1) The document discusses kinetic and potential energy, introducing concepts like conservative and non-conservative forces. Conservative forces have potential energies and their work is path independent.
2) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the work done by various forces and how to determine if a force is conservative by checking if its work depends on path.
3) The principle of conservation of energy is described - if all forces are conservative, the total mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) is constant. For non-conservative forces, the change in mechanical energy equals the work done by those forces.
physics430_lecture21 for students chemistryumarovagunnel
This document summarizes key concepts about rotating reference frames and Newton's laws in rotating frames:
1) Newton's second law takes on additional "inertial force" terms in a rotating reference frame - the centrifugal force and Coriolis force.
2) The centrifugal force points radially outward and has magnitude mv^2/r like the familiar centrifugal force formula.
3) The Coriolis force acts on any object moving in the rotating frame and makes objects's motion curve due to the Earth's rotation.
4) Examples show how the additional forces can cause eastward deviations for objects in free fall and influence weather patterns on Earth.
This document summarizes a physics lecture on oscillatory motion and periodic motion. It discusses topics like simple harmonic motion using spring-mass systems, the differential equation of motion, energy of SHM, pendulums, and torsional pendulums. It provides recommendations for elective courses in areas like astronomy, biology, and optics based on student interests emerging from Phys 111.
The document provides a list of physics formulas across various topics in mechanics, electricity, thermodynamics, and more. It begins with an introduction on studying physics and understanding concepts through visualization of problems. The bulk of the document then lists key formulas in different areas of physics, providing the formulas and brief explanations. It encourages readers to derive the formulas themselves and find the joy in solving problems independently.
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
N. Schlager - Study Materials for MIT Course [8.02T] - Electricity and Magnet...cfisicaster
This document provides a summary of topics covered in Class 1 of the physics course 8.02, which included an introduction to TEAL (Technology Enhanced Active Learning), fields, a review of gravity, and the electric field. Key points include:
1) The course focuses on electricity and magnetism, specifically how charges interact through fields. Gravity and electric fields are introduced as the first examples of fields.
2) Scalar and vector fields are defined and examples of representing each type of field visually are given.
3) Gravity is reviewed as an example of a physical vector field, with masses creating gravitational fields and other masses feeling forces due to those fields.
4) Electric charges are described
1) Newton proposed that all objects with mass attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) An object in free fall experiences a sensation of weightlessness because both it and the elevator/spacecraft it is in are accelerating downward at the same rate due to gravity, so there is no relative acceleration between them.
3) A satellite in orbit around a planet is weightless because the centripetal acceleration needed to maintain its orbit exactly counteracts the acceleration due to gravity, resulting in no net acceleration felt by objects in the spacecraft.
Rutherford scattering experiments bombarded thin metal foils with alpha particles. Most alpha particles passed straight through, but some were scattered at large angles. This was inconsistent with the plum pudding model of the atom, but agreed with Rutherford's nuclear model. The scattering was analyzed using classical mechanics. For head-on collisions, large-angle scattering required the target mass be much greater than the alpha particle mass, as is the case for alpha scattering off atomic nuclei but not electrons. This supported the existence of a small, massive nucleus at the center of the atom.
1) Gravitational and electric fields can be described by their field strength, which is defined as the force exerted per unit mass or charge.
2) Gravitational field strength is calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation, while electric field strength uses Coulomb's law.
3) The electric potential at a point is defined as the work required to move a unit charge from infinity to that point, and equipotentials are surfaces or lines of constant potential.
physics430_lecture21 for students chemistryumarovagunnel
This document summarizes key concepts about rotating reference frames and Newton's laws in rotating frames:
1) Newton's second law takes on additional "inertial force" terms in a rotating reference frame - the centrifugal force and Coriolis force.
2) The centrifugal force points radially outward and has magnitude mv^2/r like the familiar centrifugal force formula.
3) The Coriolis force acts on any object moving in the rotating frame and makes objects's motion curve due to the Earth's rotation.
4) Examples show how the additional forces can cause eastward deviations for objects in free fall and influence weather patterns on Earth.
