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This document discusses various pharmacological drugs such as amiodarone, hydralazine, bretylium, clemastine, diazoxide, guanithidine, methoxamine, and doxazosin. It also mentions songs and power point projects as well as accessing reports that seem to be part of a to be continued section.
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SDS PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are first denatured and treated with SDS to give each polypeptide chain a negative charge proportional to its molecular weight. The polypeptide-SDS complexes are then electrophoresed through a polyacrylamide gel, allowing separation based on size. Smaller complexes migrate farther and faster through the gel than larger ones. Bands are then visualized after staining to reveal the protein sizes.
SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are treated with SDS to impart a uniform charge, then loaded into wells in a polyacrylamide gel. An electric current causes the proteins to migrate through the stacking gel and separating gel at rates inversely proportional to their log molecular weight. The separated proteins are then stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye to visualize bands and determine their molecular weights by comparing to marker proteins.
Sds page
This document provides instructions for performing electrophoresis to separate and characterize proteins. It describes how proteins are linearized and given a negative charge when mixed with SDS detergent, allowing them to be separated by size when an electric current is applied across a polyacrylamide gel medium. Detailed procedures are given for preparing the gel, loading samples mixed with buffer, running the electrophoresis, and staining proteins in the gel for visualization and analysis. A list of standard marker proteins and their molecular weights is also provided for comparison.
SDS PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by molecular weight. Proteins are denatured and given a negative charge by SDS detergent before running through a polyacrylamide gel matrix by electrophoresis. Smaller proteins migrate faster through the gel, allowing separation by size. After electrophoresis, proteins bands can be visualized using stains like Coomassie blue or silver stain to analyze characteristics like molecular weight, purity, and subunit composition.
Role of a Pharmacologist By Dr.Harmanjit Singh
A pharmacologist has several key roles:
1. Medical education - Teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students about rational drug use, effects, toxicity, and interactions.
2. Research - Conducting both basic and clinical research, ensuring adherence to guidelines for clinical trials and ethical reviews.
3. Regulatory affairs - Involved in essential drug lists, national drug policy, and regulatory bodies like drug authorities.
Management of cancer pain
This document discusses cancer pain, its causes, types, prevalence among cancer patients, diagnosis, and management. It states that moderate to severe pain is experienced by 40-50% of cancer patients, while very severe pain affects 25-30%. Pain management methods discussed include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, bisphosphonates, surgery, complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage, and use of the WHO pain ladder for pharmacological treatments. It also covers mucositis, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and the use of non-analgesic drugs to manage certain painful conditions in cancer patients.
J O Pi Oid
The document discusses opioid analgesics and their mechanism of action in reducing pain. It notes that opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Specifically, opioids promote the opening of potassium ion channels and inhibit calcium ion channels in neurons, reducing neurotransmitter release and nerve signal transmission. This leads to analgesic, or pain-relieving, effects. However, opioids can also cause side effects like respiratory depression and dependence with prolonged use.
Y2 s1 pain physiology
The document discusses the physiology of pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It describes the dual nature of fast and slow pain mediated by different nerve fiber types. Stimuli that can cause pain and the receptors involved are discussed. The pathways that carry pain signals from receptors to the brain through the spinal cord and thalamus are summarized. Finally, it outlines the gate control theory of pain modulation by interactions between pain and touch fibers at the spinal cord.
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SDS PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are first denatured and treated with SDS to give each polypeptide chain a negative charge proportional to its molecular weight. The polypeptide-SDS complexes are then electrophoresed through a polyacrylamide gel, allowing separation based on size. Smaller complexes migrate farther and faster through the gel than larger ones. Bands are then visualized after staining to reveal the protein sizes.
SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are treated with SDS to impart a uniform charge, then loaded into wells in a polyacrylamide gel. An electric current causes the proteins to migrate through the stacking gel and separating gel at rates inversely proportional to their log molecular weight. The separated proteins are then stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye to visualize bands and determine their molecular weights by comparing to marker proteins.
Sds page
This document provides instructions for performing electrophoresis to separate and characterize proteins. It describes how proteins are linearized and given a negative charge when mixed with SDS detergent, allowing them to be separated by size when an electric current is applied across a polyacrylamide gel medium. Detailed procedures are given for preparing the gel, loading samples mixed with buffer, running the electrophoresis, and staining proteins in the gel for visualization and analysis. A list of standard marker proteins and their molecular weights is also provided for comparison.
SDS PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by molecular weight. Proteins are denatured and given a negative charge by SDS detergent before running through a polyacrylamide gel matrix by electrophoresis. Smaller proteins migrate faster through the gel, allowing separation by size. After electrophoresis, proteins bands can be visualized using stains like Coomassie blue or silver stain to analyze characteristics like molecular weight, purity, and subunit composition.
