The document provides an overview of various types of forensic evidence and how they are analyzed, including:
1) Trace evidence such as paint, glass, explosives, and ballistics can be chemically analyzed and physically compared to link evidence to a person or object.
2) Impression evidence like shoeprints, tire tracks, bite marks, and tool marks are examined and may provide matches.
3) Biological evidence such as DNA, fingerprints, body fluids, hairs, and fibers can be extracted and analyzed, with DNA and fingerprints entered into databases to search for matches.
4) Skeletal remains, entomology, documents, and wounds are all analyzed to help identify victims or determine the
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
DEFINATION
Any material can develop significance in crime scene is physical evidence
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Locard’s Principle
Types of Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence can be Fragile and Easily Lost
Transfer Evidence
Indented or Impression Evidence
INTRODUCTION.pptx OG FFOBNJBGUGIUGHKHIYUHBJKHUIYSanketShivansh
Forensic science utilizes principles from various sciences like biology, chemistry, and physics to analyze physical evidence for legal purposes. It aims to reconstruct events of crimes by determining what happened, where, when, how, and to whom using scientific methods. Forensic scientists work to identify suspects, link people and crimes, support or disprove witness testimony, and eliminate suspects through analysis of evidence. Their work provides impartial evidence for use in courts of law.
Forensics plays a vital role in crime investigations by analyzing various types of evidence. Trace evidence like fibers, soil and hair can provide links between suspects and victims. Impression evidence like fingerprints and toolmarks are analyzed and compared. Fire investigations examine fire scenes to determine origins and causes. Fingerprints, DNA, documents, digital data, toxicology reports, ballistics, anthropology, pathology, odontology and psychology are all important forensic specialties that aid investigations and legal proceedings by analyzing physical and biological evidence scientifically.
Forensic science involves the application of science to matters of law. It aims to provide accurate information to the criminal justice system by examining physical evidence from crime scenes. Some key points covered are:
- Forensic scientists analyze evidence using principles from various sciences to help solve crimes.
- Proper collection, documentation and preservation of evidence at the crime scene is crucial, as is maintaining chain of custody.
- Different types of evidence include trace evidence, transient evidence, and class evidence.
- Various forensic disciplines like pathology, toxicology, biology and chemistry are used to analyze different types of physical evidence.
Chapter 4 – Physical Evidence
Class Characteristics
When the characteristics of physical evidence are common to a group of objects or
persons, they may be termed class. Regardless of how thoroughly examined, such
evidence can be placed only into a broad category; an individual identification
cannot be made because there is a possibility of more than one source for the
evidence.
Individual Characteristics
Evidence with individual characteristics can be identified as originating with a
particular person or source.
Soil is the natural accumulation of earth materials, such as weathering rocks,
minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.
1. Soil examinations can determine whether soils share a common
origin by comparing color, texture, and composition.
2. Although it is class characteristic evidence, the analysis of soil
evidence can help focus investigations and discredit alibis.
3. The pollen in soil or on plants and grass can also be very
significant in determining whether or not a suspect was at the scene.
Locating and Handling Soil Evidence
Soil evidence may be important when the suspect drives or walks on unpaved
areas, so that it is picked up by tire treads or the bottom of shoes and cuffs of
the pants. It may also be recovered in a number of other places, such as the
floor board of the subject's car or on articles in the trunk of his vehicle,
including shovels and blankets.
Preserving Shoe/Footwear Prints
Footwear prints may, or may not be readily visible. If they are not immediately
apparent, turn the lights off and search for them using a flashlight.
Comparing Shoe Print Evidence
SICAR is a software package which classifies, archives, and identifies shoe prints.
Preserving Footwear Impressions
As in the case with footwear prints, the location of footwear impressions should be
photographed as part of the general scene and then with a scale.
Preserving Shoe Impressions in Snow
Dental stone is also the preferred material for casting impressions in snow,
replacing the more difficult and time consuming process of using sulfur, which has to
be heated.
Photographs of footwear impressions at a crime scene
In the first photo only the impressions are shown
In a subsequent photo a ruler will be added to show sizes
Later casts will be made of the impressions
GLASS
Glass is important as physical evidence because of the frequency with which it is
encountered.
