The document discusses various philosophical theories of truth that have been proposed, including the correspondence theory, coherence theory, deflationary theory, and idealist theories. The correspondence theory holds that true statements correspond to actual facts in the world, but critics argue it is difficult to define what constitutes a "fact." Coherence theories view truth as internal consistency within a system of beliefs, but this view is unable to account for the relationship between beliefs and reality. Deflationary and minimalist theories hold that calling a statement "true" does not add any meaning beyond the statement itself.

1. The
Nature
of
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2. TRUTH, in metaphysics and the
philosophy of language, the
property of sentences, assertions,
beliefs, thoughts, or propositions
that are said, in ordinary
discourse, to agree with the facts
or to state what is the case.
01
TRUTH

3. The goal of belief is truth; falsehood is
an error. For people to prosper, they
must know the reality of the world.
Honesty is crucial. People's plans can
be ruined and their lives could be in
danger if they believe something that
is false. Legal and societal
repercussions may occur from telling
01
TRUTH

4. The excellent historian, good
investigator, and good scientist,
on the other hand, are committed
to the search of truth. What then is
truth, and why does it hold such
importance and prominence in
people's lives?
01
TRUTH

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The truth of Nature is a part of
the truth of God; to him who
does not search it out,
darkness; to him who does,
infinity.
John Ruskin
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6. THEORI
ES OF
TRUTH
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To say of what is that it is, or of what is not
that it is not, is true, according to Aristotle
(384–322 BCE). In other words, the universe
supplies "what is" or "what is not," and the
true statement or idea corresponds to the
fact so offered. This concept, which makes
logical sense, is the seed of what is known
as the correspondence theory of truth. Yet,
as it stands, it is merely a platitude and far
from a theory.
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
The Correspondence Theory

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Only if the conceptions of fact and
correspondence can be further
developed would it be possible to
grasp truth in these terms; in reality,
it may amount to little more than a
wordy paraphrasing, wherein,
instead of saying "that's true" of any
assertion, one says "that
corresponds with the facts."
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
The Correspondence Theory

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Sadly, a lot of philosophers are
skeptical that there is a tenable
explanation for the existence of facts
and correspondence. They note that
facts are peculiar things. It is tempting
to think of them as worldly structures or
assemblages. Ludwig Wittgenstein, an
Austrian philosopher, noted that
whereas facts lack geographical places,
structures do.
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
The Correspondence Theory

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There are procedures for examining
and confirming beliefs, but they
function by bringing up additional
perceptions and beliefs and
evaluating the original in light of
those. In actual investigations, it is
how people interpret the world or
choose and conceptualize the
evidence that determines what people
should believe.
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
The Correspondence Theory

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This line of argument prompted some
philosophers to believe that they should
focus on bigger theories rather than
individual phrases or claims starting in
the middle of the 19th century.
According to this perspective, truth
must be a component of the entire body
of thought, sometimes known as the
"web of belief," when it is viewed as a
system of logically connected parts.
F.H. Bradley
Coherence and Pragmatist
Theories

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It could be a complete physical theory,
for instance, that makes predictions,
gives individuals power over objects, or
simplifies and unifies disparate
occurrences. Alternatively, a belief
system is true if it is sufficiently
internally coherent. A belief in such a
system is true if it adequately coheres
with, or makes rational sense within,
enough other beliefs.
F.H. Bradley
Coherence and Pragmatist
Theories

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The British idealists, notably
F.H., had such opinions. H.H.
and Bradley Joachim, who
rejected the existence of facts
that could be used to establish
whether views were true or false
like all idealists (realism: realism
and truth).
F.H. Bradley
Coherence and Pragmatist
Theories

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Coherentism also appears insufficient, as
it implies that people are isolated within
the safe haven of their own views and
have no access to the outside world.
Moreover, nothing appears to preclude
the existence of numerous equally
coherent but incompatible belief
systems, as English philosopher and
logician Bertrand Russell noted. But, at
most one of them can be accurate.
F.H. Bradley
Coherence and Pragmatist
Theories

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Before Tarski, philosophers such as Gottlob
Frege and Frank Ramsey had theorized that
the secret to comprehending truth resided in
the peculiar observation that adding the
phrase "It is true that" in front of a claim
essentially has no effect. Snow is only
considered to be white if it is also white. There
may, at most, be a slight adjustment in
emphasis but no shift in subject. Deflationism
or minimalism is the philosophy that grew out
of this realization (an earlier name for it was
"the redundancy hypothesis").
Gottlob Frege
Deflationism

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Nevertheless, since truth is essentially redundant,
why is it that people talk about it so frequently? What
is the function of the truth predicate? Most
deflationists respond that true is a very valuable tool
for generalizing across a large number of statements
or assertions. Let's say, for instance, that Winston
Churchill uttered a lot of things (S1, S2, S3,...Sn).
Even if one could achieve this, which would require
learning and repeating every single statement
Churchill made, it would be much more efficient to
just state, "What Churchill said was true." Similarly,
“Every indicative sentence is either true or false” is a
way of insisting, for each such sentence (S), S or not
S.
Gottlob Frege
Deflationism

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Deflationism has received criticism while being a
popular viewpoint since the 1970s. One criticism
is that it assumes too much about what
sentences mean. Many theories contend that a
sentence's truth conditions are comparable to its
meaning, including American philosopher Donald
Davidson (truth-conditional semantics). But if
deflationism is accurate, we may have to give up
on this method of understanding sentence
meaning (because no statement of the truth
conditions of a sentence could be any more
informative than the sentence itself).
Gottlob Frege
Deflationism

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Yet, this also is debatable because
deflationists can counter that Tarski's
model, which only uses the
deflationists' own definition of truth, is
the finest example of how to "provide
the truth conditions" to a statement. If
this is accurate, then stating a
sentence's meaning by stating its truth
conditions amounts to nothing more
than doing so.
Gottlob Frege
Deflationism

19. SUMMA
RY
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20. Truth is, in philosophy, the quality of assertions,
ideas, or propositions that are said in everyday
speech to be true or to explain the situation as it is.
There have been at least four primary categories of
truth theory put forth: deflationary theories,
correspondence theories, coherence theories, and
theories of coherentism and idealism. The latter
category includes a wide range of viewpoints, such
as the prosentential theory, the disquotation
theory, and the redundancy theory.

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THANKYOU FOR LISTENING
PRESENTED BY GROUP 11:
Joshua Aboganda
Axel Redd Nicolasora Silao
Heaven Daño Suazo
Ivan Neil Labrague
Rafael John Palagar
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