The document discusses the importance of balancing technology, doctrine, and policy in military innovation. It examines several historical examples: France had superior tanks in WWII but lost to Germany's innovative blitzkrieg tactics; Britain nearly lost WWI to German U-boats until adopting convoy doctrine; advocates believed air power could win wars quickly but policy restricted bombing civilian targets. Overall, the document argues that while technology aids warfare, effective military innovation requires adapting technology through sound doctrine and within the bounds of national policy.
Peter h. oppenheimer from the spanish civil war to the fall of france - luft...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses lessons learned by the German Luftwaffe from its Condor Legion's involvement in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. Key lessons included the development of new fighter formations like the Rotte and Schwarm tactics, the difficulty of accurate bombing, the importance of close coordination between air and ground forces for effective ground support, and the need for improved navigational aids for night and poor weather bombing. While providing invaluable training, some lessons were interpreted erroneously by the Luftwaffe, but overall the experience in Spain established foundations that Germany drew on at the start of World War II.
The Allied victory in World War 2 was due to several key factors working together. The Allies gained control of the air and sea, allowing them to bomb German cities and industries while transporting troops and supplies. On the Eastern Front, the Soviets were able to mobilize their vast resources and grind down German forces. The entry of the U.S. into the war provided enormous human, economic, and military resources that exceeded Germany's capacity. Internally, the Nazi regime suffered from a lack of centralized control and efficiency that hampered its war effort.
Charles lutton the miracle of dunkirk reconsidered - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary and review of Nicholas Harmon's book "Dunkirk: The Patriotic Myth" which challenges the widely held beliefs about the British evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940. The summary reveals that Harmon's research uncovered that:
1) Contrary to myth, the British were not betrayed by their allies but deliberately deceived the French and Belgians about their retreat.
2) The British were responsible for war crimes against German and civilian populations near Dunkirk.
3) The role of civilian boats in the evacuation has been exaggerated, with most troops being evacuated by Royal Navy vessels.
02 Seitz (co-author) - Op Overlord and the Principles of War - Jun 02Stephen Seitz
This document summarizes Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. It discusses the origins of the plan, including lessons learned from the failed Dieppe Raid. The COSSAC planning team selected the beaches of Normandy as the invasion site. Extensive planning took place over many months involving deception operations, troop movements, and strategic bombing. The overall objective was to establish a foothold in Normandy to launch further attacks toward Germany. Specific objectives included taking Cherbourg, St Lo, Caen, and expanding the beachhead. Airborne forces would land the night before to secure key objectives. Five divisions would storm five beaches on D-Day under an overall simple objective to breach German defenses.
Schlacht Ohne Morgen: The Success and Failure of German's Blitzkrieg - World ...Joel Kindrick
The success and failure of Germany's Blitzkrieg doctrine is summarized in 3 sentences:
Germany developed the Blitzkrieg doctrine of rapid movement and quick victories to overcome its disadvantages in resources and manpower, allowing it to achieve several stunning victories in the early years of World War 2. However, the Blitzkrieg was unable to overcome opponents with comparable skill and vastly greater strength, like the Soviet Union, leading to Germany's eventual defeat as the war dragged on. The Blitzkrieg worked against neighbors but could not overcome major powers for an extended conflict that Germany was not prepared to fight.
Air Power Theories: Proven and Disproven - World at War #50 Oct - Nov 2016Joel Kindrick
This document summarizes the development of air power theories between World War I and World War II. Early theorists like Douhet, Trenchard, and Mitchell believed air power would dominate future wars and bombing civilian populations would destroy enemy morale. During World War II, air power proved most effective supporting ground and naval operations, but bombing alone did not win wars or cause civilian collapse. While bombing reduced German and Japanese industrial output, populations showed resilience. Air power theories were only partially proven.
USNavy part i the Atlantic war study guideJim Powers
A revised and expanded version based on what I learned by presenting the class. Some of the new titles came from student suggestions. It's such a pleasure to teach adults!
D-Day was the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 to liberate Europe from Nazi Germany. It involved elaborate planning and deception operations. The Allies feigned attacks on Calais to disguise the real target of Normandy. They also built fake armies and transmitted false radio messages to mislead Germany. The French Resistance helped by sabotaging infrastructure. Hitler put Rommel and Von Rundstedt in charge of fortifying France's Atlantic Wall with obstacles on the Normandy beaches, but it was not fully completed.
Peter h. oppenheimer from the spanish civil war to the fall of france - luft...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses lessons learned by the German Luftwaffe from its Condor Legion's involvement in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. Key lessons included the development of new fighter formations like the Rotte and Schwarm tactics, the difficulty of accurate bombing, the importance of close coordination between air and ground forces for effective ground support, and the need for improved navigational aids for night and poor weather bombing. While providing invaluable training, some lessons were interpreted erroneously by the Luftwaffe, but overall the experience in Spain established foundations that Germany drew on at the start of World War II.
The Allied victory in World War 2 was due to several key factors working together. The Allies gained control of the air and sea, allowing them to bomb German cities and industries while transporting troops and supplies. On the Eastern Front, the Soviets were able to mobilize their vast resources and grind down German forces. The entry of the U.S. into the war provided enormous human, economic, and military resources that exceeded Germany's capacity. Internally, the Nazi regime suffered from a lack of centralized control and efficiency that hampered its war effort.
Charles lutton the miracle of dunkirk reconsidered - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary and review of Nicholas Harmon's book "Dunkirk: The Patriotic Myth" which challenges the widely held beliefs about the British evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940. The summary reveals that Harmon's research uncovered that:
1) Contrary to myth, the British were not betrayed by their allies but deliberately deceived the French and Belgians about their retreat.