A. It is essential that the crime scene technician and investigator
understand the ways in which glass reacts to force.
B. Handling Glass Evidence
Tape should not be used to collect glass evidence and any processing for latent
prints is ordinarily done in the laboratory.
An important question often associated with motor vehicle accidents and hit-
and-run cases involves whether or not the lights of a suspect vehicle were and-run cases involves wheth.
Impression evidence refers to objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Examples include shoeprints, tire tracks, tool marks, and bite marks. Investigators analyze unique characteristics in impressions to link evidence found at crime scenes to objects associated with suspects. Impression evidence can be collected using various methods like photography, casting, electrostatic dusting, and gel lifting to preserve dimensional characteristics for analysis.
Forensics uses various scientific disciplines to gather and analyze evidence from crime scenes. These include anthropology, crime scene investigation, criminalistics, engineering, entomology, medicine, odontology, psychology, and toxicology. Forensic techniques analyze evidence like DNA, fingerprints, firearms, documents, trace evidence, and voice/sound recordings to help solve crimes. Proper collection, documentation, and chain of custody of evidence at crime scenes is important to preserve its admissibility in court.
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
DEFINATION
Any material can develop significance in crime scene is physical evidence
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Locard’s Principle
Types of Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence can be Fragile and Easily Lost
Transfer Evidence
Indented or Impression Evidence
INTRODUCTION.pptx OG FFOBNJBGUGIUGHKHIYUHBJKHUIYSanketShivansh
Forensic science utilizes principles from various sciences like biology, chemistry, and physics to analyze physical evidence for legal purposes. It aims to reconstruct events of crimes by determining what happened, where, when, how, and to whom using scientific methods. Forensic scientists work to identify suspects, link people and crimes, support or disprove witness testimony, and eliminate suspects through analysis of evidence. Their work provides impartial evidence for use in courts of law.
Forensics plays a vital role in crime investigations by analyzing various types of evidence. Trace evidence like fibers, soil and hair can provide links between suspects and victims. Impression evidence like fingerprints and toolmarks are analyzed and compared. Fire investigations examine fire scenes to determine origins and causes. Fingerprints, DNA, documents, digital data, toxicology reports, ballistics, anthropology, pathology, odontology and psychology are all important forensic specialties that aid investigations and legal proceedings by analyzing physical and biological evidence scientifically.
Forensic science involves the application of science to matters of law. It aims to provide accurate information to the criminal justice system by examining physical evidence from crime scenes. Some key points covered are:
- Forensic scientists analyze evidence using principles from various sciences to help solve crimes.
- Proper collection, documentation and preservation of evidence at the crime scene is crucial, as is maintaining chain of custody.
- Different types of evidence include trace evidence, transient evidence, and class evidence.
- Various forensic disciplines like pathology, toxicology, biology and chemistry are used to analyze different types of physical evidence.
Chapter 4 – Physical Evidence
Class Characteristics
When the characteristics of physical evidence are common to a group of objects or
persons, they may be termed class. Regardless of how thoroughly examined, such
evidence can be placed only into a broad category; an individual identification
cannot be made because there is a possibility of more than one source for the
evidence.
Individual Characteristics
Evidence with individual characteristics can be identified as originating with a
particular person or source.
Soil is the natural accumulation of earth materials, such as weathering rocks,
minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.
1. Soil examinations can determine whether soils share a common
origin by comparing color, texture, and composition.
2. Although it is class characteristic evidence, the analysis of soil
evidence can help focus investigations and discredit alibis.
3. The pollen in soil or on plants and grass can also be very
significant in determining whether or not a suspect was at the scene.
Locating and Handling Soil Evidence
Soil evidence may be important when the suspect drives or walks on unpaved
areas, so that it is picked up by tire treads or the bottom of shoes and cuffs of
the pants. It may also be recovered in a number of other places, such as the
floor board of the subject's car or on articles in the trunk of his vehicle,
including shovels and blankets.
Preserving Shoe/Footwear Prints
Footwear prints may, or may not be readily visible. If they are not immediately
apparent, turn the lights off and search for them using a flashlight.
Comparing Shoe Print Evidence
SICAR is a software package which classifies, archives, and identifies shoe prints.
