A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Older spectrophotometers took weeks for results and had low accuracy, but Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer in 1940 which provided results within minutes with nearly 100% accuracy. A spectrophotometer contains a light source, dispersion elements, absorption cells, detectors, and display devices. It is used to identify compounds and determine concentrations by measuring absorption of light at specific wavelengths.
The double slit experiment demonstrates the wave-like properties of light. When light passes through two slits, it exhibits an interference pattern of light and dark fringes on a screen due to the constructive and destructive interference of light waves. The spacing and position of the fringes can be calculated using the equation dsinθ = mλ, where d is the slit separation, θ is the angle from the central maxima, m is the spectral order, and λ is the wavelength of light. Increasing the slit separation or wavelength increases the fringe spacing.
Spectrophotometry and colorimetry are concerned with measuring light absorption and transmission in solutions. Spectrophotometry covers the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while colorimetry focuses on the visible region. Beer's Law states that the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration of an absorbing substance in solution. Absorbance follows the Beer-Lambert Law, which relates the intensity of transmitted light to properties of the absorbing medium. Atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry are analytical techniques that use either absorption or emission spectroscopy to measure the concentration of elements in solutions.
Linear programming class 12 investigatory projectDivyans890
This document provides an introduction to linear programming, including its definition, characteristics, formulation, and uses. Linear programming is a technique for determining an optimal plan that maximizes or minimizes an objective function subject to constraints. It involves expressing a problem mathematically and using linear algebra to determine the optimal values for the decision variables. Common applications of linear programming include production planning, portfolio optimization, and transportation scheduling.
This 990-page report provides strategic intelligence on the global nuclear medicine market. It includes profiles of 370 radiopharmaceuticals and radionuclides, 170 companies and institutions, and analyzes market trends, projections, and opportunities. The global nuclear medicine market is expected to reach $25 billion by 2030, driven by 13% annual growth in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and 27% growth in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. While nuclear medicine currently represents less than 1% of the pharmaceutical industry, new radiotherapeutics could reach blockbuster status before 2025. The report is an essential source of information for businesses and investors in the nuclear medicine industry.
A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Older spectrophotometers took weeks for results and had low accuracy, but Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer in 1940 which provided results within minutes with nearly 100% accuracy. A spectrophotometer contains a light source, dispersion elements, absorption cells, detectors, and display devices. It is used to identify compounds and determine concentrations by measuring absorption of light at specific wavelengths.
The double slit experiment demonstrates the wave-like properties of light. When light passes through two slits, it exhibits an interference pattern of light and dark fringes on a screen due to the constructive and destructive interference of light waves. The spacing and position of the fringes can be calculated using the equation dsinθ = mλ, where d is the slit separation, θ is the angle from the central maxima, m is the spectral order, and λ is the wavelength of light. Increasing the slit separation or wavelength increases the fringe spacing.
Spectrophotometry and colorimetry are concerned with measuring light absorption and transmission in solutions. Spectrophotometry covers the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while colorimetry focuses on the visible region. Beer's Law states that the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration of an absorbing substance in solution. Absorbance follows the Beer-Lambert Law, which relates the intensity of transmitted light to properties of the absorbing medium. Atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry are analytical techniques that use either absorption or emission spectroscopy to measure the concentration of elements in solutions.
Linear programming class 12 investigatory projectDivyans890
This document provides an introduction to linear programming, including its definition, characteristics, formulation, and uses. Linear programming is a technique for determining an optimal plan that maximizes or minimizes an objective function subject to constraints. It involves expressing a problem mathematically and using linear algebra to determine the optimal values for the decision variables. Common applications of linear programming include production planning, portfolio optimization, and transportation scheduling.
This 990-page report provides strategic intelligence on the global nuclear medicine market. It includes profiles of 370 radiopharmaceuticals and radionuclides, 170 companies and institutions, and analyzes market trends, projections, and opportunities. The global nuclear medicine market is expected to reach $25 billion by 2030, driven by 13% annual growth in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and 27% growth in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. While nuclear medicine currently represents less than 1% of the pharmaceutical industry, new radiotherapeutics could reach blockbuster status before 2025. The report is an essential source of information for businesses and investors in the nuclear medicine industry.
