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MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT 
SSUUDDHHIIRR BBHHAATTNNAAGGAARR
MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT 
SSeessssiioonn II 
 Overview of Marketing Functions & Concepts 
SSeessssiioonn IIII && IIIIII 
 Elements of Marketing Management 
SSeessssiioonn IIVV 
 Sales Management 
SSeessssiioonn VV 
 Distribution Strategies & CSM 
SSeessssiioonn VVII 
 Introduction to Market Research & its role
SSEESSSSIIOONN II 
((OOvveerrvviieeww ooff MMaarrkkeettiinngg FFuunnccttiioonnss && CCoonncceeppttss))
WWhhaatt iiss MMaarrkkeett?? 
• PPllaaccee CCoonncceepptt – a convenient meeting place where 
buyers & sellers gather together for exchange of 
goods. 
• AArreeaa CCoonncceepptt – it is an economic concept. Any 
area providing for price-making forces to operate 
for exchange of goods becomes a market. 
• DDeemmaanndd CCoonncceepptt – a group of people having 
unmet needs, purchasing power to make their 
demand effective & will to spend their income to 
fulfil those needs.
TThhee MMaarrkkeett –– EExxcchhaannggee pprroocceessss 
MMAARRKKEETT CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONNSS 
BBOODDYY OOFF 
SSEELLLLEERRSS 
BBOODDYY OOFF 
BBUUYYEERRSS 
MMAARRKKEETT -- 
TTHHEE CCIIRRCCLLEE 
OOFF EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE 
FFLLOOWW OOFF 
PPRROODDUUCCTTSS 
FFEEEEDDBBAACCKK 
IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN 
SSAATTIISSFFAACCTTIIOONN 
DDIISSSSAATTIISSFFAACCTTIIOONN 
FFLLOOWW OOFF 
MMOONNEEYY
TTyyppeess ooff MMaarrkkeettss 
BBaasseedd oonn -- 
 SSeelllliinngg aarreeaass – local, national, international market. 
 AArrttiicclleess ooff ttrraaddee – cotton market, bullion market, steel 
market, agro products market etc. 
 NNaattuurree ooff eexxcchhaannggee ddeeaalliinnggss – spot or cash market, 
futures or forward market. 
 NNaattuurree ooff ggooooddss ssoolldd – consumer good market or 
industrial goods market. 
 PPeerriioodd ooff ddeeaalliinnggss – money market for short term funds 
or capital market for long term funds. 
 NNaattuurree & mmaaggnniittuuddee ooff sseelllliinngg – whole sale market or 
retail market.
TYPES OOFF GGOOOODDSS TTRRAADDEEDD IINN MMAARRKKEETT 
PPRROODDUUCCTTSS 
MMAANNUUFFAACCTTUURREEDD 
GGOOOODDSS 
IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL 
GGOOOODDSS 
AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE 
PPRROODDUUCCEE 
NNAATTUURRAALL RRAAWW 
MMAATTEERRIIAALLSS 
CCOONNSSUUMMEERR 
GGOOOODDSS 
IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL 
GGOOOODDSS 
CCOONNSSUUMMEERR 
GGOOOODDSS 
IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL 
GGOOOODDSS
CCOOMMPPAARRIISSIIOONN BBEETTWWEEEENN VVAARRIIOOUUSS CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS 
CCoonnvveenniieennccee GGooooddss SShhooppppiinngg GGooooddss SSppeecciiaallttyy GGooooddss 
11 FFrreeqquueenntt ppuurrcchhaasseess DDeemmaanndd sseeaarrcchh eeffffoorrttss iinn 
cceennttrraall mmaarrkkeett 
GGooooddss hhaavvee uunniiqquuee 
ffeeaattuurreess 
22 HHiigghh rreeppllaacceemmeenntt 
rraattee 
PPuurrcchhaasseess ccaann bbee 
ppoossttppoonneedd 
UUnnuussuuaall sshhooppppiinngg 
bbeehhaavviioouurr iiss nneeeeddeedd 
33 PPuurrcchhaasseess iinn ssmmaallll 
qquuaannttiittiieess 
DDeemmaanndd eevvaalluuaattiioonn && 
ccoommppaarriissoonn oonn bbaassiiss ooff 
qquuaalliittyy,, ssttyyllee,, pprriiccee,, 
ssuuiittaabbiilliittyy eettcc.. 
SSppeecciiaall ppuurrcchhaassiinngg 
eeffffoorrttss aarree rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr 
pprreeffeerrrreedd bbrraannddss 
44 DDeemmaanndd mmiinniimmuumm 
eeffffoorrttss && ttiimmee ffoorr 
sshhooppppiinngg 
DDoo nnoott nneeeedd nnuummeerroouuss 
sshhooppss 
AAcctt aass iimmppoorrttaanntt lliiffee 
ssttyyllee && iimmaaggeess 
55 MMuusstt bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee aatt 
nneeaarreesstt ssttoorree.. 