Preserving Footwear Impressions
As in the case with footwear prints, the location of footwear impressions should be
photographed as part of the general scene and then with a scale.
Preserving Shoe Impressions in Snow
Dental stone is also the preferred material for casting impressions in snow,
replacing the more difficult and time consuming process of using sulfur, which has to
be heated.
Photographs of footwear impressions at a crime scene
In the first photo only the impressions are shown
In a subsequent photo a ruler will be added to show sizes
Later casts will be made of the impressions
GLASS
Glass is important as physical evidence because of the frequency with which it is
encountered.
A. It is essential that the crime scene technician and investigator
understand the ways in which glass reacts to force.
B. Handling Glass Evidence
Tape should not be used to collect glass evidence and any processing for latent
prints is ordinarily done in the laboratory.
An important question often associated with motor vehicle accidents and hit-
and-run cases involves whether or not the lights of a suspect vehicle were and-run cases involves wheth.
Impression evidence refers to objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Examples include shoeprints, tire tracks, tool marks, and bite marks. Investigators analyze unique characteristics in impressions to link evidence found at crime scenes to objects associated with suspects. Impression evidence can be collected using various methods like photography, casting, electrostatic dusting, and gel lifting to preserve dimensional characteristics for analysis.
Forensics uses various scientific disciplines to gather and analyze evidence from crime scenes. These include anthropology, crime scene investigation, criminalistics, engineering, entomology, medicine, odontology, psychology, and toxicology. Forensic techniques analyze evidence like DNA, fingerprints, firearms, documents, trace evidence, and voice/sound recordings to help solve crimes. Proper collection, documentation, and chain of custody of evidence at crime scenes is important to preserve its admissibility in court.
Impression evidence includes objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Impressions are created when one object presses against another, leaving an impression. Examples include shoeprints, tool marks, tire tracks, bite marks, and marks on bullets. Impression evidence can be collected using photography, casting, or lifting and analyzed to identify characteristics that may link the evidence to suspects or weapons.
The document discusses various aspects of forensics including:
1. It defines forensics and its origins in Roman legal proceedings.
2. It describes the various professionals that comprise a crime scene investigation team and their specializations including investigators, medical experts, lab experts in fields like pathology, DNA analysis and more.
3. It outlines common types of physical evidence collected at crime scenes like biological samples, documents, fibers, impressions, firearms and more.
This document provides an overview of forensic evidence collection and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It discusses the chain of evidence process and guidelines for collecting different types of evidence, including fingerprints, DNA, hair, fibers, and trace evidence. A variety of analytical testing methods are described for examining biological samples, physical evidence, and chemical substances in order to identify suspects and determine how crimes occurred. The document is divided into sections covering biological, physical, chemical, and digital forensic analysis techniques.
Toolmarks are impressions left by tools that come into contact with surfaces. They contain both class characteristics about the type of tool and individual characteristics unique to a specific tool. Toolmark examination aims to link toolmarks at a crime scene to the actual tool used. This can help identify criminals, as tools are often involved in crimes like burglaries. Minute striations and impressions on tools are transferred to softer surfaces, and toolmark examiners use microscopes to compare crime scene marks to test marks made by suspect tools to determine matches. Toolmarks provide important forensic evidence that can link crimes and criminals.
Role of Forensic Science in Mass Disaster ManagementSiddhiKuperkar1
The document discusses the role of forensic pathologists in mass disaster management. It begins by defining different types of disasters, including natural disasters, accidents, industrial disasters, and man-made disasters. It then outlines the key responsibilities of forensic pathologists in disaster management, which include examining the disaster scene, identifying victims, determining causes of death, and investigating the cause of the disaster. The document also provides details on the identification process using methods like visual identification, clothing, personal items, fingerprints, dental records, and DNA. It emphasizes the importance of coordination between different responding teams.
The document provides an overview of a forensic laboratory, including its various departments and the analytical techniques used. It discusses the biology/DNA lab which examines blood, fluids, and tissues and performs DNA sequencing. The chemistry lab tests for drugs, poisons, and chemicals using techniques like GC/MS and HPLC. Other labs discussed include trace evidence, firearms, photography, and materials analysis. The document outlines the instruments used such as FTIR, GC/MS, LC/MS, microscopes, and describes some common analytical methods in forensic science.