This document summarizes a physics lecture on oscillatory motion and periodic motion. It discusses topics like simple harmonic motion using spring-mass systems, the differential equation of motion, energy of SHM, pendulums, and torsional pendulums. It provides recommendations for elective courses in areas like astronomy, biology, and optics based on student interests emerging from Phys 111.
The document provides a list of physics formulas across various topics in mechanics, electricity, thermodynamics, and more. It begins with an introduction on studying physics and understanding concepts through visualization of problems. The bulk of the document then lists key formulas in different areas of physics, providing the formulas and brief explanations. It encourages readers to derive the formulas themselves and find the joy in solving problems independently.
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
N. Schlager - Study Materials for MIT Course [8.02T] - Electricity and Magnet...cfisicaster
This document provides a summary of topics covered in Class 1 of the physics course 8.02, which included an introduction to TEAL (Technology Enhanced Active Learning), fields, a review of gravity, and the electric field. Key points include:
1) The course focuses on electricity and magnetism, specifically how charges interact through fields. Gravity and electric fields are introduced as the first examples of fields.
2) Scalar and vector fields are defined and examples of representing each type of field visually are given.
3) Gravity is reviewed as an example of a physical vector field, with masses creating gravitational fields and other masses feeling forces due to those fields.
4) Electric charges are described
1) Newton proposed that all objects with mass attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) An object in free fall experiences a sensation of weightlessness because both it and the elevator/spacecraft it is in are accelerating downward at the same rate due to gravity, so there is no relative acceleration between them.
3) A satellite in orbit around a planet is weightless because the centripetal acceleration needed to maintain its orbit exactly counteracts the acceleration due to gravity, resulting in no net acceleration felt by objects in the spacecraft.
Rutherford scattering experiments bombarded thin metal foils with alpha particles. Most alpha particles passed straight through, but some were scattered at large angles. This was inconsistent with the plum pudding model of the atom, but agreed with Rutherford's nuclear model. The scattering was analyzed using classical mechanics. For head-on collisions, large-angle scattering required the target mass be much greater than the alpha particle mass, as is the case for alpha scattering off atomic nuclei but not electrons. This supported the existence of a small, massive nucleus at the center of the atom.
1) Gravitational and electric fields can be described by their field strength, which is defined as the force exerted per unit mass or charge.
2) Gravitational field strength is calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation, while electric field strength uses Coulomb's law.
3) The electric potential at a point is defined as the work required to move a unit charge from infinity to that point, and equipotentials are surfaces or lines of constant potential.
This document summarizes key concepts in structural dynamics and aeroelasticity. It discusses three areas of interaction: between elasticity and dynamics, between aerodynamics and elasticity, and among all three. It then provides definitions and equations for rigid body dynamics, including Euler's laws. Subsequent sections cover transverse vibrations of strings, beams, and coupled bending-torsion behaviors in more complex structures. The concepts of stability are introduced, followed by discussions of single-degree-of-freedom systems, including free, forced, and resonant vibrations.
1) Gravitational and electric fields can be described by their field strength, which is defined as the force exerted per unit mass or charge.
2) Coulomb's law and Newton's law of gravitation describe the relationship between field strength and distance from the source of the field. Field strength decreases with the inverse square of the distance.
3) Electric and gravitational potential are scalar quantities that represent the potential energy per unit mass or charge. Potential increases as distance from the source decreases. Equipotential lines represent regions of constant potential.
Charge Quantization and Magnetic MonopolesArpan Saha
This talk, given as a part of the Annual Seminar Weekend 2011, IIT Bombay, dealt with a homotopy-based
variant of the argument Dirac provided to show that the existence of a single magnetic monopole in the Universe
is a sufficient condition for the quantization of electric charge.
1) The document proposes a theory called "Orbi Theory" which suggests that dark energy is proportional to integer powers of distance. It derives this from multiplying both sides of the equation of motion by height.
2) It introduces the idea of dark energy appearing like Kepler's areal velocity, a type of directed membrane, and draws this in complex space. Optics and quantum theory are also discussed.
