This document discusses various concepts related to relationships, love, and family structures. It defines key terms like relationship, personal relationship, love, commitment, attraction, and responsibility. It also outlines 3 types of personal relationships: family, friendship, and partnerships. Additionally, it examines theories of attraction and the components of love based on Sternberg's triangular theory of love. Finally, it lists and describes different modern family structures like nuclear, extended, step-, single-parent, adoptive, blended, and foster families.

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Second Grading –Philosophy additional Notes
1.The imperative quality of judgment of practical intellect is meaningless, apart from will, Reason can legislate,
But only through will can its legislation be translated through ACTION
2.The will of humanity is an instrument of FREE CHOICE. It is within the power of everyone to be good or bad,
Worthy or worthless.
3. For ARISTOTLE a human being is rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. Humans have the
spark of the divine.
4.. AQUINAS considers the human being as a moral agent. There are basis of the morals
the human being which are: natural law, human law, eternal law, and divine law.
5. Natural Law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason.
6. Eternal Law is identical to the mind of God as seen by God himself. It can be called law because God
stands to the universe which he creates as a ruler does to a community which he rules.
7. Rousseau believes that human beings are naturally good but can be corrupted by evilness which cause
human beings need to form a civil community to protect themselves from one another.
8. Divine Law is derived from eternal law as it appears historically to humans, especially through
revelation, i.e., When it appears to human beings as divine commands.
9 Thomas Aquinas thinks that to end the continuous and self-destructive conditions of human beings,
humanity natural law it will not be a law, but spoilt law".
10. The “I” represents ourselves and the “THOU” represent other I-IT. In this relation, the other desires
the realization of the individuality of the other.
11. Restlessness relation is the nature of any functional and manipulative relationship where the other is
treated an a object, a means for one’s gratification.
12. In reality of BEING we are not pretending, we are being true to ourselves.
13. Society is to provide equal opportunities for all and FREEDOM of expression in all its
manifestations.
14. Moral Responsibility is about challenging inhuman and unjust structures through the power of ballot,
by taking part in movements for good governance that uphold integrity and honesty.
15.. In the Politics of People Recognition, everyone is recognized as a person. This is what democracy is
all about- gender And cultural equality.
16.Ignorance- It is a lacking of a required knowledge which human being should have of his moral
Duties
17. Kinds of ignorance
- Ignorance in the existence of duty, rule or regulation
- Ignorance in the nature of circumstances of an acts as forbidden
- The lack of knowledge of the precise sanction affixed to the law.
18. Vincible Ignorance- Lack of Knowledge that a rational person is capable of acquiring by making an
Effort
19. invincible ignorance- lack of knowledge that a person has no way to obtain
20. affected ignorance- a vincible ignorance which is choosing not to know what one can and should
Know
21.Crass/ supine ignorance- when letters or no effort is made to remove ignorance
22. simply ignorance- excuses a person from automatic penalties
23.ignorance of the fact- absence of knowledge of some person, circumstances, or event that if it had
been known would have prevented a person from saying on what she or he did
24. Example of social value- using of pedestrian lane
25. Social System- An organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that
compose a society
26.Folkways- A less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when
Violated
27.Norms-. A set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable, thus, to be encouraged to pass
unto Other members
28-Holticultural society- . It engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables and
the domestication of animals.
Industrial Society- It is based on the used of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services

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Notes Grade 11-Second Grading
 Relationship – two or more people, groups, countries, etc., talk to, behave toward, and deal with each other.
This definition is extended to include the way
in which two or more people or things are connected. There are many types of relationships which depend on
the nature of interaction that exist between two or more entities.
 Personal relationship – a kind of relationship which refers to close connections between people, formed by
emotional bonds and interactions. There are three kinds of personal relationships. These are family, friendship,
and partnership.
 Family – as defined by The Bureau of Census, this is two or more persons who are related by birth, marriage,
or adoption and who live together as one household.
 Friendship – it can be thought of as a close tie between two people that is often built upon mutual
experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional bonding.
 Partnerships – close relationships formed between two people that are built upon affection, trust, intimacy,
and romantic love. This kind of relationship is experienced with
Attachment Styles
(Ainsworth, Blekar,
Waters, and Wall, 1978)
Definition and Characteristics Illustration
Source: shorturl.at/pUZ46
Secure attachment This occurs when the primary caregiver
is most of the time present and
available. It is when all the emotional
needs of an infant are met, providing a
sense of security to the infant.
Avoidant attachment It occurs when the primary caregiver is
cold and detached, and even
unresponsive to a child’s needs. The
child senses rejection and this often
leads to premature detachment and
selfreliance.
Anxious-ambivalent
attachment
It occurs when the primary caregiver is
not consistent in terms of presence
and in meeting a child’s emotional
needs.
.