FFaasshhiioonn && sseerrvviiccee ggooooddss CCoossttllyy lluuxxuurryy ggooooddss.. 
66 BBrraannddeedd llooww--pprriicceedd 
ggooooddss 
BBrraannddeedd ggooooddss aarree 
pprreeffeerrrreedd 
BBrraanndd,, pprriiccee && uuttiilliittyy 
vvaalluueess aarree aasssseesssseedd 
EExxaammppllee:: ddaaiillyy uuttiilliittyy 
iitteemmss,, ggrroocceerryy,, 
vveeggeettaabbllee –– sseellff sseerrvviiccee 
ssttoorreess aarree iiddeeaall ffoorr 
ppuurrcchhaasseess.. 
CCllootthhiinngg,, ffuurrnniittuurree iitteemmss,, 
ccoommmmoonn uusseerr aapppplliiaanncceess 
–– ccoossttllyy sshhooppppiinngg ggooooddss 
hhaavvee ddeecclliinniinngg ssaallee iinn 
ddeeffllaattiioonnaarryy ppeerriioodd 
TTVV,, RReeffrriiggeerraattoorr,, 
WWaasshhiinngg MMaacchhiinnee,, AACC,, 
CCaarr,, SSccooootteerr,, MMoottoorr 
CCyyccllee eettcc..
MMEETTHHOODDSS OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG OOFF CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS 
CCoonnvveenniieennccee GGooooddss SShhooppppiinngg GGooooddss SSppeecciiaallttyy GGooooddss 
1 Numerous outlets Limited outlets Limited outlets 
2 Quick sales 
turnover 
Medium turnover Low turnover 
3 Wide spread sales Selective distribution Exclusive distribution 
4 Sale through 
wholesaler & 
retailers 
Direct sale to retailer Direct sale to retailer 
5 Sales promotion & 
advertisement 
not very important 
Sales promotion & 
advertisement very 
important 
Sales promotion & 
advertisement 
essential 
6 Packaging plays an 
important role in 
sales promotion 
Packaging has minor 
role 
Packaging has no role
MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
WWhhaatt iiss MMaarrkkeettiinngg?? 
MMaarrkkeettiinngg iiss aa ttoottaall ssyysstteemm ooff bbuussiinneessss,, aann oonnggooiinngg 
pprroocceessss ooff:: 
(1) DDiscovering & translating consumer needs & desires 
into product & services – through suitable planning 
(2) CCreating demand for products & services – through 
promotion & pricing 
(3) SServicing customers demand – through planned 
distribution system with the help of marketing channels 
(4) EExpanding the market in face of keen competition 
In short, modern marketing begins with the customer - 
not with product cost, sales or technological landmarks 
- & ends with the customer satisfaction & social well-being.
HHooww ddoo wwee ddeeffiinnee MMaarrkkeettiinngg?? 
MMaarrkkeettiinngg CCoovveerrss –– 
 SSeeeekkiinngg – This is the first function of marketing. 
Purpose is to discover the customers & customers’ 
needs. Market opportunity is revealed through 
environmental analysis. 
 MMaattcchhiinngg –– Customer demand is analysed in context 
of organizational resources & environmental limitations 
– competition, government regulations, prevailing 
economy status etc. 
 PPrrooggrraammmmiinngg – Formulate marketing program – 
marketing mix – covering product, price, promotion & 
physical distribution strategies.
On the basis of customer driven marketing approach 
& concept of strategy, Marketing can be defined as: 
‘A system of integrated business activities designed 
to develop strategies & plans to the satisfaction of 
customers’ wants in selected market segment.’
SSAALLIIEENNTT FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
 Marketing is both consumer oriented as well as 
competition oriented. 
 It starts with customer & ends at customer by satisfying 
their needs. 
 It is the most important function of business 
management. 
 Long-term objective of marketing is profit 
maximization thro’ customer satisfaction. 
 It is an integrated process which is based on strategies 
& models. 
 It must deliver goods & services to customers’ 
satisfaction in exchange of money.