3) The document suggests that the trajectory of molecules is not a circle but a cloud, and orbi energy is the sum of molecular energy and self-spun energy. It supposes dark energy is generated by self-spun energy.
The document discusses energy methods for structural analysis, including the total potential energy method. It provides examples of deriving the strain energy stored in different structural members under different loading conditions such as axial force, bending moment, shear force, and torsion. It also provides examples of using the principle of stationary total potential energy to solve for displacements in determinate structures by assuming a displacement function and minimizing the total potential energy.
1) Chapter 6 discusses work, energy, and power, defining kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as energy associated with positional forces.
2) The work-energy principle states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. For conservative forces only, the total mechanical energy is conserved.
3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Units of power include watts and horsepower.
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2Dr.Pankaj Khirade
Wave function and its physical significance, Schrodinger time dependent equation, Separation in time dependent and time independent parts, Operators in quantum Mechanics, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Particle in one dimensional and three dimensional box (Energy eigen values). Qualitative analysis of potential barrier Tunneling effect). Simple Harmonic Oscillator (Qualitative analysis of Zero point energy)
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
The document provides information about work, kinetic energy, work energy principle, and conservation of energy. It defines key terms like work, kinetic energy, spring force, weight force, friction force, power, and efficiency. It explains:
- Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force. Work by various forces can be used to solve kinetics problems.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared.
- The work energy principle states that the total work done by forces on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
- For conservative forces acting on a particle, the mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Civil Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
- The document discusses Newton's law of gravitation and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
- Newton's law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets in the solar system, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, their radius vectors sweep out equal areas in equal times, and the squares of their orbital periods are proportional to the cubes of their semi-major axes.
The document compares the mathematical models of springs and capacitors. Both springs and capacitors store energy proportional to an applied force or voltage. For springs, the extension x is proportional to the applied force F. For capacitors, the stored charge Q is proportional to the applied voltage V. In both cases, the proportionality constants are the spring constant k and capacitance C, respectively. The energy stored can be expressed as either 1/2QV or 1/2CV^2 for a capacitor, and 1/2Fx or 1/2kx^2 for a spring.
The document compares the mathematical models of springs and capacitors. Both springs and capacitors store energy proportional to an applied force or voltage. For springs, the extension x is proportional to the applied force F. For capacitors, the stored charge Q is proportional to the applied voltage V. In both cases, the proportionality constants are the spring constant k and capacitance C, respectively. The energy stored can be expressed as either 1/2QV or 1/2CV^2 for a capacitor, and 1/2Fx or 1/2kx^2 for a spring.
Newtons second law of motion (Engineering Mechanics).pptxnabinsarkar345
This presentation discusses Newton's Second Law of Motion in different coordinate systems. It begins with a brief recap of Newton's Second Law, then explores its application and representation in rectangular, path, and polar coordinates through examples. Real-world applications are also discussed, such as how rocket engines use concepts from Newton's Laws for propulsion. The conclusion emphasizes that Newton's Second Law is a fundamental principle in physics that can provide deeper understanding of motion when applied to different coordinate systems.
Fundamental of Physics "Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy"Muhammad Faizan Musa
The document discusses potential energy and conservation of energy. It defines potential energy as the energy associated with the configuration of a system where conservative forces act. Gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy are examined for particle-Earth and spring-block systems. Work done by a conservative force results in a change in potential energy, not depending on the path taken between points. The gravitational and spring forces are identified as conservative forces.
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energyfaisal razzaq
1) The document discusses kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion and depends on the object's mass and speed. Gravitational potential energy is the energy contained in an object above the ground and depends on the object's mass and position.
2) The gravitational field can be compared to an electric field. Both are conservative fields that represent the gradient of potential energy. Calculations of fields and potentials can be adapted from electricity to gravity.
3) The document makes analogies between the Coulomb force law in electricity and the gravitational force law. Both are foundations for their respective fields and phenomena can be described similarly using mathematical formulas.
1) The document presents three theoretical physics problems involving spinning balls, charged particles in loops, and laser cooling of atoms.