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
Forensic science involves reconstructing events of a crime by determining what happened, how, when, where, and who was involved. It relies on several principles including individuality, exchange, progressive change, comparison, analysis, and probability. Forensic science branches include toxicology, anthropology, odontology, biology, and questioned documents. Toxicology detects toxins in bodily fluids and tissues. Anthropology identifies bones and skeletal remains. Odontology examines teeth and dental work. Biology analyzes plant/animal evidence. Questioned documents examines handwriting, ink, paper, printers, and other materials for evidence.
Trace evidence found at crime scenes can provide important clues for linking suspects to victims. This includes small materials like hair, fibers, glass, soil, and paint. While often only class evidence, in some cases trace materials can be individualized to a specific person or location. For example, fiber evidence was used to convict Wayne Williams of murder by matching fibers from his home to victims.
Physical evidence can include almost any object and is collected and analyzed to help ascertain what happened during a crime. Forensic scientists examine physical evidence to identify substances or compare samples to determine if they have a common origin. While some evidence like fingerprints can be matched to a single source, other evidence can only narrow down the possible sources to a group. As more matching pieces of evidence are found connecting a suspect to a crime scene, the likelihood of their involvement increases.
The forensic science laboratory plays an important role in criminal investigations by examining physical evidence scientifically. It has several units that analyze evidence including firearms, fingerprints, documents, and biology. Evidence is carefully collected according to established principles and can be used to link suspects to crimes, aid in reconstructing events, and protect the innocent. The laboratory utilizes multiple types of evidence including physical traces, chemicals, and biological samples to help solve cases.
Forensic techniques and crime scene investigationHumnaSaif1
Carlie Jane Brucia, an 11-year-old girl, was abducted and killed in 2004 in Sarasota, Florida. Surveillance video showed Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old mechanic with a criminal history, approaching Carlie and leading her away from a car wash. Smith was identified as a suspect and arrested. His DNA matched semen found on Carlie's body. Smith's brother testified that Smith had confessed to killing Carlie after strangling her following rough sex. Smith was indicted on first-degree murder and other charges.
This document discusses the introduction and principles of forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods and technologies to uncover evidence in courts and investigations. Forensic scientists determine causes of death, identify perpetrators of crimes, and reconstruct accidents. The document then outlines eight principles of forensic science: 1) Locard's Principle of trace evidence exchange, 2) the Law of Individuality, 3) the Law of Exchange, 4) the Law of Progressive Change, 5) the Law of Comparison, 6) the Law of Analysis, 7) the Law of Probability, and 8) the Law of Circumstantial Facts. It provides a brief explanation of each principle.
The document discusses India's internal security challenges and how advances in forensic science can help address them. It outlines issues such as tensions with Pakistan, communal and secessionist movements, and the rise of left-wing extremism. It then describes how various forensic science techniques, including digital forensics, explosives analysis, drug identification, firearms analysis, DNA testing, fingerprint analysis and biometrics can provide evidence to investigate these security threats and link criminal cases. The use of forensic science is presented as a valuable tool to help law enforcement address India's complex internal security environment.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
This document provides an overview of forensic odontology, which involves the application of dental knowledge to legal investigations. It discusses the history of forensic dentistry dating back thousands of years, and defines key terms. The document is divided into sections covering personal identification through dental means, age and sex determination, and mass disaster management. Specific techniques used in odontology such as bite mark analysis and identification of race are explored. Comparative identification through dental records is explained in detail as the primary method of matching unknown remains to missing persons.
The document discusses different types of evidence used in legal cases, including testimonial evidence from eyewitnesses and physical evidence found at crime scenes. It notes that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to factors like stress, biases, and memory errors over time. Physical evidence is considered more reliable and can include trace evidence like fibers, fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, firearms evidence, and more. The document emphasizes how physical evidence can be analyzed and compared to help determine its origin and link it to people or places associated with a crime.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Impression evidence includes objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Impressions are created when one object presses against another, leaving an impression. Examples include shoeprints, tool marks, tire tracks, bite marks, and marks on bullets. Impression evidence can be collected using photography, casting, or lifting and analyzed to identify characteristics that may link the evidence to suspects or weapons.