SSCCOOPPEE OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
MMaarrkkeett 
FFuunnccttiioonnss 
FFuunnccttiioonnss 
ooff EExxcchhaannggee 
FFuunnccttiioonnss 
ooff PPhhyyssiiccaall 
DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn 
FFuunnccttiioonnss 
OOff FFaacciilliittiieess 
11.. BBuuyyiinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 
22.. AAsssseemmbblliinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 
33.. SSeelllliinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 
11.. TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn 
22.. IInnvveennttoorryy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt 
33.. WWaarreehhoouussiinngg 
44.. MMaatteerriiaall hhaannddlliinngg 
11.. FFiinnaanncciinngg 
22.. RRiisskk ttaakkiinngg && iinnssuurraannccee 
33.. SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn 
44.. AAfftteerr--ssaalleess SSeerrvviiccee
MARKETING MANAGEMENT -- SSYYSSTTEEMM AAPPPPRROOAACCHH 
MMaannaaggeemmeenntt 
CCoonnttrrooll 
11.. PPrroodduuccttiioonn 
22.. FFiinnaannccee 
33.. PPeerrssoonnnneell 
44.. MMaarrkkeettiinngg 
FFeeeeddbbaacckk IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn 
1 
Inputs 
Capital 
Physical Assets 
People 
Information 
2 
Processor 
4 
Objective 
11.. PPrrooffiittss 
22.. CCuussttoommeerr 
SSaattiissffaaccttiioonn 
33.. SSoocciiaall 
WWeellffaarree 
3 
Outputs 
Products 
Information
MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG PPRROOCCEESSSS 
Marketing Environment comprises of -- 1. Government 2. Competitors 
3. Suppliers 4. Consumerism 5. Mass Media of Communications etc. 
MMaarrkkeett AAnnttiicciippaattiioonn 
CCuussttoommeerr DDeemmaanndd tthhrroo’’ MMaarrkkeettiinngg rreesseeaarrcchh 
Product 
Distribution 
Price 
MMaaPPrrrrookkddeeuuttcciitntngg 
GGooooddss 
FFllooww 
GGooooddss 
FFllooww 
PPrroodduucceerrss CCuussttoommeerrss 
MMiixx 
Promotion 
MMaarrkkeett OOffffeerriinngg 
EExxcchhaannggee ssoommeetthhiinngg ooff vvaalluuee 
MMoonneeyy FFllooww
MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS 
 Contactual – Searching for buyers & sellers. 
 Merchandising – Matching products to customer needs 
& desires (market requirement) 
 Pricing – Determine optimum price. 
 Promotion – Motivating the buyer to favour particular 
firm & its products. 
 Physical Distribution – Transportation, warehousing, 
inventory control etc.
CCOONNCCEEPPTT OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
Six distinct concept of ‘Marketing’ have 
evolved since the industrial revolution. 
 EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
 PPRROODDUUCCTT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
 PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
 SSAALLEESS OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
 MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG OORREEIINNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
 SSOOCCIIAALL MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT
EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– This is an old concept of 
marketing & primarily involves exchange of 
product & money between a seller & a buyer. Vital 
elements of modern marketing like marketing 
strategies, marketing mix, creative selling, 
advertising etc. are not given due importance in 
this kind of concept. 
PPRROODDUUCCTT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD -- Management works on the 
concept that superior features, quality & 
performance of a product alone will create 
favourable response in customers. Over-emphasis 
of product excellence at times ignores several 
aspects of customer needs & desires.
PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– Focus is on product 
performance & cost. Customer is attracted by 
maintaining low product price which is usually 
achieved by keeping production line narrow. This 
concept works only in ‘Sellers’ Market’ & not in 
‘Buyers’ Market’. 
SSAALLEESS OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– Emphasis is laid on high 
pressure salesmanship, aggressive advertising, 
intensive sales promotion activities etc. to 
achieve high sales volume at times at the cost of 
customer satisfaction & service. This is generally 
adopted to sell less wanted goods.
MMAARRKKEETT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– In this the business 
philosophy is to make & sell what customer wants to 
buy. All business activities thus revolve round the 
primary goal of satisfying customer needs. Broadly 
the guidelines for adopting this concept are as 
follows: 
 CCuussttoommeerr OOrriieennttaattiioonn – take marching order 
from the market. 
 MMaarrkkeettiinngg IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn SSyysstteemm – vital for 
planning-action-control process of management. 
 IInntteeggrraatteedd MMaarrkkeettiinngg AAccttiivviittiieess – adopt system 
approach to integrate & coordinate all business 
activities to accomplish the set of objectives. 
 DDuuaall OObbjjeeccttiivvee – ensure customer satisfaction & 
simultaneously maximize profit.
BBeenneeffiittss ooff MMaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd AApppprrooaacchh –– 
 IIff aa bbuussiinneessss eenntteerrpprriissee rreeccooggnniizzeess tthhee mmaarrkkeett nneeeeddss 
aass ppaarraammoouunntt iitt ccaann bbee aassssuurreedd ooff lloonngg tteerrmm ssuucccceessss.. 
 UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinngg mmaarrkkeett && cchhaannggeess iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeett 
eennaabblleess aa ffiirrmm ttoo qquuiicckkllyy ccaappiittaalliizzee oonn mmaarrkkeett 
ooppppoorrttuunniittiieess.. TThhiiss ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy rreedduucceess mmaarrkkeett rriisskkss 
aallssoo.. 