2) The British were responsible for war crimes against German and civilian populations near Dunkirk.
3) The role of civilian boats in the evacuation has been exaggerated, with most troops being evacuated by Royal Navy vessels.
02 Seitz (co-author) - Op Overlord and the Principles of War - Jun 02Stephen Seitz
This document summarizes Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. It discusses the origins of the plan, including lessons learned from the failed Dieppe Raid. The COSSAC planning team selected the beaches of Normandy as the invasion site. Extensive planning took place over many months involving deception operations, troop movements, and strategic bombing. The overall objective was to establish a foothold in Normandy to launch further attacks toward Germany. Specific objectives included taking Cherbourg, St Lo, Caen, and expanding the beachhead. Airborne forces would land the night before to secure key objectives. Five divisions would storm five beaches on D-Day under an overall simple objective to breach German defenses.
Schlacht Ohne Morgen: The Success and Failure of German's Blitzkrieg - World ...Joel Kindrick
The success and failure of Germany's Blitzkrieg doctrine is summarized in 3 sentences:
Germany developed the Blitzkrieg doctrine of rapid movement and quick victories to overcome its disadvantages in resources and manpower, allowing it to achieve several stunning victories in the early years of World War 2. However, the Blitzkrieg was unable to overcome opponents with comparable skill and vastly greater strength, like the Soviet Union, leading to Germany's eventual defeat as the war dragged on. The Blitzkrieg worked against neighbors but could not overcome major powers for an extended conflict that Germany was not prepared to fight.
Air Power Theories: Proven and Disproven - World at War #50 Oct - Nov 2016Joel Kindrick
This document summarizes the development of air power theories between World War I and World War II. Early theorists like Douhet, Trenchard, and Mitchell believed air power would dominate future wars and bombing civilian populations would destroy enemy morale. During World War II, air power proved most effective supporting ground and naval operations, but bombing alone did not win wars or cause civilian collapse. While bombing reduced German and Japanese industrial output, populations showed resilience. Air power theories were only partially proven.
USNavy part i the Atlantic war study guideJim Powers
A revised and expanded version based on what I learned by presenting the class. Some of the new titles came from student suggestions. It's such a pleasure to teach adults!
D-Day was the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 to liberate Europe from Nazi Germany. It involved elaborate planning and deception operations. The Allies feigned attacks on Calais to disguise the real target of Normandy. They also built fake armies and transmitted false radio messages to mislead Germany. The French Resistance helped by sabotaging infrastructure. Hitler put Rommel and Von Rundstedt in charge of fortifying France's Atlantic Wall with obstacles on the Normandy beaches, but it was not fully completed.
The document provides information about World War 1, including the key countries involved on both sides of the war and some of the major events and battles that took place. It discusses the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary versus the Allied Powers like France, Britain, Russia and later the US. Some of the major battles covered include the Marne, where the Allies stopped the German advance on Paris, and the Somme, which resulted in heavy British casualties. The document also discusses the entry of the US into the war, the end of Germany's war efforts, and the eventual Treaty of Versailles that formalized Germany's surrender but has been criticized for punishing Germany harshly.
The documents discuss the major events and battles of World War II in both Europe and Asia, from the rise of Nazi Germany and the start of the war in 1939 to the Allied victories and conclusion in 1945. Key turning points discussed include the Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, Normandy, Midway, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The role of women on the home front during the war is also examined.
The document summarizes the context and organization surrounding the 101st Airborne Division's defense of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. It describes how Bastogne was strategically important due to its network of roads. The German plan called for capturing Bastogne to maintain their rear area communications, though different German units had varying interpretations of this objective. It also outlines the depleted state of the German units involved in the initial attack, including the XLVII Panzer Corps which lacked troops, tanks, weapons and was overall unprepared to take Bastogne as planned.
Technology greatly impacted World War I in several ways:
1) Germany used submarines to sink merchant and cargo ships to cut off Britain's resources, but accidentally attacked American ships as well, bringing the US into the war.
2) The French cavalry charged German machine gun positions without realizing the weapons' power, resulting in heavy casualties.
3) The Germans used poison gas against British and French trenches, a new tactic to remove entrenched soldiers.
4) Advanced weapons, transportation, and tactics radically changed the nature and outcome of the war.
This document discusses military tactics and strategies from ancient to modern times. It covers 35 tactics/strategies from figures such as Sun Tzu, Hannibal, Napoleon, and others. It describes key tactics like blitzkrieg, ambush, and fortifications. The document also references 5 sources and includes links to 3 animated videos demonstrating changes in military approaches over the years.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a series of military and political events. Major powers had formed alliances that pulled them into the war, with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fighting against the Allied powers of France, Britain, Russia, and later the U.S. New military technologies like machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas led to horrific trench warfare stalemates on the Western Front. The Eastern Front also saw heavy fighting as Russia and Germany battled back and forth over large areas, resulting in immense casualties. By late 1914, the opposing armies had dug in along hundreds of miles of trenches, beginning years of grueling stalem
Here are some words to help remember the personalities:
Lloyd George - Squeeze, Compromise, Navy
Clemenceau - Tough, Cripple, Rhineland
Wilson - Points, League, Fair, Trade
This document provides an overview of key strategic thinkers and their contributions to strategic thought, including:
1. Kautilya and Sun Tzu emphasized indirect and deceptive approaches to warfare, exploiting weaknesses and achieving victory with minimal engagement.
2. Machiavelli stressed the importance of strong military forces under the ruler's control and the use of deception. He also saw military preparedness as important for defense and stability.