Thomas Young performed an experiment in the early 19th century that proved light has wave properties by demonstrating the double-slit interference pattern. The experiment showed that light passing through two slits results in a pattern of bright and dark bands on a screen due to the constructive and destructive interference of the light waves. The angles of constructive and destructive interference can be calculated using equations that relate the wavelength, slit separation distance, and interference order.
Non-imaging nuclear medicine devices include gas-filled detectors, dose calibrators, scintillation detectors, gamma well counters, and thyroid probes. Dose calibrators use ionization chambers to measure radioactivity proportional to emission rates. Gamma well counters and thyroid probes use scintillation detectors with high detection efficiency and collimation respectively to measure samples and thyroid uptake. Liquid scintillation counters dissolve samples in scintillating fluid to detect low energy emissions with 100% efficiency.
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease. In diagnostic nuclear medicine, a radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient and detected by a gamma camera to produce images of organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiopharmaceuticals that emit positrons to produce highly accurate images of metabolic activity in the body, making it effective for cancer diagnosis, staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting recurrence. PET's most common radiopharmaceutical is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by metabolically active cells including many cancers.
Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation and quality control presentationMumba Chilimboyi
This document discusses various equipment used in nuclear medicine and their quality control, including:
- Ionization chambers such as dose calibrators which measure radiation exposure rates.
- Gamma cameras which detect gamma rays and form images using collimators, scintillation crystals, photomultiplier tubes, and computers.
- SPECT which provides 3D tomographic images using gamma cameras to acquire multiple 2D images from different angles.
It also covers quality control procedures for dose calibrators and gamma cameras including geometry, accuracy, linearity, and constancy tests to ensure proper functioning and accurate measurements.
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine.ppt 2Rad Tech
This document provides guidance on radiation protection procedures for radionuclide therapy, including administration of therapy, management of radioactive patients, and optimization of protection for medical staff, visitors, and the hospitalized patient. Key points addressed include justifying therapy based on clinical benefits, ensuring proper training and responsibilities of medical personnel, constraining doses to comforters and visitors, providing instructions to hospitalized patients, and surveying rooms prior to releasing patients or decommissioning areas.
Tomography involves measuring gamma ray attenuation along lines of sight at different angles in order to reconstruct the internal structure of an object. Filtered back projection enhances edges in the projection data through filtering and backprojects the filtered data to form an image. Iterative reconstruction accounts for physical factors like attenuation, scatter, and noise by comparing projections of a patient model to actual data and updating the model. Quality control ensures proper system operation through tests of the center of rotation, uniformity, and ability to detect small objects.
This document discusses radiation therapy for cancer treatment. It describes how the type of cancer, efficacy of other treatments, and patient health determine whether radiation therapy is used. Radiation therapy aims to kill cancer cells using high energy x-rays directed at tumors. Treatment planning involves outlining tumor volumes and minimizing dose to healthy tissues. Radiation damages DNA and prevents cell division, preferentially killing cancer cells. Modern linear accelerators precisely deliver megavoltage x-rays while minimizing surface dose. Treatment techniques like IMRT further improve targeting and reduce side effects.
This document provides an overview of the presentation software Prezi. It begins with an introduction to presentation programs in general and examples like PowerPoint. It then introduces Prezi, describing its features like zooming and panning. The document outlines uses of Prezi in education and business. It also provides tutorials on how to use Prezi, including how to create a presentation and insert text and images. Finally, it suggests ways to learn more about Prezi through their website, blog, Twitter and Facebook pages.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
Thomas Young performed an experiment in the early 19th century that proved light has wave properties by demonstrating the double-slit interference pattern. The experiment showed that light passing through two slits results in a pattern of bright and dark bands on a screen due to the constructive and destructive interference of the light waves. The angles of constructive and destructive interference can be calculated using equations that relate the wavelength, slit separation distance, and interference order.
Non-imaging nuclear medicine devices include gas-filled detectors, dose calibrators, scintillation detectors, gamma well counters, and thyroid probes. Dose calibrators use ionization chambers to measure radioactivity proportional to emission rates. Gamma well counters and thyroid probes use scintillation detectors with high detection efficiency and collimation respectively to measure samples and thyroid uptake. Liquid scintillation counters dissolve samples in scintillating fluid to detect low energy emissions with 100% efficiency.