The document discusses various aspects of forensics including:
1. It defines forensics and its origins in Roman legal proceedings.
2. It describes the various professionals that comprise a crime scene investigation team and their specializations including investigators, medical experts, lab experts in fields like pathology, DNA analysis and more.
3. It outlines common types of physical evidence collected at crime scenes like biological samples, documents, fibers, impressions, firearms and more.
This document provides an overview of forensic evidence collection and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It discusses the chain of evidence process and guidelines for collecting different types of evidence, including fingerprints, DNA, hair, fibers, and trace evidence. A variety of analytical testing methods are described for examining biological samples, physical evidence, and chemical substances in order to identify suspects and determine how crimes occurred. The document is divided into sections covering biological, physical, chemical, and digital forensic analysis techniques.
Toolmarks are impressions left by tools that come into contact with surfaces. They contain both class characteristics about the type of tool and individual characteristics unique to a specific tool. Toolmark examination aims to link toolmarks at a crime scene to the actual tool used. This can help identify criminals, as tools are often involved in crimes like burglaries. Minute striations and impressions on tools are transferred to softer surfaces, and toolmark examiners use microscopes to compare crime scene marks to test marks made by suspect tools to determine matches. Toolmarks provide important forensic evidence that can link crimes and criminals.
Role of Forensic Science in Mass Disaster ManagementSiddhiKuperkar1
The document discusses the role of forensic pathologists in mass disaster management. It begins by defining different types of disasters, including natural disasters, accidents, industrial disasters, and man-made disasters. It then outlines the key responsibilities of forensic pathologists in disaster management, which include examining the disaster scene, identifying victims, determining causes of death, and investigating the cause of the disaster. The document also provides details on the identification process using methods like visual identification, clothing, personal items, fingerprints, dental records, and DNA. It emphasizes the importance of coordination between different responding teams.
The document provides an overview of a forensic laboratory, including its various departments and the analytical techniques used. It discusses the biology/DNA lab which examines blood, fluids, and tissues and performs DNA sequencing. The chemistry lab tests for drugs, poisons, and chemicals using techniques like GC/MS and HPLC. Other labs discussed include trace evidence, firearms, photography, and materials analysis. The document outlines the instruments used such as FTIR, GC/MS, LC/MS, microscopes, and describes some common analytical methods in forensic science.
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
Forensic science involves reconstructing events of a crime by determining what happened, how, when, where, and who was involved. It relies on several principles including individuality, exchange, progressive change, comparison, analysis, and probability. Forensic science branches include toxicology, anthropology, odontology, biology, and questioned documents. Toxicology detects toxins in bodily fluids and tissues. Anthropology identifies bones and skeletal remains. Odontology examines teeth and dental work. Biology analyzes plant/animal evidence. Questioned documents examines handwriting, ink, paper, printers, and other materials for evidence.
Trace evidence found at crime scenes can provide important clues for linking suspects to victims. This includes small materials like hair, fibers, glass, soil, and paint. While often only class evidence, in some cases trace materials can be individualized to a specific person or location. For example, fiber evidence was used to convict Wayne Williams of murder by matching fibers from his home to victims.
Physical evidence can include almost any object and is collected and analyzed to help ascertain what happened during a crime. Forensic scientists examine physical evidence to identify substances or compare samples to determine if they have a common origin. While some evidence like fingerprints can be matched to a single source, other evidence can only narrow down the possible sources to a group. As more matching pieces of evidence are found connecting a suspect to a crime scene, the likelihood of their involvement increases.
The forensic science laboratory plays an important role in criminal investigations by examining physical evidence scientifically. It has several units that analyze evidence including firearms, fingerprints, documents, and biology. Evidence is carefully collected according to established principles and can be used to link suspects to crimes, aid in reconstructing events, and protect the innocent. The laboratory utilizes multiple types of evidence including physical traces, chemicals, and biological samples to help solve cases.