3. Jomini focused on concentrating forces at decisive points and maneuvering to engage enemy fractions.
4. Clausewitz viewed war as continuation of policy and emphasized popular support for war as well as concentrating maximum forces at decisive engagements. Technological aspects of war were not his primary
The European powers made detailed war plans in the years leading up to WWI. Germany's Schlieffen Plan aimed to quickly defeat France in under six weeks before facing Russia, requiring an invasion through Belgium in violation of its neutrality and risking British involvement. While the plans aimed for rapid mobilization of large armies through improved rail systems, they had flaws and became inflexible as tensions rose in 1914.
1) The document discusses the rise of German imperialism in the late 19th century and how it contributed to rising tensions between the major European powers and ultimately led to World War 1.
2) It analyzes how Germany's increasingly aggressive foreign policy under Kaiser Wilhelm II caused other states like France and Britain to see Germany as a threat, leading them to form the Triple Entente alliance for security.
3) Escalating arms races and military plans by Germany and the other powers exacerbated the security dilemma, increasing the risks of an accidental war as countries tried to balance each other's capabilities.
This document summarizes several strategic doctrines from the Cold War era:
1. Massive Retaliation called for nuclear retaliation to any communist aggression. Flexible Response provided conventional and nuclear options.
2. Deterrence aimed to discourage attacks through the threat of retaliation. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) meant neither side would attack due to the threat of nuclear destruction.
3. The Strategic Defense Initiative proposed missile defense to make nuclear weapons obsolete.
Battle of Britain and the Blitz 1940.pptxjohnryan56
Winston Churchill gave a speech expressing confidence that Britain would defend itself from the Nazi threat through resolve and sacrifice if necessary. He stated Britain would fight on beaches, landing grounds, fields, streets, and hills, and would never surrender. Britain was prepared to continue fighting alone if needed. Hitler then decided to prepare for a potential invasion of Britain to end its resistance. The Battle of Britain occurred from July to October 1940 and was the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air. Through superior technology like radar and an integrated air defense system, Britain was able to defeat the German air attacks and withstand invasion. This first defeat of Nazi Germany marked a turning point in the war.
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European History in the 20th Century
European history in the twentieth century contains a series of complex events and it would be important for one to concentrate on the multifaceted information regarding each major event of the previous century. The Battle of Britain took place between July and October 1940 and it involved the British Air Force commanded by Sir Hugh Dowding fighting the German Luftwaffe commanded by Hermann Gรถring. In addition to the significant character of the Second World War in general, this particular battle was also important because it was the first military campaign to be fought entirely above ground.
The German Luftwaffe was tasked with the mission to demonstrate the Nazi war machine s air superiority and this was the perfect opportunity for it to do so. In addition to this, the mission was also meant to destroy a major part of the British air force and the British aircraft industry as a whole. Hitler focused on this mission primarily because he acknowledged the great importance it would play in setting the stage for invading Britain.
Hitler was confident in his powers and the British were intimidated as a result of observing the effectiveness of German powers. It seemed like this was the perfect recipe for victory on behalf of the Germans and most would have considered that it was only a matter of time before the British would be defeated similar to the French. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union seemed hesitant about getting involved in supporting a British defensive and
Get more content on HelpWriting.net
Militarism is discussed as a long-term cause of World War I. Militarism led European countries to engage in an arms race around 1900-1914 as they increased the size and strength of their armies and navies. This grew tensions as countries like Germany and Britain competed to have the most advanced battleships. Militarism also included war plans by generals to fight and win conflicts, such as Germany's Schlieffen Plan to invade Belgium and attack France from the north before turning on Russia. Overall, the prioritization of military strength over diplomacy heightened tensions between European powers and contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
This document discusses the Battle of Britain during World War 2. It provides background on Hitler's aims to defeat the British air force and bomb British cities. It then discusses how Britain was able to win the battle, focusing on four key factors - leadership, tactics, weapons, and technology. Under leadership, it notes the British were well-organized under Air Marshall Dowding while the Germans lacked clear leadership from Goering. Tactics saw the British employ better regional defense while German plans had weaknesses. Technology provided Britain an edge with radar and bullet-proof windshields. Overall, the document analyzes why Britain was ultimately successful in defeating Germany in this pivotal air battle.
The Battle of the Somme in 1916 was a joint British-French offensive intended to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun by diverting German forces. The plan was for a week-long artillery bombardment followed by infantry attacks, with cavalry then exploiting any breakthrough. However, the bombardment warned the Germans and failed to destroy barbed wire or targets fully. On July 1st, the first day, over 60,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded as they went over the top into machine gun fire. By November, over 450,000 British and French soldiers and 650,000 Germans had been killed for minimal gains. The battle became a symbol of the war's futility and cost.