 CCuussttoommeerr iiss aapppprroopprriiaatteellyy bbeenneeffiitteedd aass hhiiss nneeeeddss aarree 
ggiivveenn ttoopp ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn.. 
 GGrreeaatteerr aatttteennttiioonn iiss ggiivveenn ttoo pprroodduucctt ppllaannnniinngg && 
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt wwhhiicchh lleeaaddss ttoo qquuaalliittyy pprroodduucctt bbeeiinngg 
pprreesseenntteedd ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr..
 Demand side of business aaccttiivviittyy iiss ggiivveenn hhiigghheerr 
iimmppoorrttaannccee aanndd tthhiiss ddrriivveess tthhee mmaarrkkeetteerr ttoo llaayy mmoorree 
eemmpphhaassiiss oonn rreesseeaarrcchh && iinnnnoovvaattiioonn eeffffoorrttss.. TThhiiss 
bbeenneeffiittss tthhee ccuussttoommeerr.. 
 SSyysstteemm aapppprrooaacchh eennaabblleess tthhee ttoopp mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo hhaavvee 
aann iinntteeggrraatteedd vviieeww ooff eennttiirree bbuussiinneessss aaccttiivviittiieess wwhhiicchh iinn 
ttuurrnn aalllloowwss tthheemm ttoo eexxeerrcciissee bbeetttteerr ccoonnttrrooll.. 
 BByy hhaarrmmoonniizziinngg bbuussiinneessss aaccttiivviittiieess wwiitthh ccuussttoommeerr 
nneeeeddss && iinntteerreessttss ooff tthhee ssoocciieettyy,, ffiirrmmss ccaann mmaaxxiimmiizzee 
pprrooffiitt.. 
 MMaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd bbuussiinneessss pprraaccttiiccee hhaass iinnttrroodduucceedd tthhee 
mmaarrkkeettiinngg iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn && rreesseeaarrcchh aass iinntteeggrraall ppaarrtt ooff 
mmaarrkkeettiinngg pprroocceessss.. TThhiiss hhaass lleedd ttoo uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg tthhee 
ccuussttoommeerr nneeeeddss mmoorree eexxpplliicciittllyy..
SSeelllliinngg VVss MMaarrkkeettiinngg PPeerrcceeppttiioonn 
WWhheerreeaass iinn mmaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd ccoonncceepptt,, mmaannaaggeemmeenntt hhaass 
tthhee rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ttoo ccrreeaattee vvaalluuee--ssaattiissffyyiinngg ggooooddss && 
sseerrvviicceess,, iinn sseelllliinngg ccoonncceepptt,, uunnddeerr mmaassss pprroodduuccttiioonn,, aallll 
eeffffoorrttss aarree ffooccuusseedd oonn pprroodduuccttiioonn && ggrreeaatteerr eemmpphhaassiiss oonn 
ssaalleess ttoo ggeenneerraattee pprrooffiittss.. CCoonnttrraasstt bbeettwweeeenn sseelllliinngg 
ccoonncceepptt && mmaarrkkeettiinngg ccoonncceepptt:: -- 
 Selling focuses on seller’s needs, marketing on buyer’s 
needs. 
 Selling is pre-occupied with seller’s need to convert 
product into cash; marketing goes with the idea of 
satisfying customer’s needs by means of the product & 
whole cluster of things associated with creating, 
delivering & finally consuming it. 
 Selling aims at profit thro’ sales volume; marketing aims 
at profit thro’ serving customer demands.
FOCUS MEANS OBJECTIVES 
Products 
Something that 
has to be sold 
to the customer 
Selling & 
Promoting 
Profits 
through 
Sales Volume 
FOCUS MEANS OBJECTIVES 
Products 
To fill in 
Customer needs 
As per their choice 
Integrated 
Marketing mix 
Profits 
through customer 
satisfaction 
((AA)) TTHHEE SSEELLLLIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
((AA)) TTHHEE MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT 
OVERALL CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF MARKETING
SSOOCCIIAALL MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT –– 
It is a broadened marketing concept. In this the 
management balances three crucial factors – 
 Customer demand satisfaction. 
 Public interest (social awareness) 
 Profitability
This concept is bbaasseedd oonn ffoolllloowwiinngg pprreemmiisseess – 
 The marketer will fulfill customer demand & also 
contribute to enrichment of quality of life. 
 Marketer will not offer a product to customers if 
it is not in best interest of customers. 
 Marketer will offer long-run consumer & public 
welfare activities. 
 Integrated marketing plans & programs will duly 
consider consumer citizen demand. These should a 
healthy mix of corporate needs & social welfare 
encompassing sustained economic growth without 
disturbance to social & ecological balances.