Forensic techniques and crime scene investigationHumnaSaif1
Carlie Jane Brucia, an 11-year-old girl, was abducted and killed in 2004 in Sarasota, Florida. Surveillance video showed Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old mechanic with a criminal history, approaching Carlie and leading her away from a car wash. Smith was identified as a suspect and arrested. His DNA matched semen found on Carlie's body. Smith's brother testified that Smith had confessed to killing Carlie after strangling her following rough sex. Smith was indicted on first-degree murder and other charges.
This document discusses the introduction and principles of forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods and technologies to uncover evidence in courts and investigations. Forensic scientists determine causes of death, identify perpetrators of crimes, and reconstruct accidents. The document then outlines eight principles of forensic science: 1) Locard's Principle of trace evidence exchange, 2) the Law of Individuality, 3) the Law of Exchange, 4) the Law of Progressive Change, 5) the Law of Comparison, 6) the Law of Analysis, 7) the Law of Probability, and 8) the Law of Circumstantial Facts. It provides a brief explanation of each principle.
The document discusses India's internal security challenges and how advances in forensic science can help address them. It outlines issues such as tensions with Pakistan, communal and secessionist movements, and the rise of left-wing extremism. It then describes how various forensic science techniques, including digital forensics, explosives analysis, drug identification, firearms analysis, DNA testing, fingerprint analysis and biometrics can provide evidence to investigate these security threats and link criminal cases. The use of forensic science is presented as a valuable tool to help law enforcement address India's complex internal security environment.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
This document provides an overview of forensic odontology, which involves the application of dental knowledge to legal investigations. It discusses the history of forensic dentistry dating back thousands of years, and defines key terms. The document is divided into sections covering personal identification through dental means, age and sex determination, and mass disaster management. Specific techniques used in odontology such as bite mark analysis and identification of race are explored. Comparative identification through dental records is explained in detail as the primary method of matching unknown remains to missing persons.
The document discusses different types of evidence used in legal cases, including testimonial evidence from eyewitnesses and physical evidence found at crime scenes. It notes that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to factors like stress, biases, and memory errors over time. Physical evidence is considered more reliable and can include trace evidence like fibers, fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, firearms evidence, and more. The document emphasizes how physical evidence can be analyzed and compared to help determine its origin and link it to people or places associated with a crime.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
Actionable Insights: Receive practical advice on preparing for audits and avoiding common mistakes.
Clarity on Compliance: Clear up misconceptions and understand the reality of HIPAA regulations.
Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Innovative Minds France's Most Impactful Healthcare Leaders.pdf
physicalevidence09 (2).ppt
1. Let the evidence
speak for itself.
Presentation developed by T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/
2. Locard’s Exchange Principle
Source: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/trace_evidence.htm
"Every Contact Leaves a Trace"
The value of trace (or contact) forensic evidence was
first recognized by Edmund Locard in 1910. He was
the director of the very first crime laboratory in
existence, located in Lyon, France.
The Locard’s Exchange Principle states that "with contact between two
items, there will be an exchange." For example, burglars will leave traces
of their presence behind and will also take traces with them. They may
leave hairs from their body or fibers from their clothing behind and they
may take carpet fibers away with them.
3. Evidence Examples
Images: http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/criminalistics.html
Did you know?
Most paint evidence submitted to a lab will come
from hit-and-run cases involving automobiles.
Paint
• Physical and chemical analysis of paint evidence (chips or residue) can indicate it’s class,
such as automobile paint, house paint, nail polish, etc. The evidence can be compared to
40,000 different types of paint classified in a database, which can be used to identify a
particular make or model of car or brand of tool.
• Paint evidence can also indicate individual characteristics if an investigator is able to find
similarities between two samples, such as the color, number of layers, chemical
composition, or a physical match between the edges of two paint chips – one from a tool and
one from a crime scene.
Paint Layers Physical Match of
Paint Chip Edges
Paint Transfer on a Car
CSI Paint
Analysis
4. Images: http://www.rsc.org/images/b606109e-300-(FOR-TRIDION)%20(iStockphotos)_tcm18-68354.jpg, http://www.mtcforensics.com/investigation.html
Glass
• Glass particles can be found at various crime scenes, such as breaking and entering, hit
and run, vandalism, or murder.
• Glass at a crime scene is analyzed to determine its color, surface characteristics, tint,
thickness, density, chemical composition, and refractive index (RI).