Why was there stalemate on the western frontevansloth
For the first two months of WWI, both sides engaged in mobile warfare in France and Belgium, but by Christmas 1914 the fighting settled into static trench warfare along the Western Front. An initial German plan to quickly defeat France through Belgium failed at the Battle of the Marne in September. This led to a "Race to the Sea" as both sides tried to outflank each other, ultimately resulting in a line of opposing trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Battle of Verdun, which began in February 1916 as a German effort to bleed France dry defending the symbolic fortress city, became the longest battle of WWI, lasting until December 1916 with enormous casualties on both sides. In an effort to relieve pressure on
Means of WarfareThough we have no records of ancient man’s iAbramMartino96
Means of Warfare
Though we have no records of ancient man’s interest in flight we definitely can go back to the great Leonardo Da Vinci and sketches of a mechanical winged device and the Ornithopter. In the ensuing years, man developed hot air balloons. First used during the Napoleonic Wars, the US Army used them during the Civil War, and the French government used them while the Prussians laid siege to Paris in 1870. With such a graphic demonstration of the new options they presented, the British, French, Austrians and Germans developed Balloon Corps within their military establishments. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin developed the first dirigible with a rigid frame—the zeppelin—in 1900. All these are lighter than air inventions. Simultaneous to their development, scientists and inventors examined the possibilities for heavier than air flight. Sir George Cayley studied the physics of flight and developed a practical glider. Sir William Henson built on Cayley’s work and developed a prototype for a steam-driven aircraft. Francis Wenham built the first wind tunnel. Alphonse Penaud and Victor Tatin developed monoplanes and Russian Alexander Mozhaiski flew a steam-powered monoplane 98 feet.[1]However, all these models had significant difficulties with the controls and were subject to the vagaries of the atmosphere and terrain.
The Wrightflyer
It was the Wright brothers who finally developed mechanical means of controlling pitch, role and yaw. Rather than looking at a steam engine, they developed a light-weight internal combustion engine for their plane. They succeeded in conducting the first controlled flight of a powered engine at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina on December 17, 1903.[2] The years between that first flight and the outbreak of the Great War saw tremendous development of aircraft throughout Europe, and most of the Armies kept close tabs on those developments, many of them operating their own aircraft programs.
Aircraft were a part of the arsenals of all the belligerents in the Great War, but they had very limited use. One of the most important of their capabilities was intelligence gathering. Able to fly above the battlefield, and behind enemy lines, pilots could provide important information on enemy troop movements and artillery placement to their headquarters. Occasionally they dropped hand grenades on the enemy. Once they had developed proper gun synchronization (to prevent the pilot from destroying the propeller as he fired his machine gun) pilots of the various belligerents engaged in “dog fights.” Flyers became the new heroes of the 20th century, though regardless of the “romance” of the airman, aircraft had little impact on the outcome of World War I. Take a look at some of the early planes and pilot training in this documentary from World War I.
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World War I Aircraft (WWI Documentary, 1953)
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Napoleonic warfare is fundamentally similar to modern warfare in three key areas: combined arms doctrine, modular units, and professional soldier development. Napoleon emphasized combined infantry, cavalry, and artillery operations to overwhelm enemies, influencing modern doctrines. Similarly, Napoleon organized flexible corps like modern brigade combat teams. Finally, Napoleon and modern militaries develop professional armies through education and training of volunteer citizens and conscripts.
The 263rd Maintenance Company conducted immersive, hands-on training on domestic violence for Soldiers. They staged an elaborate scenario involving actors portraying a couple arguing that escalated to physical violence. As Soldiers progressed through different parts of the scenario, they witnessed signs describing the effects of domestic abuse, heard distressed 911 calls, and observed the couple's argument from different perspectives. The scenario aimed to provoke an emotional response from Soldiers and sparked a discussion where they condemned domestic violence. The training format aimed to make a lasting impression through experiential learning rather than conventional lectures.
The document provides information about World War 1, including the key countries involved on both sides of the war and some of the major events and battles that took place. It discusses the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary versus the Allied Powers like France, Britain, Russia and later the US. Some of the major battles covered include the Marne, where the Allies stopped the German advance on Paris, and the Somme, which resulted in heavy British casualties. The document also discusses the entry of the US into the war, the end of Germany's war efforts, and the eventual Treaty of Versailles that formalized Germany's surrender but has been criticized for punishing Germany harshly.
The documents discuss the major events and battles of World War II in both Europe and Asia, from the rise of Nazi Germany and the start of the war in 1939 to the Allied victories and conclusion in 1945. Key turning points discussed include the Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, Normandy, Midway, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The role of women on the home front during the war is also examined.
The document summarizes the context and organization surrounding the 101st Airborne Division's defense of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. It describes how Bastogne was strategically important due to its network of roads. The German plan called for capturing Bastogne to maintain their rear area communications, though different German units had varying interpretations of this objective. It also outlines the depleted state of the German units involved in the initial attack, including the XLVII Panzer Corps which lacked troops, tanks, weapons and was overall unprepared to take Bastogne as planned.
Technology greatly impacted World War I in several ways:
1) Germany used submarines to sink merchant and cargo ships to cut off Britain's resources, but accidentally attacked American ships as well, bringing the US into the war.
2) The French cavalry charged German machine gun positions without realizing the weapons' power, resulting in heavy casualties.
3) The Germans used poison gas against British and French trenches, a new tactic to remove entrenched soldiers.
4) Advanced weapons, transportation, and tactics radically changed the nature and outcome of the war.
This document discusses military tactics and strategies from ancient to modern times. It covers 35 tactics/strategies from figures such as Sun Tzu, Hannibal, Napoleon, and others. It describes key tactics like blitzkrieg, ambush, and fortifications. The document also references 5 sources and includes links to 3 animated videos demonstrating changes in military approaches over the years.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a series of military and political events. Major powers had formed alliances that pulled them into the war, with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fighting against the Allied powers of France, Britain, Russia, and later the U.S. New military technologies like machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas led to horrific trench warfare stalemates on the Western Front. The Eastern Front also saw heavy fighting as Russia and Germany battled back and forth over large areas, resulting in immense casualties. By late 1914, the opposing armies had dug in along hundreds of miles of trenches, beginning years of grueling stalem
Here are some words to help remember the personalities:
Lloyd George - Squeeze, Compromise, Navy
Clemenceau - Tough, Cripple, Rhineland
Wilson - Points, League, Fair, Trade
This document provides an overview of key strategic thinkers and their contributions to strategic thought, including:
1. Kautilya and Sun Tzu emphasized indirect and deceptive approaches to warfare, exploiting weaknesses and achieving victory with minimal engagement.