EESSSSEENNCCEE 
MMaarrkkeettiinngg CCoonncceepptt -- 
 Under marketing concept there is a shift (1) from product/ 
business to customer (2) from production to market (3) from 
supply to demand (4) from sale volume to profit (5) from 
more selling to customer satisfaction (6) from internal 
orientation to external orientation. 
 Supply becomes the function of demand. Demand is the 
controlling factor & demand analysis becomes the foundation 
of market functions. 
 There are four elements of demand management: (1) 
demand analysis based on market research (2) product mix 
based on demand (3) promotion mix to stimulate demand (4) 
distribution mix to service demand. 
 This concept is applicable to any organization – profit/non-profit. 
 It can eliminate marketing myopia.

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Marketing Management Session I

  • 2. MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT SSeessssiioonn II  Overview of Marketing Functions & Concepts SSeessssiioonn IIII && IIIIII  Elements of Marketing Management SSeessssiioonn IIVV  Sales Management SSeessssiioonn VV  Distribution Strategies & CSM SSeessssiioonn VVII  Introduction to Market Research & its role
  • 3. SSEESSSSIIOONN II ((OOvveerrvviieeww ooff MMaarrkkeettiinngg FFuunnccttiioonnss && CCoonncceeppttss))
  • 4. WWhhaatt iiss MMaarrkkeett?? • PPllaaccee CCoonncceepptt – a convenient meeting place where buyers & sellers gather together for exchange of goods. • AArreeaa CCoonncceepptt – it is an economic concept. Any area providing for price-making forces to operate for exchange of goods becomes a market. • DDeemmaanndd CCoonncceepptt – a group of people having unmet needs, purchasing power to make their demand effective & will to spend their income to fulfil those needs.
  • 5. TThhee MMaarrkkeett –– EExxcchhaannggee pprroocceessss MMAARRKKEETT CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONNSS BBOODDYY OOFF SSEELLLLEERRSS BBOODDYY OOFF BBUUYYEERRSS MMAARRKKEETT -- TTHHEE CCIIRRCCLLEE OOFF EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE FFLLOOWW OOFF PPRROODDUUCCTTSS FFEEEEDDBBAACCKK IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN SSAATTIISSFFAACCTTIIOONN DDIISSSSAATTIISSFFAACCTTIIOONN FFLLOOWW OOFF MMOONNEEYY
  • 6. TTyyppeess ooff MMaarrkkeettss BBaasseedd oonn --  SSeelllliinngg aarreeaass – local, national, international market.  AArrttiicclleess ooff ttrraaddee – cotton market, bullion market, steel market, agro products market etc.  NNaattuurree ooff eexxcchhaannggee ddeeaalliinnggss – spot or cash market, futures or forward market.  NNaattuurree ooff ggooooddss ssoolldd – consumer good market or industrial goods market.  PPeerriioodd ooff ddeeaalliinnggss – money market for short term funds or capital market for long term funds.  NNaattuurree & mmaaggnniittuuddee ooff sseelllliinngg – whole sale market or retail market.
  • 7. TYPES OOFF GGOOOODDSS TTRRAADDEEDD IINN MMAARRKKEETT PPRROODDUUCCTTSS MMAANNUUFFAACCTTUURREEDD GGOOOODDSS IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL GGOOOODDSS AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE PPRROODDUUCCEE NNAATTUURRAALL RRAAWW MMAATTEERRIIAALLSS CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL GGOOOODDSS CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALL GGOOOODDSS
  • 8. CCOOMMPPAARRIISSIIOONN BBEETTWWEEEENN VVAARRIIOOUUSS CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS CCoonnvveenniieennccee GGooooddss SShhooppppiinngg GGooooddss SSppeecciiaallttyy GGooooddss 11 FFrreeqquueenntt ppuurrcchhaasseess DDeemmaanndd sseeaarrcchh eeffffoorrttss iinn cceennttrraall mmaarrkkeett GGooooddss hhaavvee uunniiqquuee ffeeaattuurreess 22 HHiigghh rreeppllaacceemmeenntt rraattee PPuurrcchhaasseess ccaann bbee ppoossttppoonneedd UUnnuussuuaall sshhooppppiinngg bbeehhaavviioouurr iiss nneeeeddeedd 33 PPuurrcchhaasseess iinn ssmmaallll qquuaannttiittiieess DDeemmaanndd eevvaalluuaattiioonn && ccoommppaarriissoonn oonn bbaassiiss ooff qquuaalliittyy,, ssttyyllee,, pprriiccee,, ssuuiittaabbiilliittyy eettcc.. SSppeecciiaall ppuurrcchhaassiinngg eeffffoorrttss aarree rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr pprreeffeerrrreedd bbrraannddss 44 DDeemmaanndd mmiinniimmuumm eeffffoorrttss && ttiimmee ffoorr sshhooppppiinngg DDoo nnoott nneeeedd nnuummeerroouuss sshhooppss AAcctt aass iimmppoorrttaanntt lliiffee ssttyyllee && iimmaaggeess 55 MMuusstt bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee aatt nneeaarreesstt ssttoorree.. FFaasshhiioonn && sseerrvviiccee ggooooddss CCoossttllyy lluuxxuurryy ggooooddss.. 