This document summarizes research on the phylogeography of the bat genus Myotis. The study analyzed genetic data from over 100 Myotis species to construct phylogenetic trees showing evolutionary relationships worldwide. Model-based analyses estimated divergence times and traced geographic origins. Results suggest Myotis originated in the Oriental region over 15 million years ago and subsequently dispersed throughout Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. This research provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of the highly diverse and globally distributed Myotis genus.

1. The fabulous odyssey of Myotis
Phylogeography of the
cosmopolitan genus
Myotis (Chiroptera)
using model-based
Phylogeography of the
cosmopolitan genus
Myotis (Chiroptera)
using model-based
Presented by: Yann Gager
Supervised by: Emmanuel Douzery (University of Montpellier 2 - France)
Manuel Ruedi (Museum of Geneva - Switzerland)
using model-based
reconstructions
using model-based
reconstructions

2. 1- The genus Myotis
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

3. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Global distribution (except Antarctica)

4. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Global distribution (except Antarctica)
• More than 100 species described:
2nd most diversified genus of Mammals

5. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Global distribution (except Antarctica)
• More than 100 species described:
2nd most diversified genus of Mammals
• Difficulty differentiating species
on the basis of morphological criteria

6. 1 - The genus Myotis
M. brandtii M. alcathoe M. mystacinus
© Dietz & von Helversen

7. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Phylogeny of Myotis from America
and Africa already known

8. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Phylogeny of Myotis from America
and Africa already known
• Poor knowledge of relationships
of Eurasian Myotisof Eurasian Myotis

9. 1 - The genus Myotis
• Phylogeny of Myotis from America
and Africa already known
• Poor knowledge of relationships
of Eurasian Myotisof Eurasian Myotis
• Incomplete picture of the genus evolution
at a worldwide scale

10. 2 - Aims of the study
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

11. 2 - Aims of the study
• Important sampling of species
and molecular data

12. 2 - Aims of the study
• Important sampling of species
and molecular data
• Phylogenetic trees of taxa
at a worldwide scaleat a worldwide scale

13. 2 - Aims of the study
• Important sampling of species
and molecular data
• Phylogenetic trees of taxa
at a worldwide scaleat a worldwide scale
• Preliminary to the study
of biogeographic and temporal origins

14. 3 - Samplings
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

15. 3 - Samplings
• 85 recognised species,
5 new species and 5 outgroups

16. West
Palaearctic
13 species
East
Palaearctic
8
Oriental
Nearctic
17
Ethiopian
6
Oceania
1
Oriental
21
Neotropics
13

17. West
Palaearctic
13 species
East
Palaearctic
8
Oriental
Nearctic
17
Eurasia
Ethiopian
6
Oceania
1
Oriental
21
Neotropics
13

18. West
Palaearctic
13 species
East
Palaearctic
8
Oriental
Nearctic
17
Eurasia
Ethiopian
6
Oceania
1
Oriental
21
Neotropics
13
Africa

19. West
Palaearctic
13 species
East
Palaearctic
8
Oriental
Nearctic
17
Eurasia America
Ethiopian
6
Oceania
1
Oriental
21
Neotropics
13
Africa

20. 3 - Samplings
• 85 recognised species,
5 new species and 5 outgroups
• Compilation & concatenation of 2 genes:
Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)

21. 3 - Samplings
• 85 recognised species,
5 new species and 5 outgroups
• Compilation & concatenation of 2 genes:
Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)
• Alignement of 136 Cyt b & 116 Rag 2,
with 164 seq. of GenBank & 88 new seq.

22. 4 -Phylogenetic inferences
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

23. 4 - Phylogenetic inferences
• Search of phylogram:
Probabilistic approach
- Maximum Likelihood (PAUP*)
- Bayesian Inference (PhyloBayes)- Bayesian Inference (PhyloBayes)
Assesment methods (Nodal support)

25. « latirostris
lineage»

26. American
Clade

27. Ethiopian
Clade

28. VI
VII
Eurasian
Clade
VII
VIII
IX

29. New speciesNew species

30. New speciesNew species

31. New speciesNew species

32. 4 - Phylogenetic inferences
• A new genus for the
« latirostris lineage » ?
Drawing: Ravel et al. 2011
Nyctalodoncy
Myotodoncy
Myotis latirostris