2. Machiavelli stressed the importance of strong military forces under the ruler's control and the use of deception. He also saw military preparedness as important for defense and stability.
3. Jomini focused on concentrating forces at decisive points and maneuvering to engage enemy fractions.
4. Clausewitz viewed war as continuation of policy and emphasized popular support for war as well as concentrating maximum forces at decisive engagements. Technological aspects of war were not his primary
The European powers made detailed war plans in the years leading up to WWI. Germany's Schlieffen Plan aimed to quickly defeat France in under six weeks before facing Russia, requiring an invasion through Belgium in violation of its neutrality and risking British involvement. While the plans aimed for rapid mobilization of large armies through improved rail systems, they had flaws and became inflexible as tensions rose in 1914.
1) The document discusses the rise of German imperialism in the late 19th century and how it contributed to rising tensions between the major European powers and ultimately led to World War 1.
2) It analyzes how Germany's increasingly aggressive foreign policy under Kaiser Wilhelm II caused other states like France and Britain to see Germany as a threat, leading them to form the Triple Entente alliance for security.
3) Escalating arms races and military plans by Germany and the other powers exacerbated the security dilemma, increasing the risks of an accidental war as countries tried to balance each other's capabilities.
This document summarizes several strategic doctrines from the Cold War era:
1. Massive Retaliation called for nuclear retaliation to any communist aggression. Flexible Response provided conventional and nuclear options.
2. Deterrence aimed to discourage attacks through the threat of retaliation. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) meant neither side would attack due to the threat of nuclear destruction.
3. The Strategic Defense Initiative proposed missile defense to make nuclear weapons obsolete.
Battle of Britain and the Blitz 1940.pptxjohnryan56
Winston Churchill gave a speech expressing confidence that Britain would defend itself from the Nazi threat through resolve and sacrifice if necessary. He stated Britain would fight on beaches, landing grounds, fields, streets, and hills, and would never surrender. Britain was prepared to continue fighting alone if needed. Hitler then decided to prepare for a potential invasion of Britain to end its resistance. The Battle of Britain occurred from July to October 1940 and was the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air. Through superior technology like radar and an integrated air defense system, Britain was able to defeat the German air attacks and withstand invasion. This first defeat of Nazi Germany marked a turning point in the war.
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Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
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You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
European History in the 20th Century
European history in the twentieth century contains a series of complex events and it would be important for one to concentrate on the multifaceted information regarding each major event of the previous century. The Battle of Britain took place between July and October 1940 and it involved the British Air Force commanded by Sir Hugh Dowding fighting the German Luftwaffe commanded by Hermann Gรถring. In addition to the significant character of the Second World War in general, this particular battle was also important because it was the first military campaign to be fought entirely above ground.
The German Luftwaffe was tasked with the mission to demonstrate the Nazi war machine s air superiority and this was the perfect opportunity for it to do so. In addition to this, the mission was also meant to destroy a major part of the British air force and the British aircraft industry as a whole. Hitler focused on this mission primarily because he acknowledged the great importance it would play in setting the stage for invading Britain.
Hitler was confident in his powers and the British were intimidated as a result of observing the effectiveness of German powers. It seemed like this was the perfect recipe for victory on behalf of the Germans and most would have considered that it was only a matter of time before the British would be defeated similar to the French. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union seemed hesitant about getting involved in supporting a British defensive and
Get more content on HelpWriting.net
Militarism is discussed as a long-term cause of World War I. Militarism led European countries to engage in an arms race around 1900-1914 as they increased the size and strength of their armies and navies. This grew tensions as countries like Germany and Britain competed to have the most advanced battleships. Militarism also included war plans by generals to fight and win conflicts, such as Germany's Schlieffen Plan to invade Belgium and attack France from the north before turning on Russia. Overall, the prioritization of military strength over diplomacy heightened tensions between European powers and contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
This document discusses the Battle of Britain during World War 2. It provides background on Hitler's aims to defeat the British air force and bomb British cities. It then discusses how Britain was able to win the battle, focusing on four key factors - leadership, tactics, weapons, and technology. Under leadership, it notes the British were well-organized under Air Marshall Dowding while the Germans lacked clear leadership from Goering. Tactics saw the British employ better regional defense while German plans had weaknesses. Technology provided Britain an edge with radar and bullet-proof windshields. Overall, the document analyzes why Britain was ultimately successful in defeating Germany in this pivotal air battle.
The Battle of the Somme in 1916 was a joint British-French offensive intended to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun by diverting German forces. The plan was for a week-long artillery bombardment followed by infantry attacks, with cavalry then exploiting any breakthrough. However, the bombardment warned the Germans and failed to destroy barbed wire or targets fully. On July 1st, the first day, over 60,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded as they went over the top into machine gun fire. By November, over 450,000 British and French soldiers and 650,000 Germans had been killed for minimal gains. The battle became a symbol of the war's futility and cost.