66 BBrraannddeedd llooww--pprriicceedd ggooooddss BBrraannddeedd ggooooddss aarree pprreeffeerrrreedd BBrraanndd,, pprriiccee && uuttiilliittyy vvaalluueess aarree aasssseesssseedd EExxaammppllee:: ddaaiillyy uuttiilliittyy iitteemmss,, ggrroocceerryy,, vveeggeettaabbllee –– sseellff sseerrvviiccee ssttoorreess aarree iiddeeaall ffoorr ppuurrcchhaasseess.. CCllootthhiinngg,, ffuurrnniittuurree iitteemmss,, ccoommmmoonn uusseerr aapppplliiaanncceess –– ccoossttllyy sshhooppppiinngg ggooooddss hhaavvee ddeecclliinniinngg ssaallee iinn ddeeffllaattiioonnaarryy ppeerriioodd TTVV,, RReeffrriiggeerraattoorr,, WWaasshhiinngg MMaacchhiinnee,, AACC,, CCaarr,, SSccooootteerr,, MMoottoorr CCyyccllee eettcc..
  • 9. MMEETTHHOODDSS OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG OOFF CCOONNSSUUMMEERR GGOOOODDSS CCoonnvveenniieennccee GGooooddss SShhooppppiinngg GGooooddss SSppeecciiaallttyy GGooooddss 1 Numerous outlets Limited outlets Limited outlets 2 Quick sales turnover Medium turnover Low turnover 3 Wide spread sales Selective distribution Exclusive distribution 4 Sale through wholesaler & retailers Direct sale to retailer Direct sale to retailer 5 Sales promotion & advertisement not very important Sales promotion & advertisement very important Sales promotion & advertisement essential 6 Packaging plays an important role in sales promotion Packaging has minor role Packaging has no role
  • 10. MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG WWhhaatt iiss MMaarrkkeettiinngg?? MMaarrkkeettiinngg iiss aa ttoottaall ssyysstteemm ooff bbuussiinneessss,, aann oonnggooiinngg pprroocceessss ooff:: (1) DDiscovering & translating consumer needs & desires into product & services – through suitable planning (2) CCreating demand for products & services – through promotion & pricing (3) SServicing customers demand – through planned distribution system with the help of marketing channels (4) EExpanding the market in face of keen competition In short, modern marketing begins with the customer - not with product cost, sales or technological landmarks - & ends with the customer satisfaction & social well-being.
  • 11. HHooww ddoo wwee ddeeffiinnee MMaarrkkeettiinngg?? MMaarrkkeettiinngg CCoovveerrss ––  SSeeeekkiinngg – This is the first function of marketing. Purpose is to discover the customers & customers’ needs. Market opportunity is revealed through environmental analysis.  MMaattcchhiinngg –– Customer demand is analysed in context of organizational resources & environmental limitations – competition, government regulations, prevailing economy status etc.  PPrrooggrraammmmiinngg – Formulate marketing program – marketing mix – covering product, price, promotion & physical distribution strategies.
  • 12. On the basis of customer driven marketing approach & concept of strategy, Marketing can be defined as: ‘A system of integrated business activities designed to develop strategies & plans to the satisfaction of customers’ wants in selected market segment.’
  • 13. SSAALLIIEENNTT FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG  Marketing is both consumer oriented as well as competition oriented.  It starts with customer & ends at customer by satisfying their needs.  It is the most important function of business management.  Long-term objective of marketing is profit maximization thro’ customer satisfaction.  It is an integrated process which is based on strategies & models.  It must deliver goods & services to customers’ satisfaction in exchange of money.
