves money, and ensures consistency. Furthermore, HR search discovers and develops leadership potential, resulting in a strong pipeline of future leaders. Finally, this strategic approach to recruitment enables businesses to respond to market changes, beat competitors, and achieve long-term success.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...
Plannin gss
1. PLANNING
Prepared by: Submitted to:
Ganesh Lama Mr. Sanjeev Pradhan
Ishwor Subedi Faculty of Management
Roshan Acharya
Sumit Chaudhary
2. PLANNING
o Primary function of management
o Deciding in advance; what to do,
when to do it, and who to do it
o Bridges the gap between where we
are and where we want to go
o Setting goals, identifying activities
to be done, choosing various
alternatives etc
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING
o Focus on goal
o Primary function
o Pervasive activity
o Future oriented
o Continuous process
o Intellectual work
o Flexible
o Efficiency and economy
o Actionable
5. STRATEGIC PLAN
Prepared by top level management
Related with plan, policies of
organization
Should have to do SWOT analysis
For long term horizon
6. TACTICAL PLAN
Prepared by middle level
management
Sub division of corporate plan
Planed on the basis of priority of
work
Play bridge role between strategic
and operational plan
Time period 2-3 years
7. OPERATIONAL PLAN
Prepared by first line management
Consistent with tactical plan
Directed to the day to day work
Concentrated in best utilization of
resources
Short term plan( less then one year)
8. INDIVIDUAL PLAN
Non managerial plan
Prepared by workers
Time period ( daily, weekly, monthly)
9. STEPS IN PLANNING
1.Analyse environment
2.Set objectives
3.Developing planning premises
4.Determining alternative courses
5.Selection of best alternatives
6.Formulation of derivative plan
7.Converting plans into budget
8.Implementation
9.Review of the planning
10. 1.ANALYSE ENVIRONMENT
o Pre stage of planning
o Consider SWOT of the organization
2.Set objectives
o must be specific, clear and practical
o Should be in SMARTER form
o Should consider organization
resources and capabilities
11. 3.DEVELOPING PLANNING
PREMISES
Future assumptions
Should collect reliable information
and its correct study
12. 4.DETERMINING ALTERNATIVE
COURSES
A problem has multiple solutions
Have to search and identify the
various alternatives using internal
and external sources
Evaluate SWOT of each alternative
13. 5.SELECTION OF BEST
ALTERNATIVES
Criticaltask for a planner
Select on the basis of weighted of
the alternatives
14. 6.FORMULATION OF
DERIVATIVE PLAN
Supportive plan should be prepared
should prepared rules, regulations,
working procedure, schedules
15. 7.CONVERTING PLANS INTO
BUDGET
Yearly programs is clearly mentioned
in monetary form
Budget of each plan should be
prepared separately and adequately
Helps to do comparative study after
implementing
16. 8.IMPLEMENTATION
Operational part of planning
procedure
Should give the instruction to the
employee
Should arrange the resources and
budget
17. 9.REVIEW OF THE PLANNING
Last step of the planning
Getting feedback or response from
implementation
If response is positive, plan is
success if not corrective measure
should be applied
19. Too Centralized And Top-Down
Failure To Question Assumption
Failure To Implement
Failure To Anticipate Rivals
Action
20. Having Unrealistic And Too
1 Many Goals
6 Failure To Develop
Focusing On Short
Range Plans Only Current Strategic
2
And Tactical Plans
Other Pitfalls
5 Utilizing
Ignoring Planning
Standardize Plan 3 In Everyday Life
For Everyone
Failure To Encourage Creativity
4 In Planning
21. Major Pitfalls
1. Too Centralized and Top-Down
o Only goal Oriented
o Little knowledge about market
o No direct role of Middle and Lower
Level manager
2. Failure to Question Assumption
o Wrong prediction
o Sudden change in premises
3. Failure to Implement
o Not put into action
o Negligence
22. 4. Failure to Anticipate Rivals Action
o Competitor action
o Unable to predict rivals plan
Other Pitfalls
5. Having Unrealistic And Too Many Goals
o Based on Assumptions
o High Expectation
o Too Many Goals
6. Failure To Develop Current Strategic And Tactical
Plans
o Ignoring the current environment
o Being one sided
23. 7.Ignoring Planning In Everyday Life
Being limited in theory
Avoiding the plan
8. Failure To Encourage Creativity In
Planning
Other Efforts
Reference of past plan
9.Utilizing Standard Plan For Everyone
Same plan for all level
Create confusion for lower level
24. 10.Focusing On Short Range Plans Only
Ignoring long run plan
Aim to earn more profit at less time
26. 1.Environment Scanning
o Collecting environmental
informational through evaluating
environmental trends
o Identifying internal and external
elements that might affect the
organization
o Global scanning
o Make decision and taking action
27. 2.Forecasting
o Predicting future events
o Developing assumption
o Recognizing future problems and
opportunities and implementing plan into
action
Techniques of Forecasting
Quantitative Techniques
o Applying a set of mathematical rules to a
series of hard data to predict outcomes
(e.g., units to be produced)
28. Quantitative
oTime series analysis
oRegression models
oEconometric models
oEconomic indicators
oSubstitution effect
Qualitative Techniques
o Using expert judgments and opinions
to predict less than precise outcomes
(e.g., direction of the economy)
30. Benchmarking
search for the best practices among
competitors
Analyzing and coping the method
The Benchmarking Processes
•Form a benchmarking team
•Collect internal and external data
•Analyze data to identify performance
gap
•implement action to meet the standard
of others
31. Steps Of Benchmarking
Form a benchmarking
planning team.