2) Problem 1 considers a spinning ball falling and rebounding, calculating the rebound angle, horizontal distance traveled, and minimum spin rate. Problem 2 analyzes relativistic effects on charged particles in a moving loop in an electric field.
3) Problem 3 describes using lasers to cool atoms by resonant absorption. It calculates the laser frequency needed, velocity range absorbed, direction change upon emission, maximum velocity decrease, number of absorption events to slow to zero velocity, and distance traveled during cooling.
(1) The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy.
(2) Work is defined as force multiplied by displacement. Work done by a constant force is positive when force acts in the direction of motion and negative when opposite. Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state.
(3) Gravitational potential energy near the earth's surface is defined as mgh, where m is the object's mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height above a reference level. Gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy as an object falls.
Quantum chemistry is the application of quantum mechanics to solve problems in chemistry. It has been widely used in different branches of chemistry including physical chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. The time-independent Schrödinger equation is central to quantum chemistry and can be used to model chemical systems like the particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, and hydrogen atom. Molecular orbital theory is also important in quantum chemistry for describing chemical bonding in molecules.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This document summarizes key concepts in structural dynamics and aeroelasticity. It discusses three areas of interaction: between elasticity and dynamics, between aerodynamics and elasticity, and among all three. It then provides definitions and equations for rigid body dynamics, including Euler's laws. Subsequent sections cover transverse vibrations of strings, beams, and coupled bending-torsion behaviors in more complex structures. The concepts of stability are introduced, followed by discussions of single-degree-of-freedom systems, including free, forced, and resonant vibrations.
1) Gravitational and electric fields can be described by their field strength, which is defined as the force exerted per unit mass or charge.
2) Coulomb's law and Newton's law of gravitation describe the relationship between field strength and distance from the source of the field. Field strength decreases with the inverse square of the distance.
3) Electric and gravitational potential are scalar quantities that represent the potential energy per unit mass or charge. Potential increases as distance from the source decreases. Equipotential lines represent regions of constant potential.
Charge Quantization and Magnetic MonopolesArpan Saha
This talk, given as a part of the Annual Seminar Weekend 2011, IIT Bombay, dealt with a homotopy-based
variant of the argument Dirac provided to show that the existence of a single magnetic monopole in the Universe
is a sufficient condition for the quantization of electric charge.
1) The document proposes a theory called "Orbi Theory" which suggests that dark energy is proportional to integer powers of distance. It derives this from multiplying both sides of the equation of motion by height.
2) It introduces the idea of dark energy appearing like Kepler's areal velocity, a type of directed membrane, and draws this in complex space. Optics and quantum theory are also discussed.
3) The document suggests that the trajectory of molecules is not a circle but a cloud, and orbi energy is the sum of molecular energy and self-spun energy. It supposes dark energy is generated by self-spun energy.
The document discusses energy methods for structural analysis, including the total potential energy method. It provides examples of deriving the strain energy stored in different structural members under different loading conditions such as axial force, bending moment, shear force, and torsion. It also provides examples of using the principle of stationary total potential energy to solve for displacements in determinate structures by assuming a displacement function and minimizing the total potential energy.
1) Chapter 6 discusses work, energy, and power, defining kinetic energy as the energy of motion and potential energy as energy associated with positional forces.
2) The work-energy principle states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. For conservative forces only, the total mechanical energy is conserved.
3) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Units of power include watts and horsepower.
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2Dr.Pankaj Khirade
Wave function and its physical significance, Schrodinger time dependent equation, Separation in time dependent and time independent parts, Operators in quantum Mechanics, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Particle in one dimensional and three dimensional box (Energy eigen values). Qualitative analysis of potential barrier Tunneling effect). Simple Harmonic Oscillator (Qualitative analysis of Zero point energy)
11. kinetics of particles work energy methodEkeeda
The document provides information about work, kinetic energy, work energy principle, and conservation of energy. It defines key terms like work, kinetic energy, spring force, weight force, friction force, power, and efficiency. It explains:
- Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of force. Work by various forces can be used to solve kinetics problems.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared.
