3. Blood Products
❑ Whole blood is now rarely used for transfusion.
❑ Blood component therapy makes clinical sense as most
patients require a specific element of blood, such as red
cells or platelets, and the dose can then be optimised.
❑ Each component is stored under ideal conditions (e.g. red
cells must be refrigerated, platelets must not) and the use
of precious blood donations becomes more efficient
5. THESE ARE CLASSIFIED AS BLOOD COMPONENTS PREPARATION IN
• the blood transfusion centre (red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and
cryoprecipitate) Cryoprecipitated Antihemophilic Factor, also called cryo, is a
portion of plasma, the liquid part of our blood. Cryo is rich in clotting factors,
which are proteins that can reduce blood loss by helping to slow or stop bleeding.
The blood clotting proteins found in cryo include: Fibrinogen.
6.
7. • or plasma derivatives manufactured from pooled plasma
donations in plasma fractionation centres
• (such as albumin, coagulation factors and
immunoglobulins).
• Plasma derivatives are covered by the Medicines Act and,
like any other drug, must be prescribed by a licensed
practitioner.
8. • What is apheresis plasma?
• Using a type of apheresis called
plasmapheresis, plasma is separated
and removed from the patient's
blood and replaced with a protein
solution of 5 percent human albumin
• mmunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies
are glycoproteins produced by
plasma cells.
9.
10.
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD PRODUCTS
• Only class of fluid with oxygen
carrying capacity.
• Specialized type of connective
tissue which acts as transporter of
vital substances to every part of
body.
• Average blood volume in adult is
75ml/kg (5-6 L for adult) and
constitute 8% of total body
weight.
13. SEPARATION OF BLOOD COMPONENTS
• Blood products are prepared by a process known as differential
centrifugation.
• In differential centrifugation, acceleration force is adjusted to sediment certain
cellular constituents based on different specific gravity.
• There are many ways of preparing blood products. They can be prepared by:
❖Buffy-coat method.
❖Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) method
14.
15. BUFFY-COAT METHOD. BC: buffy coat which is
rich in white blood cells
(WBCs) and platelets
Platelets rich plasma
16. BUFFY COAT METHOD
1.WB (whole blood) is initially collected in tubes that contain
anticoagulants
2.Centrifuge WB at a ‘high’ speed.
3.Three layers are formed because of its density: The bottom layer
consisting of RBCs, the middle layer consisting of platelets and WBCs
and the top PPP (platelet-poor plasma) layer.
4.Remove supernatant plasma from the top of the container.
5.Transfer the buffy-coat layer to another sterile tube.
6.Centrifuge at low speed to separate WBCs or use leucocyte filtration filter.
18. PLATELET-RICH PLASMA (PRP) METHOD
• WB (whole blood) is initially collected in tubes that contain anticoagulants
• In the PRP method, an initial centrifugation, The first spin step is performed
at constant acceleration, to separate red blood cells (RBC) is followed by a
second centrifugation to concentrate platelets, which are suspended in the
smallest final plasma volume.
• The second spin step is then performed and should be just adequate to aid in
formation of soft pellets (erythrocyte-platelet) at the bottom of the tube. The
upper portion of the volume that is composed mostly of PPP (platelet-poor
plasma) is removed.
23. Blood and blood components storage units
Blood and blood products should only be stored in the Blood Bank, and
under the direct care and control of the blood bank technicians. Blood and
blood products that have been issued from the Blood Bank should not be
stored in the ward or theatre refrigerator.
24. Whole blood
• Whole blood = donor blood + anticoagulant
• 500 ml transfusion bag is used (contains 63 ml
of anticoagulant + 450 ml blood)
Anticoagulant ratio is 1.4 ml:10ml blood (63ml /
450ml)
• Stored at 2 – 6 ◦ C
• Shelf life: 35 days
Indications
❑ Patients who are actively bleeding and lost >
25% of blood volume.
❑ Exchange transfusion
25. Red Cell concentrate
➢ Also called packed red cells
➢ Platelets and Plasma are removed
➢ Shelf life – 35 days
➢ Stored at 2- 6◦ C
Indications
➢ Patients with anemia
➢ Surgery
➢ Newborn exchange transfusion
26. Fresh Frozen Plasma
• Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) centrifuged
using (heavy spin), this will produce: • Fresh
Frozen Plasma (FFP) •
• • FFP is the fluid portion of blood that is
separated and frozen at -18ºC within 8 hrs
of WB donation.
• Contains all the coagulation factors,
including FVIII (factor 8) & Fibrinogen.
27.
28. Precautions during blood transfusion
✓ Errors in requesting, supply and
administration of blood/components
can lead to serious adverse reactions.
✓ Following all steps precisely can
prevent these serious life-threatening
adverse effects.
✓ Blood must be administered as soon as
possible after being received from blood
bank.
✓ Check blood bag for date of expiration;
inspect bag for leaks, abnormal color,
clots, bubbles.
✓ pressure during and after transfusion.
29. ✓ Blood should only be transfused by separate I.V line.
✓ Blood should not be infused rapidly.
✓ No medications, electrolyte, colloidal and calcium containing
solutions should be added to blood.
✓ Only normal saline should be infused or added to blood
components.
✓ Measure vital signs, such as temperature, pulse, respirations
and blood
