This presentation describes Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics by side by side comparison, which will help to understand both the concepts easily.

1. •Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in
motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology
dedicated to determine the fate of substances administered to a living organism.
•The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as: pharmaceutical
drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. It attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and
to discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at
which it is completely eliminated from the body.
•Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects a drug,
whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism.
• Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.
•Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology, being itself
a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions between both endogenous and
exogenous chemical substances with living organisms.
IUPAC definition
Pharmacokinetics: Process of the uptake of
drugs by the body, the biotransformation they
undergo, the distribution of the drugs and
their metabolites in the tissues, and the
elimination of the drugs and their metabolites
from the body over a period of time.
Study of more such related processes.
IUPAC definition
Pharmacodynamics: Study of
pharmacological actions on living systems,
including the reactions with and binding
to cell constituents, and the biochemical
and physiological consequences of these
actions

2. •Liberation – the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation.
•Absorption – the process of a substance entering the blood circulation.
•Distribution – the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues
of the body.
•Metabolism (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a
foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into
daughter metabolites.
•Excretion – the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly
accumulate in body tissue.

3. Drug Delivery Systems
A drug delivery system (DDS) is defined as a formulation or a device
that enables a therapeutic substance to selectively reach its site of
action without reaching the nontarget cells, organs, or tissues.

4. A liposome is a spherical-shaped vesicle that is composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers,
which closely resembles the structure of cell membranes. The ability of liposomes to
encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs have allowed these vesicles to become useful drug
delivery systems.

5. Indian Pharmacopeia
oIndian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is an
autonomous institution of the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare which sets standards for all drugs that are
manufactured, sold and consumed in India.
oThe set of standards are published under the title Indian
Pharmacopoeia (IP) which has been modelled on and
historically follows from the British Pharmacopoeia. The
standards that are in effect since 1 December 2010,are
the Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 (IP 2010).
o The Pharmacopoeia 2014 was released by Health
Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad on 4 November 2013.
oThe Pharmacopoeia 2018 was released by Secretary,
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
oThe IPC was formed according to the Indian Drugs and
Cosmetics Act of 1940 and established by executive orders
of the Government of India in 1956
oThe actual process of publishing the first Pharmacopoeia
started in the year 1944 under the chairmanship of Col. R.
N. Chopra. The I. P. list was first published in the year 1946
and was put forth for approval. The titles are suffixed with
the respective years of publication, e.g. IP 1996. The
following table describes the publication history of the
Indian Pharmacopoeia.

6. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is
a pharmacopeia (compendium of drug information) for
the United States published annually by the United States
Pharmacopeial Convention (usually also called the USP), a
nonprofit organization that owns the trademark and also
owns the copyright on the pharmacopeia itself. The USP is
published in a combined volume with the National
Formulary (a formulary) as the USP-NF
If a drug ingredient or drug product has an
applicable USP quality standard (in the form of a USP-
NF monograph), it must conform in order to use the
designation "USP" or "NF". Drugs subject to USP standards
include both human drugs (prescription, over-the-counter,
or otherwise) and animal drugs.
USP-NF standards also have a role in US federal law; a
drug or drug ingredient with a name recognized in USP-
NF is considered adulterated if it does not satisfy
compendial standards for strength, quality or purity. USP
also sets standards for dietary supplements and food
ingredients (as part of the Food Chemicals Codex). USP has
no role in enforcing its standards; enforcement is the
responsibility of the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and other government authorities in
the United States

7. Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to use of physical chemistry theory
with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in
application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry,
including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields.
•Such in silico techniques are used, for example, by pharmaceutical companies and in academic
settings to aid and inform the process of drug discovery, for instance in the design of well-
defined combinatorial libraries of synthetic compounds, or to assist in structure-based drug
design.
•The methods can also be used in chemical and allied industries, and such fields
as environmental science and pharmacology, where chemical processes are involved or studied
•Cheminformatics has been an active field in various guises since the 1970s and earlier, with
activity in academic departments and commercial pharmaceutical research and development
departments.
•The term chemo informatics was defined in its application to drug discover, for instance, by F.K.
Brown in 1998
•Application of Chemoinformatics
1)Digital libraries 2)Unstructured data
3)Structured data mining and mining of structured data 4) Database mining
5)Graph mining 6)Molecule mining 7) Sequence mining
8) Tree mining