Why was there stalemate on the western frontevansloth
For the first two months of WWI, both sides engaged in mobile warfare in France and Belgium, but by Christmas 1914 the fighting settled into static trench warfare along the Western Front. An initial German plan to quickly defeat France through Belgium failed at the Battle of the Marne in September. This led to a "Race to the Sea" as both sides tried to outflank each other, ultimately resulting in a line of opposing trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Battle of Verdun, which began in February 1916 as a German effort to bleed France dry defending the symbolic fortress city, became the longest battle of WWI, lasting until December 1916 with enormous casualties on both sides. In an effort to relieve pressure on
Means of WarfareThough we have no records of ancient man’s iAbramMartino96
Means of Warfare
Though we have no records of ancient man’s interest in flight we definitely can go back to the great Leonardo Da Vinci and sketches of a mechanical winged device and the Ornithopter. In the ensuing years, man developed hot air balloons. First used during the Napoleonic Wars, the US Army used them during the Civil War, and the French government used them while the Prussians laid siege to Paris in 1870. With such a graphic demonstration of the new options they presented, the British, French, Austrians and Germans developed Balloon Corps within their military establishments. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin developed the first dirigible with a rigid frame—the zeppelin—in 1900. All these are lighter than air inventions. Simultaneous to their development, scientists and inventors examined the possibilities for heavier than air flight. Sir George Cayley studied the physics of flight and developed a practical glider. Sir William Henson built on Cayley’s work and developed a prototype for a steam-driven aircraft. Francis Wenham built the first wind tunnel. Alphonse Penaud and Victor Tatin developed monoplanes and Russian Alexander Mozhaiski flew a steam-powered monoplane 98 feet.[1]However, all these models had significant difficulties with the controls and were subject to the vagaries of the atmosphere and terrain.
The Wrightflyer
It was the Wright brothers who finally developed mechanical means of controlling pitch, role and yaw. Rather than looking at a steam engine, they developed a light-weight internal combustion engine for their plane. They succeeded in conducting the first controlled flight of a powered engine at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina on December 17, 1903.[2] The years between that first flight and the outbreak of the Great War saw tremendous development of aircraft throughout Europe, and most of the Armies kept close tabs on those developments, many of them operating their own aircraft programs.
Aircraft were a part of the arsenals of all the belligerents in the Great War, but they had very limited use. One of the most important of their capabilities was intelligence gathering. Able to fly above the battlefield, and behind enemy lines, pilots could provide important information on enemy troop movements and artillery placement to their headquarters. Occasionally they dropped hand grenades on the enemy. Once they had developed proper gun synchronization (to prevent the pilot from destroying the propeller as he fired his machine gun) pilots of the various belligerents engaged in “dog fights.” Flyers became the new heroes of the 20th century, though regardless of the “romance” of the airman, aircraft had little impact on the outcome of World War I. Take a look at some of the early planes and pilot training in this documentary from World War I.
Kresha Kopik
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World War I Aircraft (WWI Documentary, 1953)
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1. Phillips-H200-1
US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE
US Army Command and General Staff School
Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course
H200 Argumentative Essay
The Importance of Technology in Military Innovations
PHILLIPS, E. SHANE
MAJ, LG
CLASS 14-01
STAFF GROUP 12 D
January 24, 2014
2. Phillips-H200-2
Military technology can have devastating and demoralizing effects on an enemy.
Technological advancement, however, is far from the most important factor in military
innovation because sound doctrine and appropriately forward looking national policy can
overcome a superior technology. In World War II, even though France had superior armored
technology it was unable to stand against German blitzkrieg tactics. Germany nearly starved
Great Britain out of the war with the U-boat until British and American forces developed
doctrine to counter the submersible threat. Furthermore, advocates of air power believed air
superiority was the definitive technology making all other forms of warfare obsolete until
national policies and international convention prohibiting total war severely limited the
capabilities of air power. Technology can only contribute to success in military innovation when
leaders combine new technologies with adaptive doctrine that is balanced with appropriate
national policy and compliant with international conventions.
France, Germany, and Great Britain each regarded their World War I experience
differently. Each also had very different outlooks on the concept and future of warfare. The
British Army found itself surrounded by hostile political opponents1 and relegated to the role of
colonial police force2 with a steeply restricted budget. The British largely believed that no
circumstance could possibly warrant another war on such a grand scale.3 The French experience
was somewhat similar.4 However, despite being just as eager to avoid war as Great Britain,
France’s proximity to Germany made it unrealistic to ignore the possibility of future hostilities.5
Germany, on the other hand, seemed to view its defeat in World War I as nothing more than an
extended operational pause,6 a pause that the German Army took advantage of to adapt and
redefine its method of warfare.7 Because of sanctions resulting from its defeat in 1918 that
prevented amassing a large army, the Germans instead developed a doctrine that embraced
3. Phillips-H200-3
maneuver warfare with the armored tank as the centerpiece.8 France, however, biased by its
experience in World War I, failed to adapt to the advancement in technology and its effect on
doctrine and tactics. Thus, during the interwar period that precipitated World War II, the French
Army pursued a defensive based doctrine that lead to the Maginot Line. Using a highly
centralized command structure, France assumed massed artillery fire would reign supreme on the
battlefield and render fortified positions highly resistant to any enemy attack.9 Because of this,
the French relegated their tanks to a support role in what they termed the “methodical battle.”10
France simply did not grasp the concept of combined arms warfare.11 Instead, French doctrine
called for artillery to delay and attrite enemy forces while amassing an overwhelming
combination of infantry and armor units that would assault only when the situation was optimal
for success.12 Unfortunately, the German Wehrmacht, employing the now infamous blitzkrieg,
simply bypassed the Maginot Line and punched through a more weakly held French front line.13
Consequently, even though France had armored tanks that were technologically superior to
German armor in several ways, the French Army could not withstand the onslaught of the
German Wehrmacht and its blitzkrieg tactics.