- The work energy principle states that the total work done by forces on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
- For conservative forces acting on a particle, the mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Civil Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
- The document discusses Newton's law of gravitation and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
- Newton's law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets in the solar system, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, their radius vectors sweep out equal areas in equal times, and the squares of their orbital periods are proportional to the cubes of their semi-major axes.
The document compares the mathematical models of springs and capacitors. Both springs and capacitors store energy proportional to an applied force or voltage. For springs, the extension x is proportional to the applied force F. For capacitors, the stored charge Q is proportional to the applied voltage V. In both cases, the proportionality constants are the spring constant k and capacitance C, respectively. The energy stored can be expressed as either 1/2QV or 1/2CV^2 for a capacitor, and 1/2Fx or 1/2kx^2 for a spring.
The document compares the mathematical models of springs and capacitors. Both springs and capacitors store energy proportional to an applied force or voltage. For springs, the extension x is proportional to the applied force F. For capacitors, the stored charge Q is proportional to the applied voltage V. In both cases, the proportionality constants are the spring constant k and capacitance C, respectively. The energy stored can be expressed as either 1/2QV or 1/2CV^2 for a capacitor, and 1/2Fx or 1/2kx^2 for a spring.
Newtons second law of motion (Engineering Mechanics).pptxnabinsarkar345
This presentation discusses Newton's Second Law of Motion in different coordinate systems. It begins with a brief recap of Newton's Second Law, then explores its application and representation in rectangular, path, and polar coordinates through examples. Real-world applications are also discussed, such as how rocket engines use concepts from Newton's Laws for propulsion. The conclusion emphasizes that Newton's Second Law is a fundamental principle in physics that can provide deeper understanding of motion when applied to different coordinate systems.
Fundamental of Physics "Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy"Muhammad Faizan Musa
The document discusses potential energy and conservation of energy. It defines potential energy as the energy associated with the configuration of a system where conservative forces act. Gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy are examined for particle-Earth and spring-block systems. Work done by a conservative force results in a change in potential energy, not depending on the path taken between points. The gravitational and spring forces are identified as conservative forces.
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energyfaisal razzaq
1) The document discusses kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion and depends on the object's mass and speed. Gravitational potential energy is the energy contained in an object above the ground and depends on the object's mass and position.
2) The gravitational field can be compared to an electric field. Both are conservative fields that represent the gradient of potential energy. Calculations of fields and potentials can be adapted from electricity to gravity.
3) The document makes analogies between the Coulomb force law in electricity and the gravitational force law. Both are foundations for their respective fields and phenomena can be described similarly using mathematical formulas.
1) The document presents three theoretical physics problems involving spinning balls, charged particles in loops, and laser cooling of atoms.
2) Problem 1 considers a spinning ball falling and rebounding, calculating the rebound angle, horizontal distance traveled, and minimum spin rate. Problem 2 analyzes relativistic effects on charged particles in a moving loop in an electric field.
3) Problem 3 describes using lasers to cool atoms by resonant absorption. It calculates the laser frequency needed, velocity range absorbed, direction change upon emission, maximum velocity decrease, number of absorption events to slow to zero velocity, and distance traveled during cooling.
(1) The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy.
(2) Work is defined as force multiplied by displacement. Work done by a constant force is positive when force acts in the direction of motion and negative when opposite. Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state.
(3) Gravitational potential energy near the earth's surface is defined as mgh, where m is the object's mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height above a reference level. Gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy as an object falls.
Quantum chemistry is the application of quantum mechanics to solve problems in chemistry. It has been widely used in different branches of chemistry including physical chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. The time-independent Schrödinger equation is central to quantum chemistry and can be used to model chemical systems like the particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, and hydrogen atom. Molecular orbital theory is also important in quantum chemistry for describing chemical bonding in molecules.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
physics430_lecture07.ppt
1. Physics 430: Lecture 7
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Dale E. Gary
NJIT Physics Department
2. September 22, 2009
We are now going to take up the conservation of energy, and its
implications. You have all seen this before, but now we will use a powerful,
more mathematical description.
You will see that the discussion is more complicated that the other
conservation laws for linear and angular momentum. The main reason is
that each type of momentum comes in only one flavor, whereas there are
many forms of energy (kinetic, several kinds of potential, thermal, etc.).