  • 14. SSCCOOPPEE OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG MMaarrkkeett FFuunnccttiioonnss FFuunnccttiioonnss ooff EExxcchhaannggee FFuunnccttiioonnss ooff PPhhyyssiiccaall DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn FFuunnccttiioonnss OOff FFaacciilliittiieess 11.. BBuuyyiinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 22.. AAsssseemmbblliinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 33.. SSeelllliinngg FFuunnccttiioonn 11.. TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn 22.. IInnvveennttoorryy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt 33.. WWaarreehhoouussiinngg 44.. MMaatteerriiaall hhaannddlliinngg 11.. FFiinnaanncciinngg 22.. RRiisskk ttaakkiinngg && iinnssuurraannccee 33.. SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn 44.. AAfftteerr--ssaalleess SSeerrvviiccee
  • 15. MARKETING MANAGEMENT -- SSYYSSTTEEMM AAPPPPRROOAACCHH MMaannaaggeemmeenntt CCoonnttrrooll 11.. PPrroodduuccttiioonn 22.. FFiinnaannccee 33.. PPeerrssoonnnneell 44.. MMaarrkkeettiinngg FFeeeeddbbaacckk IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn 1 Inputs Capital Physical Assets People Information 2 Processor 4 Objective 11.. PPrrooffiittss 22.. CCuussttoommeerr SSaattiissffaaccttiioonn 33.. SSoocciiaall WWeellffaarree 3 Outputs Products Information
  • 16. MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG PPRROOCCEESSSS Marketing Environment comprises of -- 1. Government 2. Competitors 3. Suppliers 4. Consumerism 5. Mass Media of Communications etc. MMaarrkkeett AAnnttiicciippaattiioonn CCuussttoommeerr DDeemmaanndd tthhrroo’’ MMaarrkkeettiinngg rreesseeaarrcchh Product Distribution Price MMaaPPrrrrookkddeeuuttcciitntngg GGooooddss FFllooww GGooooddss FFllooww PPrroodduucceerrss CCuussttoommeerrss MMiixx Promotion MMaarrkkeett OOffffeerriinngg EExxcchhaannggee ssoommeetthhiinngg ooff vvaalluuee MMoonneeyy FFllooww
  • 17. MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS  Contactual – Searching for buyers & sellers.  Merchandising – Matching products to customer needs & desires (market requirement)  Pricing – Determine optimum price.  Promotion – Motivating the buyer to favour particular firm & its products.  Physical Distribution – Transportation, warehousing, inventory control etc.
  • 18. CCOONNCCEEPPTT OOFF MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG Six distinct concept of ‘Marketing’ have evolved since the industrial revolution.  EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT  PPRROODDUUCCTT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT  PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT  SSAALLEESS OORRIIEENNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT  MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG OORREEIINNTTEEDD CCOONNCCEEPPTT  SSOOCCIIAALL MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT
  • 19. EEXXCCHHAANNGGEE OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– This is an old concept of marketing & primarily involves exchange of product & money between a seller & a buyer. Vital elements of modern marketing like marketing strategies, marketing mix, creative selling, advertising etc. are not given due importance in this kind of concept. PPRROODDUUCCTT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD -- Management works on the concept that superior features, quality & performance of a product alone will create favourable response in customers. Over-emphasis of product excellence at times ignores several aspects of customer needs & desires.
  • 20. PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– Focus is on product performance & cost. Customer is attracted by maintaining low product price which is usually achieved by keeping production line narrow. This concept works only in ‘Sellers’ Market’ & not in ‘Buyers’ Market’. SSAALLEESS OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– Emphasis is laid on high pressure salesmanship, aggressive advertising, intensive sales promotion activities etc. to achieve high sales volume at times at the cost of customer satisfaction & service. This is generally adopted to sell less wanted goods.
  • 21. MMAARRKKEETT OORRIIEENNTTEEDD –– In this the business philosophy is to make & sell what customer wants to buy. All business activities thus revolve round the primary goal of satisfying customer needs. Broadly the guidelines for adopting this concept are as follows:  CCuussttoommeerr OOrriieennttaattiioonn – take marching order from the market.  MMaarrkkeettiinngg IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn SSyysstteemm – vital for planning-action-control process of management.  IInntteeggrraatteedd MMaarrkkeettiinngg AAccttiivviittiieess – adopt system approach to integrate & coordinate all business activities to accomplish the set of objectives.  DDuuaall OObbjjeeccttiivvee – ensure customer satisfaction & simultaneously maximize profit.
  • 22. BBeenneeffiittss ooff MMaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd AApppprrooaacchh ––  IIff aa bbuussiinneessss eenntteerrpprriissee rreeccooggnniizzeess tthhee mmaarrkkeett nneeeeddss aass ppaarraammoouunntt iitt ccaann bbee aassssuurreedd ooff lloonngg tteerrmm ssuucccceessss..  UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinngg mmaarrkkeett && cchhaannggeess iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeett eennaabblleess aa ffiirrmm ttoo qquuiicckkllyy ccaappiittaalliizzee oonn mmaarrkkeett ooppppoorrttuunniittiieess.. TThhiiss ssuubbssttaannttiiaallllyy rreedduucceess mmaarrkkeett rriisskkss aallssoo..  CCuussttoommeerr iiss aapppprroopprriiaatteellyy bbeenneeffiitteedd aass hhiiss nneeeeddss aarree ggiivveenn ttoopp ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn..  GGrreeaatteerr aatttteennttiioonn iiss ggiivveenn ttoo pprroodduucctt ppllaannnniinngg && ddeevveellooppmmeenntt wwhhiicchh lleeaaddss ttoo qquuaalliittyy pprroodduucctt bbeeiinngg pprreesseenntteedd ttoo tthhee ccuussttoommeerr..