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Stages of Falling In Love (Fisher,
1997
1. Lust – is driven by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen. These hormones affect both sexes.
2. Attraction – is described as the lovestruck phase, which involves neurotransmitters in the brain such as
dopamine, neropinephrine, and serotonin. This is the stage when a person loses sleep and appetite over
someone, and swoons while daydreaming of this special person.
3. Attachment – is when the couple in love decides to continue with the relationship. It is the stage where
longlasting commitments are exchanged, and may lead to raising a family. Special hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin,
are secreted during this stage.
Aside from physiology, people are attracted to one another because of other reasons.
Theories that Result to Attraction and Liking (Rozenberg Quarterly, 2018)
1. Transference Effect – is when feelings such as attraction and liking is redirected to another because our past
relationship has affected our sense of self and our behavior.
2. Propinquity Effect – is when the feeling of attraction and liking someone grow because of our often encounter
with them. This is when we develop a sense of familiarity with people who live close to us, work with us, or go to school
with us, which leads us to liking them more.
3. Similarity – is when we often like people because of our resemblance to them. We are attracted to people who
we have similarities with, such as social class background, religious beliefs, age, and education.
4. Reciprocity – is when we like people who like us back. This is to respond to the feelings that were given to you,
because according to a research, when we express our liking for another, oftentimes, this would elicit a pleasant
behavior and mutual liking from the other person. Reciprocity was identified as the main reason why a couple moves
from attraction to romance and intimacy, and eventually to commitment.
5. Physical Attractiveness – is when we like someone because of their physical features such as having higher
cheekbones, thinner jaws, and larger eyes. Less attractive individuals may compensate by offering other qualities like
wealth and status to attract a potential mate. However, relationships built on this exchange do not last long.
Components of Love (Sternberg, Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
1986) (Eight Forms of Love)
1. Intimacy – is the lovely moment when someone
understands and validates us. Communication
is a key component in developing intimacy, where self-
disclosure, revealing information about you to another is
practiced which leads to thoughtful and
meaningful conversations that nurture
and strengthen intimacy.
2. Commitment – is the act of
deciding to constantly fulfill and live by
agreements made with another Source:
shorturl.at/cxCOR person, entity, or cause, and where the
values of integrity and respect serve Sternberg proposed that the different as a guide to one’s behavior and combinations
of the three components of thinking. love result to seven forms of love. These forms are: (1) Liking, (2) Empty love, (3)
Infatuation, (4) Romantic Love, (5)