Technology has had an almost equal influence on naval operations as it has had on land
warfare. During World War I, Germany set out to choke the British economy so tightly that it
would have to abandon the war effort.14 Although ultimately unsuccessful, Germany’s
unrestricted U-boat attacks on merchant and supply vessels very nearly drove Great Britain out
of the war.15 The only thing that prevented British defeat was the use of convoy operations
doctrine to help protect its shipping lanes. Oddly enough, the doctrine used to combat German
U-boats in World War I was similar to that used during the Napoleonic wars against French
raiders.16 It is understandable how British leadership might have forgotten or failed to consider
4. Phillips-H200-4
sea convoys as a viable defense given the amount of time that passed between the Napoleonic
wars and World War I. Less understandable is how the British very nearly suffered the same fate
again in World War II and under virtually the same circumstances.
Following World War I, the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from producing
submarines, aircraft, and aircraft carriers in order to eviscerate its navy and help prevent another
war.17 This treaty, along with the Washington Treaties and the London Treaties, proved to have a
profound psychological effect on the British who believed these treaties were sufficient to hold
the German war machine in check and that submarine warfare was now obsolete and no longer a
threat.18 The advent of sonar technology further clouded British judgment since they assumed it
provided a “silver bullet” with which to defeat German U-boats.19 If faced with a submersible
threat, sonar equipped destroyers would simply hunt down the enemy vessels. Therefore, the
British considered the need for anti-submarine warfare outdated. They soon found, however, that
hunting down German U-boats with sonar technology was very nearly impossible.20
Consequently, the British and their allies once again had to resort to naval convoys to protect
shipping lanes. This time, however, the British doctrine integrated aviation into their naval
defense plans.21 As a result, antisubmarine warfare was far more effective and destroyed 63
percent of German U-boat sorties from 1939 to 1945 compared to only about 42 percent
destroyed from 1914 to 1918.22
The German Wehrmacht proved that superior doctrine and tactical ingenuity could
overcome a technological disadvantage when they invaded France. The British demonstrated that
simply having a new technology does not automatically invalidate an existing threat. Yet another
potential limitation on the effectiveness of technology is the scope and breadth of a nation’s
policies, its strategy, or possibly even international conventions. The vast appeal of air power lies
5. Phillips-H200-5
in its ability to project destructive power deep into enemy territory with great speed and without
the horrors associated with ground wars.23 Following World War I, advocates of air power
believed it to be the zenith of warfare that could dominate not only on land but at sea as well.24
To this end, Italian General Giulio Douhet believed in practicing total war on an enemy nation’s
government, economy, and its people.25 He even advocated using the range and speed of
strategic bombers to deliver chemical weapons in addition to conventional munitions. This, he
claimed, would significantly shorten wars by attacking the will of the people.26 However, the
potential widespread panic from air bombing if employed against civilian targets resulted in an
international debate regarding what constituted legal targets.27 The League of Nations even
considered outlawing aerial bombing outright in 1925 at the insistence of the United Kingdom.28
Today, of course, the Geneva Convention prohibits the use weapons that cause undue pain and
suffering or indiscriminately target military and civilian assets29 but even at the outset of World
War II, the United States Congress would not approve funding for an air bomber whose sole
purpose was to target civilian populations.30 Alternatively, British General Hugh Trenchard
proposed that air power could serve instead as a substitute for conventional ground or naval
forces to perform tactical roles on the battlefield.31 This concept ultimately developed into
tactical close air support doctrine such as used in the Battle of Cambrai during World War I
when, as part of a combined arms warfare campaign, the British integrated infantry, armor, and
air assets.32 Unfortunately, the British came to view close air support as too costly when the
positive effects were so unpredictable.33 Thus, the restrictive budget imposed by the British
government limited the capability of its air power at the time.
There is one instance, of course, when a technological advantage was so vast that no tactical
or doctrinal innovation could overcome it. On August 6 and August 9, 1945, two United States
6. Phillips-H200-6
Army Air Corps bombers dropped the first and second atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, Japan. However, since then the United States’ policy is that it will not employ
“nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states that are party to the non-nuclear proliferation treaty
and remain in compliance with their non-nuclear proliferation obligations.”34 Thus, as British
policy limited the development and employment of close air support so too does current United
States policy restrict employment of nuclear technology.
Technology is certainly a combat multiplier but history also proves that a balance of
technological advancement coupled with adaptive doctrine and appropriate national policy is
critical to effective military innovation. The French experience versus the German Wehrmacht
demonstrated that having a superior technological advantage is not always enough to overcome a
doctrinally innovative enemy. The British depended on various treaties to prevent German
aggression. When that failed their reliance on sonar technology proved insufficient as well. Only
when they adopted specific antisubmarine warfare doctrine to counter the German U-boats were
they successful. Finally, advocates of air power believed its capabilities were sufficient to swiftly
defeat its enemies and even replace conventional forces. However, international convention
emplaces restrictions on much of what air power can do. Additionally, some national policies
and budget constraints limit how a country employs its technologies. Technology remains vitally
important if for no other reason than because of the degree of destruction and psychological
devastation it can bring to the fight. Ultimately, the atomic bomb ended the war in the Pacific.35
Despite this fact, the most important factor in military innovation is not technology. Technology
is only one part of a triad that includes both political and military leadership as well as sound
doctrine to be effective.3637
7. Phillips-H200-7
End Notes
1 Williamson Murray, “Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German experiences.” In Military Innovation in
the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press,1996, 9.