Processes transform one type of energy into another, and it is only the total
energy that is conserved, hence the additional complication.
We will be introducing new mathematical tools of vector calculus, such as
the gradient and the curl, which you may be familiar with, or not. I will
give you the needed background as they come up.
Chapter 4—Energy
3. September 22, 2009
An obvious form of energy is energy of motion, or kinetic energy. We will
use the symbol T, which is perhaps strange to you but is very much
standard in Classical Mechanics. The kinetic energy of a particle of mass m
traveling at speed v is defined to be:
Consider such a particle moving on some trajectory through space while its
kinetic energy changes, on moving from position r1 to r1 + dr. We can take
the time derivative of the kinetic energy, after writing , so that
But the first term on the right is the force . Thus, we can write
the derivative of kinetic energy as
Finally, multiplying both sides by dt and noting that v dt = dr, we have
4.1 Kinetic Energy and Work
2
2
1
mv
T
v
v
2
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
m
m
dt
d
m
dt
dT
)
(
)
( 2
1
2
1
v
p
F
m
v
F
dt
dT
r
F d
dT
r1
r1+dr
dr
Work-KE Theorem
4. September 22, 2009
The equation just derived is only valid for an infinitesimal displacement, but
we can extend this to macroscopic displacements by integrating, to get:
which says that the change in kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the
sum of force (in the direction of the displacement) times the incremental
displacement.
However, note that this is the displacement along the path of the particle.
Such an integral is called a line integral. In evaluating the integral, it is
usually possible to convert it into an ordinary integral over a single variable,
as in the following example (which we will look at in a moment).
With the notation of the line integral
where the last is a definition, defining the work done by F in moving from
point 1 to point 2. Note that F is the net force on the particle, but we can
also add up the work done by each force separately and write:
Line Integrals and Work
2
1
r
r
r
F d
T
)
2
1
(
2
1
1
2
W
d
T
T
T r
F
i
i
W
T
T )
2
1
(
1
2
5. September 22, 2009
Evaluate the line integral for the work done by the 2-d force F = (y, 2x)
going from the origin O to the point P = (1, 1) along each of the three paths:
a) OQ then QP
b) OP along x = y
c) OP along a circle
Path a):
Path b):
Example 4.1: Three Line Integrals
2
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
dy
xdy
ydx
d
d
d
W
P
Q
Q
O
a
a r
F
r
F
r
F
P
O Q
5
.
1
2
3
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
0
x
xdx
xdy
ydx
d
d
W
P
P
O
b
b r
F
r
F
6. September 22, 2009
Path c): This is a tricky one. Path c can be expressed as
so
This is a parametric equation, using q as a parameter along the path. With
this parameter, F = (sin q, 2(1cos q)). With this substitution:
The point here is that the line integral depends on the path, in general (but
not for special kinds of forces, which we will introduce in a moment).
Example 4.1: Three Line Integrals
21
.
1
4
/
2
cos
)
cos
1
(
2
sin
2
/
0
2
q
q
q
q
d
d
W
c
c r
F
)
sin
,
cos
1
(
)
,
( q
q
y
x
r
)
cos
,
(sin
)
,
( q
q
dy
dx
dr
7. September 22, 2009
We must now introduce the concept of potential energy corresponding to
the forces on an object. As you know, not every force lends itself to a
corresponding potential energy. Those that do are called conservative
forces.
There are two conditions that a force must satisfy to be considered a
conservative force.
The first condition for a force F to be conservative is that F depends only
on the position r of the object on which it acts. It cannot depend on
velocity, time, or any other parameter.
Although this is restrictive, there are plenty of forces that satisfy this
condition, such as gravity, the spring force, the electric force. You can often
see this directly, such as for the gravitational force:
4.2 Potential Energy and
Conservative Forces
r
r
F ˆ
)
( 2
r
GmM
Depends only on r.
8. September 22, 2009
The second condition for a force to be conservative concerns the work done
by the force as the object on which it acts moves between two points r1
and r2 (or just points 1 and 2, for short)
Reusing our earlier figure, we saw in Example 4.1 that the force described
there was NOT conservative, because it did different amounts of work for
the three paths a, b, and c.