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3. Passion – is the intense state of Companionate Love, (6) Fatuous Love, being that drives and consumes a and
(7) Consummate Love. He further person to pursue an interest, a vision, states that the eight (8) form of love is the
or a person. In terms of romantic love, absence of intimacy, commitment, and
passion connotes sexual attraction. passion which he referred to as “non-
love.”
 Commitment – a continuing process of showing love and care. This is fulfilling the promises or agreements made
with each other, so that through bad times and good times, the commitment stays firm and in place. It is saying yes,
by means of sticking into the relationship for as long as possible.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
1. Relationship
- a relation between people; a state of connectedness between people (especially an
emotional connection)
2. Personal relationships - relationships between people, especially those between friends, lovers and family.
Relationships are not static; they are continually evolving, and to fully enjoy and benefit from them we need
skills, information, inspiration, practice, and social support. In our model there are three kinds of personal
relationships:
*Family
The concept of "family" is an essential component in any discussion of relationships, but this varies greatly
from person to person. The Bureau of the Census defines family as "two or more persons who are related by birth,
marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household." But many people have family they don't live with or
to whom they are not bonded by love, and the roles of family vary across cultures as well as throughout your own
lifetime.
*Friends
A friendship can be thought of as a close tie between two people that is often built upon mutual experiences,
shared interests, proximity, and emotional bonding. Friends are able to turn to each other in times of need. Nicholas
Christakis and James Fowler, social-network researchers and authors of the book Connected, find that the average
person has about six close ties—though some have more, and many have only one or none.
*Partnerships
Romantic partnerships, including marriage, are close relationships formed between two people that are built
upon affection, trust, intimacy, and romantic love. We usually experience this kind of relationship with only one
person at a time.
3. Love
- strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personalities. - attraction based on sexual desire:
affection and tenderness felt by lovers - affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common
interests.
4. Commitment
- the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
5. Attraction
- attractive quality; magnetic charm; fascination; allurement; enticement
- a person or thing that draws, attracts, allures, or entices

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6. Responsibility
- a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one’s
conduct
There are various types of family that exist in todays’ society, and some of the more
common structures include:
1. Nuclear family: Basically consists of two generations of family members living in
the same household.
2.Extended family: This type of family structure generally consists of three or more
generations living in the same household (or very close proximity). The usual name
for this type of family is a "vertically extended group" because the "extensions" to the
basic family group are inter-generational (that is, "between generations" - they involve
grandparents rather than uncles or aunts).
3. Step-families: One consequence of high rates of divorce and remarriage (or
cohabitation) is an increase in the number of families headed by step-mothers and
step-fathers. This type of family is usually nuclear in form and involves parents,
children of either spouse from a first marriage and (possibly) children from their
present marriage
4.Single parent family: This can be either a father or a mother who is individually
responsible for the raising of a child. The child can be by birth or adoption. They may
be a single parent by choice or by life circumstances.
5.Adoptive family: A family where one or more of the children has been adopted. Any
structure of family may also be an adoptive family.
6.Blended family: A family that consists of members from two (or more) previous
families.
7.Conditionally separated families: A family member is separated from the rest of
the family. This may be due to employment far away; military service; hospitalization;
etc.
8.Foster family: A family where one or more of the children is legally, a temporary
member of the household
9. Gay or Lesbian family; 10. Bi- racial or multi-racial family; 11.Trans –racial
adoptive family; 12.Immigrant family; and 13.Migrant family
Different kinds of family structures:
- a family unit consisting of at most a father, mother, and
dependent children, it is considered the "traditional" family.
- a family consisting of parents and children, along with either
grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. in some
circumstances, the extended family comes to live either with or in place of a
member of the nuclear family.
- two families brought together due to divorce, separation, and
remarriage.
- this can be either a father or a mother who is singly
responsible for the raising of a child. The child can be by birth or adoption. They
may be a single parent by choice or by life circumstances. The other parent
may have been part of the family at one time or not at all.
- a family where one or more of the children has been
adopted. Any structure of a family may also be an adoptive family.

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-racial or multi-racial family- a family where the parents are members of
different racial identity groups.
-racial adoptive family- a family where the adopted child is of a different
racial identity group than the parents.
- a family that consists of members from two (or more) previous
families.
- a family member is separated from the rest
of the family. This may be due to employment far away; military service:
incarceration: hospitalization. They remain significant members of the family.
- a family where one or more of the children is legally a temporary
member of the household. This “temporary” period may be as short as a few
days or long as the child’s entire childhood.
- a family where one or both of the parent's sexual
orientation is gay or lesbian. This may be a two-parent family. An adoptive
family, a single-parent family, or an extended family.
- a family where the parents have immigrated to another
country as adults. Their children may or may not be immigrants. Some family
members may continue to live in the country of origin, but still, be significant
figures in the life of the child.
- a family that moves regularly to places where they have
employment. The most common form of migrant family is farmworkers who
move with the crop seasons. Children may have a relatively stable community
of people who move at the same time- or the family may know no one in each
new setting Military families may also lead a migrant life, with frequent
relocation, often on short notice.

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