2 Ibid, 10.
3 Ibid, 9.
4 Ibid, 12.
5 Ibid, 12-13.
6 MAJ Michael Kotich, paraphrased from his comment during H206 Blitzkrieg, 1939-41 class on 16 DEC 13
indicating that Germany viewed the Interwar Period of 1918-1939 as similar to halftime at a football game.
7 Williamson Murray, “Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German experiences.” In Military Innovation in
the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press,1996, 7.
8 Ibid, 7.
9 Ibid, 32.
10 Ibid, 32.
11 Dr. Jill Valentine, paraphrased from a statement made during H206 Blitzkrieg, 1939-41 class on 16 DEC 13
regarding France’s understanding ofcombined arms warfare.
12 Williamson Murray, “Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German experiences.” In Military Innovation in
the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press,1996, 32.
13 Robert A. Doughty, “French Operational Art: 1888–1940.” In Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art,
edited by Michael D. Krause and R. Cody Phillips, 90–108. Washington,DC: US Army Center of Military History,
2005. Reprinted in US Army Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings,217-227. Fort
Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC, September 2013, 220-221.
14 Holger H. Herwig, “The Submarine Problem.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by
Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 231.
15Ibid, 229.
16 Ibid, 229.
17 John Kuehn, “Perspectives from Great Britain, Japan, and Germany.” Excerpt from The Influence of Naval Arms
Limitation on U.S. Naval Innovation During the Interwar Period, 1921–1937,ch.8, 263–88. PhD diss., Kansas
State University, 2007. Reprinted in US Army Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings,95-
108. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC, September 2013, 95-96.
18 Ibid, 97.
19 Ibid, 97.
20 Holger H. Herwig, “The Submarine Problem.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by
Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 229.
21 Mark Milner, “The Battle That Had to Be Won.” In Naval History Magazine 22, no. 3 (June 2008: Reprinted in
US Army Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings,305-314. Fort Leavenworth, KS:
USACGSC, September 2013, 307.
22 Holger H. Herwig, “The Submarine Problem.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by
Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 231; derived
from the numbers of U-boat sorties destroyed specifically by antisubmarine warfare during both World War I (134
out of 178) and World War II (593 out of 784).
23 Williamson Murray, “Strategic Bombing: The British, American, and German experiences.” In Military
Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 96-143, New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press, 1996, 96.
24 Alan Stephens,“The True Believers: Airpower between the Wars.” In The War in the Air: 1914–1994,edited by
Alan Stephens,29–43. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 2001. Reprinted in US Army Command
and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings,75-85. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC, September 2013, 75,
derived from the quotations of General Hugh Trenchard, General Giulio Douhet, and General William Mitchell
25 Ibid, 78.
26 Ibid, 78.
27 Ibid, 81-82.
8. Phillips-H200-8
28 Ibid, 82.
29 International Committee of the Red Cross. The Geneva Convention.Chapter 20. Rules 70 and 71.
http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_cha_chapter20_rule70 (accessed 19 January 2014).
30 Williamson A. Murray, “The World in Conflict.” In The Cambridge History of Warfare, Edited by Geoffrey
Parker, 314-337. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 319.
31 Ibid, 77.
32 Richard R. Muller, “Close Air Support: The German, British, and American experiences, 1918-1941.” In Military
Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 144-190, New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press, 1996, 151.
33 Ibid, 152.
34 US Department of Defense. 2010 Nuclear Posture Review Report, Washington,DC: April 2010, 1-72, viii.
35 MAJ Philip Staten, paraphrased from a comment made during H208 Naval Innovation in the Pacific and the
Atlantic class on 17 JAN 14.
36 MAJ Tim Smith, paraphrased from a comment made during H208 Naval Innovation in the Pacific and the Atlantic
class on 17 JAN 14.
37 Faith Phillips read this paper for clarity.
9. Phillips-H200-9
Bibliography
Doughty, Robert A. “French Operational Art: 1888–1940.” In Historical Perspectives of the
Operational Art, edited by Michael D. Krause and R. Cody Phillips, 90–108. Washington,
DC: US Army Center of Military History, 2005. Reprinted in US Army Command and
General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings, 217-227. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC,
September 2013.
Herwig, Holger H. “The Submarine Problem.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period.
Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press, 1996.
International Committee of the Red Cross. The Geneva Convention. Chapter 20. Rules 70 and
71. http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_cha_chapter20_rule70
(accessed 19 January 2014)
Kuehn, John T. “Perspectives from Great Britain, Japan, and Germany.” Excerpt from The
Influence of Naval Arms Limitation on U.S. Naval Innovation During the Interwar Period,
1921–1937, ch. 8, 263–88. PhD diss., Kansas State University, 2007. Reprinted in US Army
Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings, 95-108. Fort Leavenworth,
KS: USACGSC, September 2013.
Milner, Marc. “The Battle That Had to Be Won.” In Naval History Magazine 22, no. 3 (June
2008: Reprinted in US Army Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of Readings,
305-314. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC, September 2013.
Muller, Richard R. “Close Air Support: The German, British, and American experiences, 1918-
1941.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan
R. Millett, 144-190, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996
Murray, Williamson. “Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German experiences.” In
Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R.
Millett, 6-49, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Murray, Williamson. “Strategic Bombing: The British, American, and German experiences.” In
Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R.
Millett, 96-143, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Murray, Williamson. “The World in Conflict.” In The Cambridge History of Warfare, Edited by
Geoffrey Parker, 314-337. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Stephens, Alan. “The True Believers: Airpower between the Wars.” In The War in the Air:
1914–1994, edited by Alan Stephens, 29–43. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University
Press, 2001. Reprinted in US Army Command and General Staff College, H200 Book of
Readings, 75-85. Fort Leavenworth, KS: USACGSC, September 2013.