Role of a Pharmacologist By Dr.Harmanjit Singh
A pharmacologist has several key roles:
1. Medical education - Teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students about rational drug use, effects, toxicity, and interactions.
2. Research - Conducting both basic and clinical research, ensuring adherence to guidelines for clinical trials and ethical reviews.
3. Regulatory affairs - Involved in essential drug lists, national drug policy, and regulatory bodies like drug authorities.
Management of cancer pain
This document discusses cancer pain, its causes, types, prevalence among cancer patients, diagnosis, and management. It states that moderate to severe pain is experienced by 40-50% of cancer patients, while very severe pain affects 25-30%. Pain management methods discussed include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, bisphosphonates, surgery, complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage, and use of the WHO pain ladder for pharmacological treatments. It also covers mucositis, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and the use of non-analgesic drugs to manage certain painful conditions in cancer patients.
J O Pi Oid
The document discusses opioid analgesics and their mechanism of action in reducing pain. It notes that opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Specifically, opioids promote the opening of potassium ion channels and inhibit calcium ion channels in neurons, reducing neurotransmitter release and nerve signal transmission. This leads to analgesic, or pain-relieving, effects. However, opioids can also cause side effects like respiratory depression and dependence with prolonged use.
Y2 s1 pain physiology
The document discusses the physiology of pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It describes the dual nature of fast and slow pain mediated by different nerve fiber types. Stimuli that can cause pain and the receptors involved are discussed. The pathways that carry pain signals from receptors to the brain through the spinal cord and thalamus are summarized. Finally, it outlines the gate control theory of pain modulation by interactions between pain and touch fibers at the spinal cord.
NurseReview.Org - Opioid Analgesics Updates (online continuing education phar...
This document discusses opioid analgesic agents and their use for pain management. It describes how opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to inhibit pain signal transmission. It also covers the classification of different types of pain, the gate control theory of pain, opioid tolerance and dependence, side effects of opioids, and nursing considerations for opioid administration and monitoring.
Clinical pharmacology history roles & research
Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
Development of morphine agonists and antagonists
The document discusses the development of morphine agonists and antagonists. It provides background on morphine, including its history, classification, structure, and mechanism of action. It then describes how modifications to morphine's structure can produce agonists that activate opioid receptors or antagonists that block receptor activation. Various morphine analogs are discussed, along with their potency and clinical uses for pain management or reversing opioid overdoses.
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This document summarizes information about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including their mechanism of action, types, effects, uses, and side effects. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production and thus pain, fever, and inflammation. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. While effective for conditions like arthritis, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular side effects.
Pain pathway
This document summarizes the pain pathway in the human body. It begins with an introduction to pain and its characteristics. It then discusses the different types of pain sensations conducted by different nerve fibers. It explains Gate Control Theory and the differences between somatic and visceral sensory function. It provides details on pain receptors, the pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to the brain, and examples of tooth pulp pain and referred pain. It concludes with management strategies for pain.
Opiod analgesics Med Chem Lecture
Opiod analgesics work by agonizing opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to inhibition of pain signal transmission through various mechanisms. Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic, isolated from opium poppy. It is a potent mu receptor agonist. Several semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids have been derived from morphine modification, resulting in compounds with varying potency, selectivity, and side effect profiles. Opioids are highly effective analgesics but also carry risks of tolerance, dependence, and addiction due to their euphoric effects and dopamine stimulation in the brain's reward pathway.
NSAIDs- (for Allied health sciences)
This document provides information on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antipyretic-analgesics. It discusses the classes of NSAIDs including mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, examples of drugs, and side effects. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and thereby reducing production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, and fever. The document also reviews antirheumatic drugs for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as well as drugs for treating gout such as allopurinol, probenecid, and corticosteroids.
Clinical pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology connects medical practice and laboratory science by promoting drug safety and maximizing effects while minimizing side effects. It has been practiced for centuries through observing herbal remedies, and scientific advances allowed studying physiological and biological drug effects. Clinical pharmacologists have medical and scientific training enabling them to evaluate evidence and conduct studies to personalize therapies. They analyze adverse effects, toxicology, and more. Drugs are classified and regulated, and developing new drugs is a long process involving pre-clinical and clinical testing, FDA approval, and post-market surveillance.
Pain & Theories of Pain
This document provides an overview of pain theories and the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation. It defines pain and classifies types of pain fibers and pain. Several historical theories of pain are outlined. The bulk of the document focuses on explaining the Gate Control Theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. This theory proposes that a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord regulates whether painful stimuli are transmitted to the brain based on the interplay between small nerve fibers carrying pain and large fibers carrying other sensations. When the gate is closed, pain is not perceived, and when open, pain signals pass through.
Pain gate theory
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
Pain Control Theories
The document discusses several theories of pain including:
1) Specificity theory which proposed specialized pain receptors
2) Gate control theory which proposes that pain is modulated by a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by non-painful stimuli
3) Neuromatrix theory which suggests that a person's unique matrix of neurons is shaped by their physical, psychological, and cognitive traits and experiences.