• The results of the tests provide clues about the crime and help investigators connect the
evidence to a suspect or other object used in a crime, such as matching glass from a crime
scene to a headlight to a suspect’s car.
The pattern of cracks in a windshield fracture
can reveal information about speed, occupant
position, and angle of impact.
Magnified image of glass fragments
CSI Glass
Analysis
5. Image: http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/criminalistics.html
Explosives
• Explosive substances can be examined to determine its chemical composition to identify the
type of explosive used and its origin.
• Traces of explosives found on a suspect’s clothing, skin, hair, or other objects may be
matched to explosives from the crime scene.
• Materials used to make an explosive device will be compared to evidence found in the
suspect’s possession to confirm a match.
CSI &
Explosives
6. Image: http://www.geocities.com/j_ksinha/img/mid1.gif
Ballistics
• Characteristics of ammunition, firearms, and residue are examined to find matches
between suspects and the evidence found at a crime scene.
• Chemical tests can reveal gunshot residue (GSR) on the hands, face, or clothing of a
victim or suspect to indicate how close a person was to a fired gun.
• Rifling (grooves) in a gun barrel causes distinctive grooves, indentations and scratches
upon fired bullets, which can be matched to the weapon that fired them.
• Police are able to search the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) database
to compare markings from bullets, cartridge cases, and shotgun shells to ballistic evidence.
Investigators can compare the
striations on bullets to see if
they match.
Did you know?
Caliber (handguns & rifles) or gauge
(shotguns) refers to the size of the
internal diameter of a gun’s barrel.
Learn more about
ballistics …
7. Images: http://www.npsg.uwaterloo.ca/resources/images/microscope/Sand%200004.jpg
Dust & Dirt
• Dust, dirt, or sand evidence can reveal where a person
has traveled and may be picked up at a crime scene or left
behind.
• Investigators examine the samples for chemical
composition, pollen, plant material, and other organic
matter to find links to a specific crime scene.
Microscopic Image of Sand
Fingerprints
• There are 3 types of fingerprint patterns: arches, loops, and whorls.
Investigators also identify unique ridge characteristics in a fingerprint that
can be used to identify a suspect or victim.
• AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) is a database used
by investigators at local, state, and national levels to search for matches to
fingerprints found at a crime scene.
8. Images: http://www.wrongfulconvictionlawsuitdefense.com/uploads/image/28santos_600.jpg, http://www.dps.state.ia.us/DCI/Crime_Lab/images/toolmarks.jpg, &
http://www.masterpiecestudios.com/images/171463.gif
Impression Evidence
Shoeprints & Tire Tracks
• Impression evidence can be photographed, lifted with tape, or cast with
plaster to compare to a suspect’s shoes or tires.
• Investigators will examine the evidence to identify the brand of shoe or tire based on its
tread pattern and other physical features to provide leads in the case.
• Shoes and tires will also show wear patterns after being used for a period of time as well as
other features (scratches, nicks, and cuts) that can be used to match evidence to specific
items. For example, shoeprints can be matched to a suspect based on how the treads on the
shoes that are worn down due to that person’s walking style.
Bite Marks
• Each of the 32 teeth in humans is unique due to age and wear.
• Impressions and photographs of bite marks left on a victim, assailant,
or other object at a crime scene can often be matched to dental records.
Tool Marks
• Tiny nicks and chips form on the edges of a tool as it is used, which
can be used to identify matches between evidence and suspects.
• Tools may also pick up traces of blood or other substances that can
be tested or have fingerprints that can be lifted.
9. Images: http://www.modernmicroscopy.com/main.asp?article=11&print=true&pix=true
Fracture Matches
• When an object broken, torn, or cut, two unique edges are formed, which are referred to as
fracture lines.
• These edges can be compared by the naked eye or with microscopes to see if they fit
together , which indicates that they may have been part of the same object at one time.
• Investigators may compare the edges on pieces of tape, glass fragments, paint chips, pieces
of a car from an accident, paper bag, etc. to find possible matches.