Prepare and implement BEST Gather internal and
action plan. PRACTICES external data.
Analyze data to identify
performance gaps.
32. 3.Simulation Exercise
o Model to solve real life problem
o Related variable and their inter-
relationship are put into system to
find out outcome
o Computer programming is used
o Useful in complex situation
33. Steps
o Define the system to
simulate
o Formulate the model to
be used
o Test the model
o Identify and collect the
required data
o Run the simulation
o Analyze the result
o Rerun the simulation
o Validate it
34. 4.Linear Programming
o To solve resource allocation problems
o Useful to maximize profit and minimize
cost
o Helpful to determine the value of
variables affecting outcome
Assumption
o Resource are limited
o Outcome optimum is the goal
o Alternative method exist for
combining resources
o A linear relationship exist between
variables
35. 5.Break-Even analysis
oNo loss and no gain condition
oUsed to determine the unit of good to be
sold
oShows relationship among revenue, cost and
profit
i. Formula to calculate break-even point is:
BEP=TFC/P-VC
where,
TFC=Total Factor Cost
P=Unit Price of Product
VC=Variable Cost per Unit
36. Total Profit
Revenue Area
70 000
60 000
50 000
Loss
Area
40 000 Variable Costs
Total
Breakeven
30 000 Costs
Point
20 000
Fixed Costs
10 000
100 200 300 400 500 600
Output (in thousands)
37. 6.PERT(Program Evaluation and Review
Technique)
And CPM(Critical Path Method)
oTo schedule complex project
oUses flow chart diagram
oInclude cost and time associated with
activity D
4
I 3
6 5 1
J K
10 6 14 3 5 5
Start A B C E G H 3
3 5
F
Critical Path: A - B - C - D - G - H - J - K
38. Process of PERT
1. Identify every significant activity
that must be achieved for a project
to be completed.
2. Determine the order in which these
events must be completed.
3. Diagram the flow of activities from
start to finish, identifying each
activity and its relationship to all
other activities.
39. 5. Compute a time estimate for
completing each activity.
6. Using the network diagram that
contains time estimates for each
activity, determine a schedule for
the start and finish dates of each
activity and for the entire
project.