Forces involving friction, obviously are not conservative, because if you
were sliding a box, say, on a surface with friction along the three paths
shown, the friction would do work , where L is different
for the three paths. Such forces are non-conservative.
Non-Conservative Forces
2
1
)
2
1
( r
F d
W
2
1
L
f
W fric
fric )
2
1
(
9. September 22, 2009
The force of gravity, on the other hand, has the property that the work
done is independent of the path. You know that if the height of point 1 and
point 2 differ by an amount h, then you will drop in height by h no matter
what path you take. In fact
independent of path.
The conditions for a force to be conservative, then, are:
Conservative Forces
mgh
W
)
2
1
(
grav
Conditions for a Force to be Conservative
A force F acting on a particle is conservative if and only if it satisfies
two conditions:
1. F depends only on the particle’s position r (and not on the velocity
v, or the time t, or any other variable); that is, F = F(r).
2. For any two points 1 and 2, the work W(1 2) done by F is the
same for all paths between 1 and 2.
10. September 22, 2009
The reason that forces meeting these conditions are called conservative is
that, if all of the forces on an object are conservative we can define a
quantity called potential energy, denoted U(r), a function only of position,
with the property that the total mechanical energy
is constant, i.e. is conserved.
To define the potential energy, we must first choose a reference point ro, at
which U is defined to be zero. (For gravity, we typically choose the
reference point to be ground level.) Then U(r), the potential energy, at any
arbitrary point r, is defined to be
In words, U(r) is minus the work done by F when the particle moves from
the reference point ro to the point r.
Potential Energy
)
(r
U
T
E
Potential Energy
r
r
r
r
F
r
r
r
o
)
(
)
(
)
( o d
W
U
11. September 22, 2009
Statement of the problem:
A charge q is placed in a uniform electric field pointing in the x direction with
strength Eo, so that the force on q is . Show that this force is
conservative and find the corresponding potential energy.
Solution:
The work done by F in going between any two points 1 and 2 along any path
(which is negative potential energy) is:
This work done is independent of the path, because the electric force depends
only on position, i.e. the force is conservative. To find the corresponding
potential energy, we must first choose a reference point at which U is zero. A
natural choice is to choose our origin (the point 1), in which case the potential
energy is
You may recall that Eo x is the electric potential V, so that qV is the potential
energy.
Example 4.2: Potential Energy of a
Charge in a Uniform Electric Field
)
(
ˆ
)
2
1
( 1
2
o
2
1
o
2
1
o
2
1
x
x
qE
dx
qE
d
qE
d
W
r
x
r
F
x
E
F ˆ
o
qE
q
x
qE
W
r
U o
)
0
(
)
(
r
12. September 22, 2009
The potential energy can be defined even when more than one force is
acting, so long as all of the forces are conservative. An important example
is when both gravity Fgrav and a spring force Fspr are acting (so long as the
spring obeys Hooke’s Law, F(r) = kr).
The work-kinetic energy theorem says that if we move an object subject to
these two forces along some path, the forces will do work independent of
the path (depending only on the two end-points of the path) given by
Rearrangement shows that
hence total mechanical energy is conserved. Extended to n such forces:
Several Forces
)
( spr
grav
spr
grav U
U
W
W
T
Principle of Conservation of Energy for One Particle
If all of the n forces Fi (i=1…n) acting on a particle are conservative, each with its
corresponding potential energy Ui(r), the total mechanical energy defined as
is constant in time.
)
(
)
(
1 r
r n
U
U
T
U
T
E
0
)
( spr
grav
U
U
T
13. September 22, 2009
As we have seen, not all forces are conservative, meaning we cannot define
a corresponding potential energy. As you might guess, in that case we
cannot define a conserved mechanical energy.
Nevertheless, if there are some conservative forces acting, for which a
potential energy can be defined, then we can divide the forces into a
conservative part Fcons, and a nonconservative part Fnc, such that
which allows us to write
What this says is that mechanical energy (T + U) is no longer conserved,
but any changes in mechanical energy are precisely equal to the work done
by the nonconservative forces.