  • 23.  Demand side of business aaccttiivviittyy iiss ggiivveenn hhiigghheerr iimmppoorrttaannccee aanndd tthhiiss ddrriivveess tthhee mmaarrkkeetteerr ttoo llaayy mmoorree eemmpphhaassiiss oonn rreesseeaarrcchh && iinnnnoovvaattiioonn eeffffoorrttss.. TThhiiss bbeenneeffiittss tthhee ccuussttoommeerr..  SSyysstteemm aapppprrooaacchh eennaabblleess tthhee ttoopp mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo hhaavvee aann iinntteeggrraatteedd vviieeww ooff eennttiirree bbuussiinneessss aaccttiivviittiieess wwhhiicchh iinn ttuurrnn aalllloowwss tthheemm ttoo eexxeerrcciissee bbeetttteerr ccoonnttrrooll..  BByy hhaarrmmoonniizziinngg bbuussiinneessss aaccttiivviittiieess wwiitthh ccuussttoommeerr nneeeeddss && iinntteerreessttss ooff tthhee ssoocciieettyy,, ffiirrmmss ccaann mmaaxxiimmiizzee pprrooffiitt..  MMaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd bbuussiinneessss pprraaccttiiccee hhaass iinnttrroodduucceedd tthhee mmaarrkkeettiinngg iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn && rreesseeaarrcchh aass iinntteeggrraall ppaarrtt ooff mmaarrkkeettiinngg pprroocceessss.. TThhiiss hhaass lleedd ttoo uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg tthhee ccuussttoommeerr nneeeeddss mmoorree eexxpplliicciittllyy..
  • 24. SSeelllliinngg VVss MMaarrkkeettiinngg PPeerrcceeppttiioonn WWhheerreeaass iinn mmaarrkkeett--oorriieenntteedd ccoonncceepptt,, mmaannaaggeemmeenntt hhaass tthhee rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ttoo ccrreeaattee vvaalluuee--ssaattiissffyyiinngg ggooooddss && sseerrvviicceess,, iinn sseelllliinngg ccoonncceepptt,, uunnddeerr mmaassss pprroodduuccttiioonn,, aallll eeffffoorrttss aarree ffooccuusseedd oonn pprroodduuccttiioonn && ggrreeaatteerr eemmpphhaassiiss oonn ssaalleess ttoo ggeenneerraattee pprrooffiittss.. CCoonnttrraasstt bbeettwweeeenn sseelllliinngg ccoonncceepptt && mmaarrkkeettiinngg ccoonncceepptt:: --  Selling focuses on seller’s needs, marketing on buyer’s needs.  Selling is pre-occupied with seller’s need to convert product into cash; marketing goes with the idea of satisfying customer’s needs by means of the product & whole cluster of things associated with creating, delivering & finally consuming it.  Selling aims at profit thro’ sales volume; marketing aims at profit thro’ serving customer demands.
  • 25. FOCUS MEANS OBJECTIVES Products Something that has to be sold to the customer Selling & Promoting Profits through Sales Volume FOCUS MEANS OBJECTIVES Products To fill in Customer needs As per their choice Integrated Marketing mix Profits through customer satisfaction ((AA)) TTHHEE SSEELLLLIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT ((AA)) TTHHEE MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT OVERALL CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF MARKETING
  • 26. SSOOCCIIAALL MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG CCOONNCCEEPPTT –– It is a broadened marketing concept. In this the management balances three crucial factors –  Customer demand satisfaction.  Public interest (social awareness)  Profitability
  • 27. This concept is bbaasseedd oonn ffoolllloowwiinngg pprreemmiisseess –  The marketer will fulfill customer demand & also contribute to enrichment of quality of life.  Marketer will not offer a product to customers if it is not in best interest of customers.  Marketer will offer long-run consumer & public welfare activities.  Integrated marketing plans & programs will duly consider consumer citizen demand. These should a healthy mix of corporate needs & social welfare encompassing sustained economic growth without disturbance to social & ecological balances.
  • 28. EESSSSEENNCCEE MMaarrkkeettiinngg CCoonncceepptt --  Under marketing concept there is a shift (1) from product/ business to customer (2) from production to market (3) from supply to demand (4) from sale volume to profit (5) from more selling to customer satisfaction (6) from internal orientation to external orientation.  Supply becomes the function of demand. Demand is the controlling factor & demand analysis becomes the foundation of market functions.  There are four elements of demand management: (1) demand analysis based on market research (2) product mix based on demand (3) promotion mix to stimulate demand (4) distribution mix to service demand.  This concept is applicable to any organization – profit/non-profit.  It can eliminate marketing myopia.