40. 7. Gantt Charts and
Load Charts
Gantt Charts
oShows when task are supposed to be
done
oMeasures actual and planed output
over period of time
oTime on horizontal axis and task on
vertical axis
41. A Gantt Chart
Activity Month
1 2 3 4
Copy-edit manuscript
Design sample pages
Draw artwork
Print first pages
Print final pages
Design cover
Actual progress
Reporting Date
Goals
42. A Load Chart
Editors Month
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ling
Antonio
Kim
Maurice
Dave
Rashid
Work scheduled
43. 8. Budgeting
oNumerical plans for allocating resources
(e.g., revenues, expenses, and capital
expenditures)
oUsed to improve time, space, and use of
material resources
oAre the most commonly used and most
widely applicable
planning technique for
organizations
44. Types Of Budgets
Revenue Budget
Projects future sales
Cash Budget Expense Budget
Forecasts cash on hand Lists primary activities
and how much will and allocates dollar
be needed amount to each
Variable Budget Fixed Budget
Takes into account OR Assumes fixed
the costs that vary level of sales
with volume or production
Profit Budget
Combines revenue and expense
budgets of various units to determine
each unit ’s profit contribution
’
45. 9.Flow Chart
o Identify the task component and wok
simplification
o Arranging event according to occurrence
o Avoids unnecessary events
Advantages
o Encourage analytical thinking
o Motivate to eliminate waste steps
Drawbacks
o Doesn’t include time required for work
completion
o Not suitable in complex situation
46. 10.Contemporary Planning
Techniques
Scenario
oA consistent view of what the future is likely to be
Scenario Planning
oAn attempt not to try to predict the future but to
reduce uncertainty
Contingency Planning
o Developing scenarios that allow managers to
determine in advance what their actions should be
when event actually occur
48. External premises
o Exist outside the organization
o Can be in form of PEST
o Beyond the control of organization
Internal premises
o Exist within the organization
o Can be form in goal, program, resources,
policies
o Can be controlled in some extend
49. Controllable premises
Can be easily controlled
Can be changed by management
Uncontrollable premises
o Cannot be controlled
o Cannot be changed by management
50. Tangible premises
Measured in quantitative terms
Involves capital investment, unit of
production, unit sold, cost per unit, time
available
Intangible premises
o Qualitative in measure
o Involves motivation, decision making,
leadership, goodwill, managerial attitude etc
51. IMPROVING PLANNING
1.Decentralised planning
2.Role playing
3.Innovation and creativities
4.Expert opinion
5.Link to goal; tie to budget
6.Comprehensive
7.Prepare both long range and short
range plans
8.Prepare contingencies planning and
crisis management
52. 1.DECENTRALISED PLANNING
Should take suggestions from every
level of the organization
2.ROLE PLAYING
Groups of organization play role as
competitor to other
State how they would counter the plans
of the organization
53. 3.INNOVATION AND CREATIVITIES
Should be creative and innovative
New plans with creative idea often
regards as good technique
4.EXPERT OPINION
should take suggestions, guidance from
consultants and experts
54. 5.LINK TO GOAL; TIE TO BUDGET
o Should have specific and understandable
objectives
o Operating budget should be allocated
separately
6.COMPREHENSIVE
o Should cover each and every aspect of
business
55. 7.PREPARE BOTH LONG RANGE AND
SHORT RANGE PLANS
Should have to prepare both long and
short term plan
Short run plans should be made to
support long term plan
8.PREPARE CONTIGENCIES PLANNING AND
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
o should made to handle various crisis and
situation
57. DECISION MAKING
Subsidiary function of planning
Art of Problem Solving
Process of choosing a best alternative
among several alternatives
Continuous process to achieve the pre-
determined goal
Essential to solve problems and remove
weakness
58. TYPES OF DECISION MAKING
Programmed and Non-programmed
Decisions
Routine and Basic Decisions
Organizational and Personal Decisions
Individual and Group Decisions
Policy and Operational Decisions
59. DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.Identification of problem
2.Analysis of problem
3.Development of alternatives
4.Selection of best alternatives
5.Implementation of alternatives
6.Review of Implementation
depicts a simplified Gantt chart for book production developed by a manager in a publishing company. Time is expressed in months across the top of the chart. The major work activities are listed down the left side. Where a box sits within a time frame reflects its planned sequence. The shading represents actual progress. The chart also serves as a control tool because the manager can see deviations from the plan. In this example, both the design of the cover and the printing of first pages are running behind schedule. Cover design is about three weeks behind, and printing first pages is about two weeks behind schedule. Given this information, the manager might need to take some action to either make up for the two lost weeks or to ensure that no further delays will occur. At this point, the manager can expect that the book will be published at least two weeks later than planned if no action is taken.
shows a load chart for six production editors at the same publishing company. Each editor supervises the production and design of several books. By reviewing a load chart, the executive editor, who supervises the six production editors, can see who is free to take on a new book. If everyone is fully scheduled, the executive editor might decide not to accept any new projects, to accept new projects and delay others, to have the editors work overtime, or to employ more production editors. In this exhibit, only Antonio and Maurice are completely scheduled for the next six months. The other editors have some unassigned time and might be able to accept new projects or be available to help other editors who get behind.