Phil 1602 Midterm Exam Study Guide Based on the following assigned readings: Sophie’s World: chapters “The Garden of Eden” through “The Baroque” A Short History: pages 1-174 Topic Page number in textbook Important Information (historical details; philosophical teachings) What is the meaning of the name philosopher? Describe the philosophical perspective of Siddhartha Gautama – identify the central philosophical question he sought to answer Philosophical perspective of Confucius -- identify his two main concerns What was the foundation of ancient Chinese society? What perception of the world currently follows a variation of Confucianism? When did Pythagoras live? What was his explanation of the nature of reality? How did Thales explain the structure of the cosmos? What is the philosophical significance of Thales? What was Heraclitus’ view of the universe? What statement expresses his basic philosophical insight into the nature of reality? What “shared belief” was held by the earliest philosophers about the nature (root) of change in the universe? Why are the earliest Greek philosophers called “natural philosophers”? Empedocles’ view of the nature of reality (how many elements) Who was the most important of the Eleatic philosophers? What did Parmenides say about the reliability of sense perceptions of reality? Anaxagoras’ view of the nature of reality (how many elements) Define Democritus’ atom theory How was Democritus’ view of “design” in nature different from other early Greek philosophers? What is the philosophical lesson to be learned from the Homeric poets? Who were the Sophists? What did they believe? What did Protagoras mean by the statement, “Man is the measure of all things”? Define epistemic relativism Identify Socrates – dates, basic philosophical beliefs, crimes for which he was accused, importance in history of philosophy Explain Plato’s Myth of the Cave – what is the main theory it expresses? What happens to the freed prisoner when he returns to tell his fellow prisoners what he has learned and what is the meaning Plato attaches to this? Explain Plato’s theory of the soul. What are the implications of this theory for ethics? According to Plato, what are the implications of this theory for politics? What did Aristotle think of Plato’s Theory of the Forms? What did Socrates and Aristotle believe was the primary purpose of human life? What was Aristotle’s notion of god? Explain the difference between accidental and essential properties according to Aristotle Explain Aristotle’s theory of the “mean” Explain, with examples, Aristotle’s theory of “causes” What is the ideal government according to Plato’s Republic? What does Plato think about democracy? How did Plato and Aristotle disagree over the nature of women? Who were the Cynics? What did they believe? Who were the Stoics? What did they believe? Who were the Epicureans? What did they believe? Who w ...