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease. In diagnostic nuclear medicine, a radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient and detected by a gamma camera to produce images of organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiopharmaceuticals that emit positrons to produce highly accurate images of metabolic activity in the body, making it effective for cancer diagnosis, staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting recurrence. PET's most common radiopharmaceutical is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by metabolically active cells including many cancers.
Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation and quality control presentationMumba Chilimboyi
This document discusses various equipment used in nuclear medicine and their quality control, including:
- Ionization chambers such as dose calibrators which measure radiation exposure rates.
- Gamma cameras which detect gamma rays and form images using collimators, scintillation crystals, photomultiplier tubes, and computers.
- SPECT which provides 3D tomographic images using gamma cameras to acquire multiple 2D images from different angles.
It also covers quality control procedures for dose calibrators and gamma cameras including geometry, accuracy, linearity, and constancy tests to ensure proper functioning and accurate measurements.
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine.ppt 2Rad Tech
This document provides guidance on radiation protection procedures for radionuclide therapy, including administration of therapy, management of radioactive patients, and optimization of protection for medical staff, visitors, and the hospitalized patient. Key points addressed include justifying therapy based on clinical benefits, ensuring proper training and responsibilities of medical personnel, constraining doses to comforters and visitors, providing instructions to hospitalized patients, and surveying rooms prior to releasing patients or decommissioning areas.
Tomography involves measuring gamma ray attenuation along lines of sight at different angles in order to reconstruct the internal structure of an object. Filtered back projection enhances edges in the projection data through filtering and backprojects the filtered data to form an image. Iterative reconstruction accounts for physical factors like attenuation, scatter, and noise by comparing projections of a patient model to actual data and updating the model. Quality control ensures proper system operation through tests of the center of rotation, uniformity, and ability to detect small objects.
This document discusses radiation therapy for cancer treatment. It describes how the type of cancer, efficacy of other treatments, and patient health determine whether radiation therapy is used. Radiation therapy aims to kill cancer cells using high energy x-rays directed at tumors. Treatment planning involves outlining tumor volumes and minimizing dose to healthy tissues. Radiation damages DNA and prevents cell division, preferentially killing cancer cells. Modern linear accelerators precisely deliver megavoltage x-rays while minimizing surface dose. Treatment techniques like IMRT further improve targeting and reduce side effects.
This document provides an overview of the presentation software Prezi. It begins with an introduction to presentation programs in general and examples like PowerPoint. It then introduces Prezi, describing its features like zooming and panning. The document outlines uses of Prezi in education and business. It also provides tutorials on how to use Prezi, including how to create a presentation and insert text and images. Finally, it suggests ways to learn more about Prezi through their website, blog, Twitter and Facebook pages.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
Review of the optical properties of carbon and graphene quantum dotsmohamadamiri5
نقاط کوانتومی کربن و گرافن دارای خواص نوری و الکتریکی فوق العاده ای به دلیل خواص کوانتومی منحصر به فردشان هستند و
این آنها را به مواد شگفت انگیزی برای کاربرد در دستگاههای فوتوولتاییک تبدیل میکند. تطبیق پذیری این مواد منجر به استفاده
از آنها به عنوان الکترون/حفره در نقاط کوانتومی سیلیکون، پلیمرها و یا سلول های خورشیدی حساس به رنگ شده است. در این مقاله،
کارهای انجام شده و نتایج سنتزهای مختلف مورد بررسی قرار داده شد. با وجود خواص نوری عالی آنها در فتوولتائیک و همچنین سلولهای
خورشیدی، نقاط کوانتومی بر پایه غیرکربن خوب عمل نکرده اند و بررسی جامعی از نقاط پایه کربن استفاده شده در فوتوولتاییک انجام
نشده است. بنابراین، در تلاش برای درک اینکه چرا این نانوساختار تا به حال موفق به تحقق بخشیدن به توانایی های خود نشده است، در
این بررسی دستاوردهای اصلی در ارتباط بین عملکرد و سنتز مواد تحلیل شده است