10. Image: (Bottom Left): http://dofs.gbi.georgia.gov/vgn/images/portal/cit_11783501/81672146questioned%20document.jpg
Questioned Documents
• Examiners will analyze a ransom note or other document to
find clues to link it to a crime scene or a specific suspect. They
will analyze the type of paper used, printing method or
handwriting style, and type of ink.
• Other unique features, such as watermarks on stationary or
indentations made as someone wrote on a page in a notebook,
may provide useful clues.
Wounds
• Wounds can often be matched to weapons or tool marks on the weapon.
Investigators may also be able to determine the weapon's size, shape, and
length.
• Analysis of a wound may provides clues to a victim’s injuries,
characteristics of the suspect (left-handed, right-handed, height, etc.), and
positions of the victim and suspect at the time of the incident.
FBI
Questioned
Documents
UNIT
11. Images: http://biology.arizona.edu/sciconn/lessons2/Vuturo/vuturo/photos/desmus.gif
DNA
• Investigators can extract DNA from almost any tissue, including hair,
fingernails, bones, teeth and body fluids. The DNA is used to create a
profile that can be compared to profiles from suspects or victims.
• CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) is a database maintained by the
FBI that is used to find matches to unknown DNA samples from a crime
scene.
Insects
• Flies, beetles, and other insects can provide useful clues about a corpse.
• Forensic entomologists use factors such as weather conditions, the location
and condition of the body, and their knowledge of the life cycles of insects to
help them estimate the postmortem interval or PMI (the time between death
and the discovery of the body).
12. Source: http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/excavation.html
Images: http://www.celticnz.org/images/Feedback/SkullSkeleton.JPG and http://www.legacyhealth.org/images/Housecalls/claviclefx.jpg
Skeletal Remains
• Forensic anthropologists analyze skeletal remains to determine
four characteristics for a victim: age, sex, race, and stature
(height/build).
Sex - Determined by examining the pelvis, humerus, and
femur
Age and stature – Determined by analyzing the development
of the teeth, bone growth, and the length of specific bones,
such as the femur.
Race – Determined by analyzing the skull for characteristics
that are common among people of different races.
• DNA samples can be collected from bone, teeth, and hair to
provide clues to a person’s identity. Scientists may also be able to
gain clues as to a person’s past, recent injuries, or the cause of
death based on bone fractures and other signs of trauma.
13. What do forensic anthropologists do?
Generally, forensic anthropologists DO NOT do any of the following:
• Collect trace evidence (hair, fibers)
• Run DNA tests
• Analyze ballistics or weapon evidence
• Analyze blood spatter
• Conduct autopsies
What a forensic anthropologist does DO to aid in a case:
• Goes to a crime scene to assist in the collection of human remains
• Cleans up the bones so that they may be looked at
• Analyzes skeletal remains to establish the profile of the individual
• Looks at trauma evident on the bones to establish the pathway of a bullet or the
number of stab wounds
• Works with a forensic odontologist (dentist) to match dental records
• Testifies in court about the identity of the individual and/or the injuries that
might be evident in the skeleton
Source: http://web.utk.edu/~fac/forensic.shtml
14. Source: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/trace_evidence.htm Images: http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/chinatown_widow/4.html
Examples:
Vomit and urine can be used to test for alcohol,
drugs, and poisons.
Cigarette butts may contain dried saliva.
Semen containing sperm is valuable for DNA
analysis.
Blood can provide DNA evidence and blood
spatter can provide clues about the crime.
Body Fluids
• Blood, semen, saliva, sweat, and urine can be analyzed to give investigators information
about the crime as well as its victim or the suspect.
• Chemicals and ultra violet light can be used at a crime scene to find body fluid evidence.
Areas with potential evidence are swabbed, bagged and collected in vials, which are air tight
and have a low risk of cross contamination.
15. Hairs & Fibers
• Hairs and fibers may be transferred from the suspect or the suspect’s
clothes to the victims’ and vice versa. For example, a suspect may pick
up carpet fibers on his shoes or leave hairs behind at a crime scene.
• Hairs can be examined to identify their origin, such as human or
animal. Hairs with roots intact can be tested for DNA.
• Fibers are used to make clothing, carpeting, furniture, beds, and
blankets. They may be natural fibers from plants or animals or
synthetic fibers that are man-made.
Microscopic Image
of Hairs & Fibers