This document discusses the pathological effects of excessive physical exertion in athletes. It defines excessive physical exertion as pushing the body beyond its threshold, which can lead to overtraining syndrome and cause physical and mental exhaustion. The physical effects include muscle fatigue, joint pain, injury, and decreased immunity. The mental effects are depression, anxiety, and burnout. Prevention is achieved through proper training, nutrition, and rest so athletes can perform their best without compromising their health.