It also discusses pain control mechanisms like endogenous opiates and placebos, and provides examples of how integrating pain theories can guide multimodal pain management strategies.
Nervous system and mechanism of pain sensation
summary of nervous system, including peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, a brief on nerve anatomy and functioning,gate control theory, mechanism of dental pain
Nsaids
The document discusses pain and analgesics like NSAIDs and paracetamol. It describes how NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, which are responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. NSAIDs are classified as non-selective or selective COX inhibitors. Aspirin is a prototype non-selective NSAID that is used for analgesia, antipyresis and inflammation. Its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and side effects are detailed. Paracetamol is discussed as a non-NSAID analgesic-antipyretic that is metabolized in the liver and can cause toxicity in overdose through its reactive metabolite NAP
Physiology and pharmacology of pain
This document discusses physiology and pharmacology of pain. It defines pain and describes nociceptors, types of pain pathways, and opioid analgesics. It focuses on the mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects of morphine, the prototypical opioid analgesic. It summarizes morphine's pharmacological actions including analgesia, tolerance, dependence, and interactions with other drugs.
B A S I C S O F Pharmacology
This document provides an overview of basic pharmacology concepts including:
1) Definitions of key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2) Classification of drugs by their mechanisms and sites of action as well as drug scheduling systems.
3) Factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion such as formulation, dose regimes and plasma drug levels.
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which prevents the formation of prostaglandins. Aspirin is a nonselective COX inhibitor that irreversibly acetylates both COX-1 and COX-2. It has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. Aspirin is metabolized to salicylic acid and excreted by the kidneys. It is used to treat fever, pain, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, but carries risks in children and those with asthma or prior gastrointestinal issues.
NSAIDS
This document provides an overview of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of pain, fever, and inflammation. The summary describes the key effects of NSAIDs, including their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of prostaglandin synthesis. It also briefly mentions the risks of NSAID use, such as potential gastrointestinal toxicity.
Narcotics and non narcotics analgesics
This document summarizes various classes of analgesic drugs including narcotics/opioids, non-narcotics, and specific drugs within each class. It describes the mechanism of action, uses, and side effects of common opioid analgesics like morphine, methadone, fentanyl, and non-opioid analgesics like acetaminophen. It also discusses opioid receptor types and how different drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, or mixed agonist-antagonists at these receptors.
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The document discusses two drugs, metoprolol and atenolol, which are beta-1 selective blockers used to treat hypertension and angina. While they have modest beta-1 selectivity, they should be used cautiously in patients with a history of bronchospasm. The half-life of metoprolol is approximately 10 minutes, and both drugs are considered safer options than propranolol for patients who experience bronchospasm.
Pharma minutes
my luxury input in perfection tour.
outcome , apply ,tool squares 's input also
higher authority word from my position as egyptian pharmacist.
Perfection seniority customization
the one who complete the perfection land squares first or gain the higher score become a perfection seniority for the duration of touring within the subject of tour and can customize the perfection land in that duration.
Implementation ribbon
This document discusses analyzing workplace problems, planning constructive action, and meeting the needs of individuals, groups and the organization. Data is gathered on issues and results are reviewed to understand needs at different levels before planning improvements.
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This document discusses opioid analgesic agents and their use for pain management. It describes how opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to inhibit pain signal transmission. It also covers the classification of different types of pain, the gate control theory of pain, opioid tolerance and dependence, side effects of opioids, and nursing considerations for opioid administration and monitoring.
Clinical pharmacology history roles & research
Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
Development of morphine agonists and antagonists
The document discusses the development of morphine agonists and antagonists. It provides background on morphine, including its history, classification, structure, and mechanism of action. It then describes how modifications to morphine's structure can produce agonists that activate opioid receptors or antagonists that block receptor activation. Various morphine analogs are discussed, along with their potency and clinical uses for pain management or reversing opioid overdoses.
Antiinflammatory and nsai ds
This document summarizes information about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including their mechanism of action, types, effects, uses, and side effects. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production and thus pain, fever, and inflammation. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. While effective for conditions like arthritis, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular side effects.
Pain pathway
This document summarizes the pain pathway in the human body. It begins with an introduction to pain and its characteristics. It then discusses the different types of pain sensations conducted by different nerve fibers. It explains Gate Control Theory and the differences between somatic and visceral sensory function. It provides details on pain receptors, the pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to the brain, and examples of tooth pulp pain and referred pain. It concludes with management strategies for pain.
Opiod analgesics Med Chem Lecture
Opiod analgesics work by agonizing opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to inhibition of pain signal transmission through various mechanisms. Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic, isolated from opium poppy. It is a potent mu receptor agonist. Several semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids have been derived from morphine modification, resulting in compounds with varying potency, selectivity, and side effect profiles. Opioids are highly effective analgesics but also carry risks of tolerance, dependence, and addiction due to their euphoric effects and dopamine stimulation in the brain's reward pathway.