In many problems, the only nonconservative force is friction, which acts in
the direction opposite the motion so that the work is negative.
Nonconservative Forces
nc
nc
cons
W
U
W
W
T
nc
W
U
T
)
(
r
f d
14. September 22, 2009
Example 4.3: Block Sliding Down
an Incline
We did this problem using forces in lecture 2. Let’s now apply these ideas
of energy to arrive at the same result.
As before, we have to identify the forces, and set a
coordinate system, but this time we write down the
potential and kinetic energies in the problem.
The kinetic energy, as always, is T = ½ mv2.
The gravitational potential energy is U = mgy, where we can set y = 0 (and
hence U = 0) at the ground level.
The friction force does negative work Wfric = fd, but recall that f = mN where
. Putting all of this together, becomes
where d is the distance along the incline, and y is the change in height.
If the block starts out with zero initial velocity at the top of the incline, and
we ask what is the speed v at the bottom, then y = h = d sin q, so
or
q
cos
mg
N fric
)
( W
U
T
q
mg
N
f
h
q
m cos
2
2
1
2
2
1
mgd
y
mg
mv
mv i
f
q
m
q cos
sin
2
2
1
mgd
mgd
mv
)
cos
(sin
2 q
m
q
gd
v
15. September 22, 2009
Comparison with Example 1.1
When we did this problem using forces, we obtained equation of motion
from which, after integration, we got the expression
Comparing with our just derived expression
they may seem quite different. What is happening is that using forces we
can get the velocity versus time, whereas with energy we are only getting
the speed at the end points. Energy considerations are very powerful if
you just want to know the result at a particular point, in which case you
can ignore the details of the motion in getting there. If you instead need
to know the path taken, or the details along the path, you have to use the
tools of Newton’s Laws.
However, we will find in a few weeks that these energy considerations do
contain all of the information of Newton’s Laws, and we will build the
tools necessary in Lagrangian mechanics to get the equation of motion
starting from energy. This allows us to attack much more complicated
problems. For this reason, it is important to get good at energy
problems. Here is an example you probably have seen before.
)
cos
(sin q
m
q
g
x
t
g
x )
cos
(sin q
m
q
)
cos
(sin
2 q
m
q
gd
v
)
cos
(sin
2
)
cos
(sin 2
2
1
q
m
q
q
m
q
g
d
t
t
g
d
16. September 22, 2009
Statement of the problem:
(a) The force exerted by a one-dimensional spring, fixed at one end, is F = kx,
where x is the displacement of the other end from its equilibrium position.
Assuming that this force is conservative (which it is) show that the corresponding
potential energy is U = ½ kx2, if we choose U = 0 at its equilibrium position.
Solution to (a):
We start with the definition of potential energy:
But we choose U = 0 at x = x1, which amounts to choosing x1 = 0, so that
Problem 4.9
)
(
)
2
1
(
)
( 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
x
k
xdx
k
Fdx
W
x
U
2
2
1
)
( kx
x
U
17. September 22, 2009
Statement of the problem:
(b) Suppose this spring is hung vertically from the ceiling with a mass m suspended
from the other end, and constrained to move in the vertical direction only. Find the
extension xo of the new equilibrium position with the suspended mass. Show that
the total potential energy (spring plus gravity) has the same form ½ ky2 if we use
the coordinate y equal to the displacement measured from the new equilibrium
position at x = xo (and redefine our reference point so that U = 0 at y = 0).
Solution to (b):
The new equilibrium position is reached when the force of the stretched
spring kxo equals the force of gravity on the mass mg. Thus
To define the potential energy at the new equilibrium position, we
have to examine the work done in displacing the mass a distance y:
Problem 4.9, cont’d
g
k
m
xo
2
2
1
2
2
1
o
0
o
0
spr
grav
)
(
(
)
(
)
0
(
)
(
ky
ky
y
kx
mgy
y
d
y
x
k
mg
y
d
F
F
y
W
y
U
y
y
xo
y=0