33. 5 - Molecular dating
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

34. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of chronograms (BEAST) :
- 4 chains of 5.106 generations
- Molecular clock called relaxed
- 18000 trees sampled

36. Fossil
calibrations

37. Diversification
American
Clade:
10.9 ±2.7
My

38. Colonization
Oceania :
4.2 ±1.5 My

39. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of biogeographic origins:
- Estimate of ancestral character states
with a probabilistic model (Lagrange)
on the final chronogram
Species 1
Species 2
?
Species 3
?
Palaearctic
Oriental region

40. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of biogeographic origins:
- Estimate of ancestral character states
with a probabilistic model (Lagrange)
on the final chronogram
Species 1
Species 2
Species 3
Palaearctic
Oriental region

41. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of biogeographic origins:
- Consideration of branch lengths

42. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of biogeographic origins:
- Consideration of branch lengths
- Area-adjacency matrix
A B
C
D
Oceanian
E
F
G
A B C D E F G
A 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
C 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
E 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
F 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
G 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

43. 5 - Molecular dating
• Search of biogeographic origins:
- Consideration of branch lengths
- Area-adjacency matrix
- Area-dispersal matrix
A B
C
D
Oceanian
E
F
G
A B C D E F G
A 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
C 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
E 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
F 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
G 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

45. « latirostris
lineage»

46. American
Clade

47. Ethiopian
Clade

48. Eurasian
Clade

49. C
Eurasian
Clade:
Oriental

50. C
C
Ethiopian
Clade:
Oriental

51. C
C
Old World
Clade:
Oriental
C
Oriental

52. C
C
C
B
American
Clade:
E. Pal.

53. C
C
C
B
BC
E. Pal. +
Oriental
17.7 ±3.9
My
Oriental

54. Cradle of
Myotis
17.7 ±3.9
My

55. Cradle of
Myotis
15.1 ±3.4
My

56. Cradle of
Myotis
15.1 ±3.4
My
11.1 ±2.7
My

57. Cradle of
Myotis
15.1 ±3.4
My
10.9 ±2.7
My
?
11.1 ±2.7
My

58. Cradle of
Myotis
15.1 ±3.4
My
10.9 ±2.7
My
?
5.2 ±1.4
11.1 ±2.7
My
8.3 ±2.1
My
5.2 ±1.4
My

59. Cradle of
Myotis
15.1 ±3.4
My
10.9 ±2.7
My
?
5.2 ±1.4
11.1 ±2.7
My
8.3 ±2.1
My
5.2 ±1.4
My
4.2 ±1.5
My

60. 6- Perspectives
The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

61. 6 - Perspectives
• Phylogenies: working basis
for many research !
BiogeographySystematics
Conservation
Life-history
traits

62. Thank you !
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
Merci !
© M. König

63. Order
Chiroptera
Jones and Teeling, 2006
Chiroptera

64. Phylogeography
• Study of the historical processes that may be
responsible for the contemporary geographic
distribution of individuals.
• This is accomplished by considering the• This is accomplished by considering the
geographic distribution of individuals in light
of the patterns associated with a gene
genealogy.

66. Biogeographic reconstructions
• H0 = without constraints : lnL = 146.8
• H1 = with constraints : lnL = 139.5
Better likelihood with the area-adjacency matrix
and the area-dispersal matrix !and the area-dispersal matrix !

67. Biogeographic reconstructions
• Relative probabilities for each node
e.g. Node of the Myotis sensu lato:
• E.g. At node X:
• split lnL Rel.Prob
• [BC|C] -141.2 0.7381• [BC|C] -141.2 0.7381
• [C|C] -143.6 0.06645
• [B|C] -144 0.04323
• [A|C] -144.5 0.02802
• [AB|A] -144.5 0.02596
• [AB|B] -144.6 0.02476
• [AC|C] -145 0.01643
• [BC|B] -145.5 0.009844

68. Phylogenetic analyses
• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)
P ,MP ,M

69. • Nucleotidic model of evolution:
- General Time Reversible (GTR)
- Gamma distribution of the variation rate (ΓΓΓΓ)
- Proportion of invariant sites (INV)
GTR + Γ + INV
• Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from
a to f) and branch lengths
A C G T
A - a∏C b∏G c∏T
C a∏A - d∏G e∏T
G b∏A d∏C - f∏T
T c∏A e∏C f∏G -