NSAIDs- (for Allied health sciences)
This document provides information on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antipyretic-analgesics. It discusses the classes of NSAIDs including mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, examples of drugs, and side effects. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and thereby reducing production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, and fever. The document also reviews antirheumatic drugs for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as well as drugs for treating gout such as allopurinol, probenecid, and corticosteroids.
Clinical pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology connects medical practice and laboratory science by promoting drug safety and maximizing effects while minimizing side effects. It has been practiced for centuries through observing herbal remedies, and scientific advances allowed studying physiological and biological drug effects. Clinical pharmacologists have medical and scientific training enabling them to evaluate evidence and conduct studies to personalize therapies. They analyze adverse effects, toxicology, and more. Drugs are classified and regulated, and developing new drugs is a long process involving pre-clinical and clinical testing, FDA approval, and post-market surveillance.
Pain & Theories of Pain
This document provides an overview of pain theories and the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation. It defines pain and classifies types of pain fibers and pain. Several historical theories of pain are outlined. The bulk of the document focuses on explaining the Gate Control Theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. This theory proposes that a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord regulates whether painful stimuli are transmitted to the brain based on the interplay between small nerve fibers carrying pain and large fibers carrying other sensations. When the gate is closed, pain is not perceived, and when open, pain signals pass through.
Pain gate theory
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
Pain Control Theories
The document discusses several theories of pain including:
1) Specificity theory which proposed specialized pain receptors
2) Gate control theory which proposes that pain is modulated by a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by non-painful stimuli
3) Neuromatrix theory which suggests that a person's unique matrix of neurons is shaped by their physical, psychological, and cognitive traits and experiences.
It also discusses pain control mechanisms like endogenous opiates and placebos, and provides examples of how integrating pain theories can guide multimodal pain management strategies.
Nervous system and mechanism of pain sensation
summary of nervous system, including peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, a brief on nerve anatomy and functioning,gate control theory, mechanism of dental pain
Nsaids
The document discusses pain and analgesics like NSAIDs and paracetamol. It describes how NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, which are responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. NSAIDs are classified as non-selective or selective COX inhibitors. Aspirin is a prototype non-selective NSAID that is used for analgesia, antipyresis and inflammation. Its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and side effects are detailed. Paracetamol is discussed as a non-NSAID analgesic-antipyretic that is metabolized in the liver and can cause toxicity in overdose through its reactive metabolite NAP
Physiology and pharmacology of pain
This document discusses physiology and pharmacology of pain. It defines pain and describes nociceptors, types of pain pathways, and opioid analgesics. It focuses on the mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects of morphine, the prototypical opioid analgesic. It summarizes morphine's pharmacological actions including analgesia, tolerance, dependence, and interactions with other drugs.
B A S I C S O F Pharmacology
This document provides an overview of basic pharmacology concepts including:
1) Definitions of key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2) Classification of drugs by their mechanisms and sites of action as well as drug scheduling systems.
3) Factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion such as formulation, dose regimes and plasma drug levels.
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which prevents the formation of prostaglandins. Aspirin is a nonselective COX inhibitor that irreversibly acetylates both COX-1 and COX-2. It has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. Aspirin is metabolized to salicylic acid and excreted by the kidneys. It is used to treat fever, pain, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, but carries risks in children and those with asthma or prior gastrointestinal issues.
NSAIDS
This document provides an overview of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of pain, fever, and inflammation. The summary describes the key effects of NSAIDs, including their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of prostaglandin synthesis. It also briefly mentions the risks of NSAID use, such as potential gastrointestinal toxicity.
Narcotics and non narcotics analgesics
This document summarizes various classes of analgesic drugs including narcotics/opioids, non-narcotics, and specific drugs within each class. It describes the mechanism of action, uses, and side effects of common opioid analgesics like morphine, methadone, fentanyl, and non-opioid analgesics like acetaminophen. It also discusses opioid receptor types and how different drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, or mixed agonist-antagonists at these receptors.
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The document discusses two drugs, metoprolol and atenolol, which are beta-1 selective blockers used to treat hypertension and angina. While they have modest beta-1 selectivity, they should be used cautiously in patients with a history of bronchospasm. The half-life of metoprolol is approximately 10 minutes, and both drugs are considered safer options than propranolol for patients who experience bronchospasm.
Pharma minutes
my luxury input in perfection tour.
outcome , apply ,tool squares 's input also
higher authority word from my position as egyptian pharmacist.
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the one who complete the perfection land squares first or gain the higher score become a perfection seniority for the duration of touring within the subject of tour and can customize the perfection land in that duration.
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Pharmacologist eye
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